IoT BASED AIR & SOUND POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM 2020

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Increasing of air and sound pollution is the main growing issue these days. It is
necessary to monitor and keep it under control in order to save our health and
environment. Internet of Things (IoT) is getting popular day by day because it has
flexibility of storing and accessing the information over cloud and with low cost.
Increasing of urbanization and vehicles use on road atmospheric conditions have
considerably affected harmful effects of pollution include mild allergic reactions such
as irritation of throat, eyes, ears and nose as well as some serious problems like heart
diseases, pneumonia, lung and asthma. Here we propose an air quality as well as sound
pollution monitoring system that allows us to monitor and check live air quality as
well as sound pollution in an area through IoT. This system uses air quality and sound
sensors to sense presence of harmful gases/compounds in the air and sound levels in
the surrounding areas and constantly transmit this data. Also, system keeps measuring
sound level and reports it.

1.2 Literature Survey

In[1] In this project we are going to make an IoT Based Air Pollution Monitoring
System in which we will monitor the Air Quality over a web server using internet and
will trigger a alarm when the air quality goes down beyond a certain level, means
when there are sufficient amount of harmful gases are present in the air like CO2,
smoke, alcohol, benzene and NH3. It will show the air quality in PPM on the LCD and
as well as on webpage so that we can monitor it very easily. Previously we have built
the LPG detector using MQ6 sensor and Smoke detector using MQ2 sensor but this
time we have used MQ135 sensor which is the best choice for monitoring Air Quality
as it can detects most harmful gases and can measure their amount accurately. In this
IoT project, you can monitor the pollution level from anywhere using your computer
or mobile. We can install this system anywhere and can also trigger some device
when pollution goes beyond some level, like we can switch on the Exhaust fan or can
send alert SMS/mail to the user.

In[2]The level of pollution has increased with times by lot of factors like the

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increase in population, increased vehicle use, industrialization and urbanization which

results in harmful effects on human wellbeing by directly affecting health of
population exposed to it. In order to monitor In this project we are going to make an
IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring System in which we will monitor the Air Quality
over a web server using internet and will trigger a alarm when the air quality goes
down beyond a certain level, means when there are sufficient amount of harmful
gases are present in the air like CO2, smoke, alcohol, benzene and NH 3. It will show
the air quality in PPM on the LCD and as well as on webpage so that we can monitor
it very easily. We have used MQ135 sensor which is the best choice for monitoring
Air Quality as it can detects most harmful gases and can measure their amount
accurately. In this IOT project, you can monitor the pollution level from anywhere
using your computer or mobile. We can install this system anywhere and can also
trigger some device when pollution goes beyond some level, like we can switch on the
Exhaust fan or can send alert SMS/mail to the user.

In[3]The level of pollution has increased with times by lot of factors like the
increase in population, increased vehicle use, industrialization and urbanization which
results in harmful effects on human wellbeing by directly affecting health of
population exposed to it. In IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring System the Air
Quality is measured over a web server using internet and will trigger a alarm when
the air quality goes down beyond a certain level, means when there are sufficient
amount of harmful gases are present in the air like CO2, smoke ,alcohol, benzene and
NH3.It will show the air quality in PPM on the LCD and as well as on webpage so
that we can monitor it very easily.MQ135 sensor which is the best choice for
monitoring Air Quality as it can detects most harmful gases and can measure their
amount accurately. The pollution level can be monitored anywhere using computer or
mobile. Install this system anywhere and can also trigger some device when pollution
goes beyond some level, like it can switch on the Exhaust fan or can send alert.

In[4] Air and sound pollution is growing issue these days. It is necessary to
monitor air quality for a better future and healthy living for all. In this paper, we
propose an air quality as well as sound pollution monitoring system that allows us to
monitor and check live air quality as well as sound pollution in particular area
through IoT. It uses air sensors to sense the harmful gases like NH3, Benzene, smoke

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and CO2. Also system keeps measuring sound level and reports it to the online server
over IoT. The main aim of the paper is to monitor air pollution in different areas and
we can keep a watch on noise pollution.

In[5] In order to monitor the various toxic gases in the atmosphere we are going to
make an IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring System in which we will monitor the
Air Quality over a web server using internet and will trigger a alarm when the air
quality goes down beyond a certain level, means when there are sufficient amount of
harmful gases are present in the air like CO2, smoke, alcohol, benzene and NH3. The
level of pollution has increased with times by lot of factors like the increase in
population, increased vehicle use, industrialization and urbanization which results in
harmful effects on human wellbeing by directly affecting health of population
exposed to it. It will show the air quality in PPM on the LCD and as well as on
webpage so that we can monitor it very easily. In this IOT project, you can monitor
the pollution level from anywhere using your computer or mobile.

In[6] The pollution of air and sound is increasing abruptly. To bring it under
control its monitoring is majorly recommended. To overcome this issue, we are
introducing a system through which the level of sound and the existence of the
harmful gases in the surroundings can be detected. The growing pollution at such an
alarming rate has started creating trouble for the living beings, may it be high decibels
or toxic gases present in the environment leaves a harmful effect on human’s health
and thus needs a special attention. This monitored data can be obtained from remote
location without actually visiting it due to the access of internet. The framework of
this monitoring system is based on combination or collaboration of affective
distributed sensing units and information system for data composition. The role of
IoT is the new concept used in air and sound pollution measurement, which allows
data access from remote locations.

1.3 Problem Formulation

During past decades, as result of civilization and urbanization there is a huge

grown in polluting environment, open burning of refuse and leaves, Massive quantities
of construction waste, substantial loss of forests and vehicles on roads that gives rise to
health endangering pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly monitor and report

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the hazardous impacts from air and sound pollution. To monitor the quality of air and
sound levels, a new framework is proposed that monitors the parameters of the
environment around us such as CO, CO2, NH3 and CH4. Pollution monitoring system
used to measure the amount of pollution level in our environment. By measuring those
values awareness can be created among public to control them.

1.4 Objective of the Project

The fundamental objective of air quality and sound pollution monitoring is to

collect data that can be used to make informed decisions to best manage and improve
the environment. This section describes an approach for developing an air quality and
sound pollution monitoring strategy.

1.5 Organization of the Project

Chapter 1: Introduction: In this Chapter, Introduction of the air& sound pollution

monitoring system, literature survey, problem statement and objective of the project
are explained.

Chapter2: Description of Components: In this Chapter, we have discussed about

components used for implementing the project.

Chapter3: Existing and Proposed Technologies: In this Chapter, existing and

proposed models of the air and sound pollution monitoring system are explained.

Chapter4: Results and Discussion: In this Chapter, we have discussed about the
experimental model and working procedure of the system.

Chapter 5: Conclusion: In this Chapter, Conclusion and future scope of the project
are discussed.

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CHAPTER 2: DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

2.1 Introduction

In this Chapter we have discussed about the components used for implementing
this project. The development board we have used for this project is NODEMCU
ESP8266. It is a cost-effective WiFi module that supports both TCP/IP and
microcontrollers. It runs at 3V with maximum voltage range around 3.6V. More often
than not, it also comes under name ESP8266 Wireless Transceiver. In order to
monitor the quality of air in the atmosphere we have used MQ 135 sensor and to
monitor the sound levels we have used Sound sensor. All these parameters are
monitored using a virtual platform which will be discussed in upcoming chapters.

2.2 Major Components

i. NODEMCU ESP8266 Development Board
ii. Gas Sensors
iii. Sound Detection Sensor
iv. Blynk Software
v. Arduino Software
vi. LEDs
vii. Jumper wires
2.2.1 NODEMCU ESP8266 Development Board

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Fig. 2.1 NODEMCU ESP-12 Development Kit

The ESP8266 is the name of the micro-controller designed by Espressif

systems. The ESP-8266 itself is a self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution
offering as a bridge from existing micro controller to Wi-Fi and is also
capable of running self-contained applications. This module comes with a
built in USB connector and a rich assortment of pin- outs. With a micro USB
cable, you connect NodeMCU devkit to your laptop and flash it without any
trouble, just like arduino. It is also immediately breadboard friendly.

Specifications

 Voltage : 3.3v.

 Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP

 Current consumption: 10uA~170mA.

 Flash memory attachable: 16 MB max (512Knormal).

 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack.

 Processor speed: 80~160MHz.

 RAM: 32K+80K.

 802.11 b/g/n protocol

 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack

 Built-in low-power 32-bit CPU

 SDIO 2.0, SPI, UART

2.2.2 Gas Sensors

Here is the complete List of MQSensors with their names and type of gases
measured.

Table 2.1 List of MQ Sensors

Sensor Name Gas Measured

MQ-2 Methane, Butane, LPG, Smoke
MQ-3 Alcohol, Ethanol, Smoke
MQ-4 Methane, CNG Gas

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MQ-5 Natural gas, LPG

MQ-6 LPG, butane
MQ-7 Carbon Monoxide
MQ-8 Hydrogen Gas
MQ-9 Carbon Monoxide, flammable gasses
MQ131 Ozone
MQ135 Air Quality
MQ136 Hydrogen Sulphide gas
MQ137 Ammonia
MQ138 Benzene, Toluene, Alcohol, Propane, Formaldehyde gas,
Hydrogen
MQ214 Methane, Natural Gas
MQ216 Natural gas, Coal Gas
MQ303A Alcohol, Ethanol, smoke
MQ306A LPG, butane
MQ307A Carbon Monoxide
MQ309A Carbon Monoxide, flammable gas

2.2.2.1 MQ-135 Gas Sensor

The MQ-135 Gas sensors are used in air quality control equipment’s and are
suitable for detecting or measuring of NH3, NOx, Alcohol, Benzene, Smoke, CO2.
The MQ-135 sensor module comes with a Digital Pin which makes this sensor to
operate even without a microcontroller and that comes in handy when you are only
trying to detect one particular gas. If you need to measure the gases in PPM the
analog pin need to be used. The analog pin is TTL driven and works on 5V and so can
be used with most common microcontrollers. If you are looking for a sensor to detect
or measure common air quality gases such as CO2, Smoke, NH3, NOx, Alcohol,
Benzene then this sensor might be the right choice foryou.

2.2.2.2 How to use MQ-135 Sensors to Detect Gases

You can either use the digital pin or the analog pin to do this. Simply power the

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module with 5V and you should notice the power LED on the module to glow and
when no gas it detected the output LED will remain turned off meaning the digital
output pin will be 0V. Remember that these sensors have to be kept on for pre-heating
time (mentioned in features above) before you can actually work with it. Now,
introduce the sensor to the gas you want to detect and you should see the output LED
to go high along with the digital pin, if not use the potentiometer until the output gets
high. Now every time your sensor gets introduced to this gas at this particular
concentration the digital pin will go high (5V) else will remain low(0V). You can also
use the analog pin to achieve the same thing. Read the analog values (0-5V) using a
microcontroller, this value will be directly proportional to the concentration of the gas
to which the sensor detects. You can experiment with this values and check how the
sensor reacts to different concentration of gas and develop your program accordingly.

2.2.2.3 How to use MQ-135 Sensor to Measure PPM

MQ-135 gas sensor applies SnO2 which has a higher resistance in the clear
air as a gas-sensing material. When there is an increase in polluting gases, the
resistance of the gas sensor decreases along with that. To measure PPM using MQ-
135 sensor we need to look into the (Rs/Ro) v/s PPM graph taken from the
MQ135datasheet.

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Fig. 2.2 MQ135 Data Sheet

The above figure shows the typical sensitivity characteristics of

the MQ-135 for several gases. in their: Temp: 20, Humidity: 65%, O2
concentration 21%, RL=20kΩ, Ro: sensor resistance at 100ppm of NH 3
in the clean air. Rs: sensor resistance at various concentrations of gases.

The value of Ro is the value of resistance in fresh air (or the air
with we are comparing) and the value of Rs is the value of resistance in
Gas concentration. First you should calibrate the sensor by finding the
values of Ro in fresh air and then use that value to find Rs using the
below formula:

Resistance of Sensor (Rs): Rs = (VC/VRL – 1)*RL Eqn. 2.1

Once we calculate Rs and Ro we can find the ratio and then using the
graph shown above we can calculate the equivalent value of PPM for
that particular gas.

2.2.2.4 MQ-135 Sensor Features

• Wide detecting scope

• Fast response and High sensitivity

• Stable and long life

• Operating Voltage is+5V

• Detect/Measure NH3, NOx, alcohol, Benzene, smoke, CO2,etc.

• Analog output voltage: 0V to5V

• Digital output voltage: 0V or 5V (TTLLogic)

• Preheat duration 20seconds

• Can be used as a Digital or analog sensor

• The Sensitivity of Digital pin can be varied using the potentiometer

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2.2.3 Sound Sensor

The Sound Detection Sensor is a small board that combines a

microphone and some processing circuitry, it has the ability to detect
different sizes of sound. This sensor can be used for a variety of uses
from industrial to simple hobby or playing around.

The Sound Detection sensor module has a built-in capacitive

electret microphone which is highly sensitive to sound. Sound waves
cause the thin film of the electret to vibrate and then the capacitance
changes, thus producing the corresponding changed voltage, so it can
detect the sound intensity in ambient environment. Since the change is
extremely weak, it needs to be amplified. We use a LM393 as the
power amplifier here. You can adjust the sensitivity with by adjusting
the Potentiometer. When the sound level exceeds the set point, an
LED on the sensor module is illuminated and the output is sent low.

Fig. 2.3 Sound Detection Sensor Pin Outs

Table 2.2 List of Sound Sensor pins and its value

Parameter Value
+ 5 V DC from your Arduino
G GND from your Arduino
D0 Connect to Digital Input Pin
A0 Connect to Analog Input Pin
Power LED Illuminates when power is applied
Sound Detect
Illuminates when sound is detected
LED
Potentiometer CW = More Sensitive

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CCW = Less Sensitive

It has four pins that needs to be connected to your development board.

The top one(if you look at the image above), is AO. This should be connected
to the analog input 0 on the NodeMCU(A0). The one beside that is GND,
which is connected to ground, the VCC is connected to +5V, and the last one
is DO – which is the digital output of the module, and should be connected to
digital pin 2 on the Arduino.

On the top of the sound sensor is a little flathead screw you can turn to
adjust the sensitivity and analog output of the sound sensor. To calibrate the
sound sensor you can make some noise and keep turning it until you start
seeing the sensor-LED on the module starts blinking with the rhythm.

2.2.4 Blynk Software

Blynk is a Platform with IOS and Android apps to control Arduino,

Raspberry Pi and the likes over the Internet. It’s a digital dashboard where
you can build a graphic interface for your project by simply dragging and
dropping widgets. After downloading the Blynk app, you can create a project
dashboard and arrange buttons, sliders, graphs, and other widgets onto the
screen.

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Fig. 2.4 Blynk App Home Screen

There are three major components in the platform:

Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using
various widgets we provide.

Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smart
phone and hardware. You can use the Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynk
server locally. It’s open-source, could easily handle thousands of devices and
can even be launched on a Raspberry Pi.

Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable

communication with the server and process all the incoming and outcoming
commands.

Now imagine: every time you press a Button in the Blynk app, the message
travels to the Blynk Cloud, where it magically finds its way to your hardware.
It works the same in the opposite direction and everything happens in a blynk
of an eye.

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Fig. 2.5 Working of Blynk platform

2.2.5 Arduino Software

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware

and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger
on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a
motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your
board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the
board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring),
and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing. Over the years Arduino
has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to complex
scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists,
artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source
platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount of
accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for
fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and
programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board
started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer
from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D
printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-

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source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt

them to their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is
growing through the contributions of users worldwide.

Fig. 2.6 Arduino IDE

Why Arduino?

The Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough

for advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers and
students use it to build low cost scientific instruments, to prove chemistry and
physics principles, or to get started with programming and robotics. Designers
and architects build interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for
installations and to experiment with new musical instruments. Makers, of
course, use it to build many of the projects exhibited at the Maker Faire, for
example. Arduino is a key tool to learn new things. Anyone - children,
hobbyists, artists, programmers - can start tinkering just following the step by
step instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other members of the
Arduino community.

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms

available for physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24,
Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many others offer similar functionality. All

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of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller programming and

wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies the process of
working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for teachers,
students, and interested amateurs over other systems:

Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other

microcontroller platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module
can be assembled by hand, and even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost
less than $50

Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh

OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to
Windows.

Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is

easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take
advantage of as well. For teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing
programming environment, so students learning to program in that environment
will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.

Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as

open source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The
language can be expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to
understand the technical details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C
programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-C code
directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.

Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are
published under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers
can make their own version of the module, extending it and improving it. Even
relatively inexperienced users can build the breadboard version of the module in
order to understand how it works and save money.

2.2.6 LEDs (Light Emitting Diode)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light

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when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor

recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. This
effect is called electroluminescence. The colour of the light (corresponding to
the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to
cross the band gap of the semiconductor.[6]White light is obtained by using
multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the
semiconductor device.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs

emitted low-intensity infrared light.[8]Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control
circuits, such as those used with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The
first visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs
are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with high
light output.

Fig. 2.7 Light Emitting Diode

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent
bulbs, and in seven-segment displays. Recent developments have produced
white- light LEDs suitable for room lighting. LEDs have led to new displays
and sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced
communications technology.

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LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower
energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller
size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as
diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general
lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper and medical devices.

Unlike a laser, the color of light emitted from an LED is neither coherent nor
monochromatic, but the spectrum is narrow with respect to human vision, and
functionally monochromatic.

2.2.7 Jumper Wires

A jump wire (also known as jumper wire, or jumper) is an electrical wire, or

group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes
without them – simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the
components of a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with
other equipment or components, without soldering. Individual jump wires are
fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots provided in a breadboard,
the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test equipment.

Fig. 2.8 Jumper Wires

2.2.7.1 Types of Jumper Wires

There are different types of jumper wires. Some have the same type of
electrical connector at both ends, while others have different connectors. Some

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common connectors are:

• Solid tips – are used to connect on/with a breadboard or female header

connector. The arrangement of the elements and ease of insertion on a
breadboard allows increasing the mounting density of both components and
jump wires without fear of short-circuits. The jump wires vary in size and
colour to distinguish the different working signals.

 Crocodile clips
 Banana connectors
 Registered jack
 RCA connectors
 RF connectors

CHAPTER 3: EXISTING AND PROPOSED TECHNOLOGIES

3.1 Introduction

Air pollution emerged in many parts of the world as a result of explosive

industrial growth. Road transport is also one of the major contributors of air pollution
which contribute to climate change that has perilous domestic and global
consequences. Generation and transport of pollutant materials are governed not only
by the distributions of their sources but also by the dynamics of the atmosphere.
Pollutant clouds are sometimes observed traveling along the wind directions. To
understand the involved processes in more detail we need more thorough data on the
spreads of fine-grain pollutants and their variations with time. An air pollution
monitoring system that is comprehensive in terms of spatial and pollutant coverage
and is relatively inexpensive and autonomous is the priority

3.2 Sources of Air Pollution

The sources of man-made air pollution (or emission sources) are of basically two
types:

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Stationary, which can be subdivided into area sources such as agricultural

production, mining and quarrying, industrial, point and area sources such as
manufacturing of chemicals, non-metallic mineral products, basic metal industries,
power generation and community sources (e.g., heating of homes and buildings,
municipal waste and sewage sludge incinerators, fireplaces, cooking facilities, laundry
services and cleaning plants)

Mobile, comprising any form of combustion-engine vehicles (e.g., light-duty

gasoline powered cars, light- and heavy-duty diesel powered vehicles, motorcycles,
aircraft, including line sources with emissions of gases and particulate matter from
vehicle traffic).

In addition, there are also natural sources of pollution (e.g., eroded areas,
volcanoes, certain plants which release great amounts of pollen, sources of bacteria,
spores and viruses). Natural sources are not discussed in this article.

3.3 Types of Air Pollutants

Air pollutants are usually classified into suspended particulate matter (dusts, fumes,
mists and smokes), gaseous pollutants (gases and vapours) and odours. Some
examples of usual pollutants are presented below:

Suspended particulate matter (SPM, PM-10) includes diesel exhaust, coal fly-
ash, mineral dusts (e.g., coal, asbestos, limestone, cement), metal dusts and fumes
(e.g., zinc, copper, iron, lead) and acid mists (e.g., sulphuric acid), fluorides, paint
pigments, pesticide mists, carbon black and oil smoke. Suspended particulate
pollutants, besides their effects of provoking respiratory diseases, cancers, corrosion,
destruction of plant life and so on, can also constitute a nuisance (e.g., accumulation
of dirt), interfere with sunlight (e.g., formation of smog and haze due to light
scattering) and act as catalytic surfaces for reaction of adsorbedchemicals.

Gaseous pollutants include sulphur compounds (e.g., sulphur dioxide (SO2)

and sulphur trioxide (SO3)), carbon monoxide, nitrogen compounds (e.g., nitric oxide
(NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ammonia), organic compounds (e.g., hydrocarbons
(HC), volatile organic compounds (VOC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),

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aldehydes), halogen compounds and halogen derivatives (e.g., HF and HCl),

hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulphide and mercaptans(odours).

Secondary pollutants may be formed by thermal, chemical or photochemical

reactions. For example, by thermal action sulphur dioxide can oxidize to sulphur
trioxide which, dissolved in water, gives rise to the formation of sulphuric acid mist
(catalysed by manganese and iron oxides). Photochemical reactions between nitrogen
oxides and reactive hydrocarbons can produce ozone (O3), formaldehyde and
peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN); reactions between HCl and formaldehyde can form bis-
chloromethyl ether.

While some odours are known to be caused by specific chemical agents such
as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), carbon disulphide (CS2) and mercaptans (R-SH or R1-S-
R2) others are difficult to definechemically.

3.4 Clean Air Implementation Plans

Air quality management aims at the preservation of environmental quality by

prescribing the tolerated degree of pollution, leaving it to the local authorities and
polluters to devise and implement actions to ensure that this degree of pollution will
not be exceeded. An example of legislation within this approach is the adoption of
ambient air quality standards based, very often, on air quality guidelines (WHO 1987)
for different pollutants; these are accepted maximum levels of pollutants (or
indicators) in the target area (e.g., at ground level at a specified point in a community)
and can be either primary or secondary standards. Primary standards (WHO 1980) are
the maximum levels consistent with an adequate safety margin and with the
preservation of public health, and must be complied with within a specific time limit;
secondary standards are those judged to be necessary for protection against known or
anticipated adverse effects other than health hazards (mainly on vegetation) and must
be complied “within a reasonable time”. Air quality standards are short-, medium- or
long-term values valid for 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, and for monthly,
seasonal or annual exposure of all living subjects (including sensitive subgroups such
as children, the elderly and the sick) as well as non-living objects; this is in contrast to
maximum permissible levels for occupational exposure, which are for a partial weekly

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exposure (e.g., 8 hours per day, 5 days per week) of adult and supposedly healthy
workers.

Typical measures in air quality management are control measures at the

source, for example, enforcement of the use of catalytic converters in vehicles or of
emission standards in incinerators, land-use planning and shut-down of factories or
reduction of traffic during unfavorable weather conditions. The best air quality
management stresses that the air pollutant emissions should be kept to a minimum;
this is basically defined through emission standards for single sources of air pollution
and could be achieved for industrial sources, for example, through closed systems and
high-efficiency collectors. An emission standard is a limit on the amount or
concentration of a pollutant emitted from a source. This type of legislation requires a
decision, for each industry, on the best means of controlling its emissions (i.e., fixing
emission standards).

The basic aim of air pollution management is to derive a clean air

implementation plan (or air pollution abatement plan) which consists of the following
elements:

Description of area with respect to topography, meteorology and socio economy

 Emissions inventory
 Comparison with emission standards
 Air pollutant concentrations inventory
 Simulated air pollutant concentrations
 Comparison with air quality standards
 Inventory of effects on public health and the environment
 Causal analysis
 Control Measures
 Cost of Control Measures
 Cost of public health and environmental effects
 cost-benefit analysis (costs of control vs. costs of efforts)
 transportation and land-use planning
 enforcement plan; resource commitment

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 projections for the future on population, traffic, industries and fuel

consumption
 Strategies for follow-up.

Some of these issues will be described below.

Emissions Inventory; Comparison with Emission Standards

The emissions inventory is a most complete listing of sources in a given area and of
their individual emissions, estimated as accurately as possible from all emitting point,
line and area (diffuse) sources. When these emissions are compared with emission
standards set for a particular source, first hints on possible control measures are given
if emission standards are not complied with. The emissions inventory also serves to
assess a priority list of important sources according to the amount of pollutants
emitted, and indicates the relative influence of different sources—for example, traffic
as compared to industrial or residential sources. The emissions inventory also allows
an estimate of air pollutant concentrations for those pollutants for which ambient
concentration measurements are difficult or too expensive to perform.

3.5 Air Pollutant Concentrations Inventory; Comparison with Air Quality

Standards

The air pollutant concentrations inventory summarizes the results of the monitoring of
ambient air pollutants in terms of annual means, percentiles and trends of these
quantities. Compounds measured for such an inventory include the following:

 Sulphurdioxide
 Nitrogen oxides
 Suspended particulate matter
 Carbonmonoxide
 Ozone
 Heavy metals (pb, cd, ni, cu, fe, as,be)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: benzo(a) pyrene, benzo(e) pyrene, benzo(a)a

nthracene, dibenzo(a,h) anthracene, benzoghi) perylene, coronen

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Volatile Organic Compounds: n-hexane, benzene, 3-methyl-hexane, n-heptane,

toluene, octane, ethyl-benzene xylene (o-,m-,p-), n-nonane, isopropylbenzene,
propylbenezene, n-2-/3-/4-ethyltoluene, 1,2,4-1,3,5 rimethylbenzene,richloromethane,
1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachloromethane, tri-/tetrachloroethene.

Comparison of air pollutant concentrations with air quality standards or

guidelines, if they exist, indicates problem areas for which a causal analysis has to be
performed in order to find out which sources are responsible for the non-compliance.
Dispersion modelling has to be used in performing this causal analysis (see “Air
pollution: Modelling of air pollutant dispersion”). Devices and procedures used in
today’s ambient air pollution monitoring are described in “Air quality monitoring”.

3.6 Simulated Air Pollutant Concentrations:

Comparison with Air Quality Standards

Starting from the emissions inventory, with its thousands of compounds which
cannot all be monitored in the ambient air for economy reasons, use of dispersion
modeling can help to estimate the concentrations of more “exotic” compounds. Using
appropriate meteorology parameters in a suitable dispersion model, annual averages
and percentiles can be estimated and compared to air quality standards or guidelines,
if they exist.

3.7 Inventory of Effects on Public Health and the Environment - Causal Analysis

Another important source of information is the effects inventory (Ministerium

für Umwelt 1993), which consists of results of epidemiological studies in the given
area and of effects of air pollution observed in biological and material receptors such
as, for example, plants, animals and construction metals and building stones.
Observed effects attributed to air pollution have to be causally analysed with respect
to the component responsible for a particular effect—for example, increased
prevalence of chronic bronchitis in a polluted area. If the compound or compounds
have been fixed in a causal analysis (compound-causal analysis), a second analysis
has to be performed to find out the responsible sources (source-causal analysis).

3.8 Control Measures - Cost of Control Measures

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Control measures for industrial facilities include adequate, well-designed,

well-installed, efficiently operated and maintained air cleaning devices, also called
separators or collectors. A separator or collector can be defined as an “apparatus for
separating any one or more of the following from a gaseous medium in which they are
suspended or mixed: solid particles (filter and dust separators), liquid particles (filter
and droplet separator) and gases (gas purifier)”. The basic types of air pollution
control equipment (discussed further in “Air pollution control”) are the following:

 For particulate matter: inertial separators (e.g., cyclones); fabric filters (bag
houses); electrostatic precipitators; wet collectors(scrubbers)
 For gaseous pollutants: wet collectors (scrubbers); adsorption units (e.g.,
adsorption beds); afterburners, which can be direct-fired (thermal incineration)
or catalytic (catalytic combustion).

Wet collectors (scrubbers) can be used to collect, at the same time, gaseous
pollutants and particulate matter. Also, certain types of combustion devices can burn
combustible gases and vapours as well as certain combustible aerosols. Depending on
the type of effluent, one or a combination of more than one collector can be used.

The control of odours that are chemically identifiable relies on the control of the
chemical agent(s) from which they emanate (e.g., by absorption, by incineration).
However, when an odouris not defined chemically or the producing agent is found at
extremely low levels, other techniques may be used, such as masking (by a stronger,
more agreeable and harmless agent) or counteraction (by an additive which
counteracts or partially neutralizes the offensive odour).

It should be kept in mind that adequate operation and maintenance are

indispensable to ensure the expected efficiency from a collector. This should be
ensured at the planning stage, both from the know-how and financial points of view.
Energy requirements must not be overlooked. Whenever selecting an air cleaning
device, not only the initial cost but also operational and maintenance costs should be
considered. Whenever dealing with high-toxicity pollutants, high efficiency should be
ensured, as well as special procedures for maintenance and disposal of waste
materials.

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The Fundamental Control Measures in Industrial Facilities are the following

Substitution of materials. Examples: substitution of less toxic solvents for highly toxic
ones used in certain industrial processes; use of fuels with lower sulphur content (e.g.,
washed coal), therefore giving rise to less sulphur compounds and so on.

Modifications in processes, as well as in plant layout, may also facilitate and/or

improve the conditions for dispersion and collection of pollutants. For example, a
different plant layout may facilitate the installation of a local exhaust system; the
performance of a process at a lower rate may allow the use of a certain collector (with
volume limitations but otherwise adequate). Process modifications that concentrate
different effluent sources are closely related to the volume of effluent handled, and the
efficiency of some air-cleaning equipment increases with the concentration of
pollutants in the effluent. Both the substitution of materials and the modification of
processes may have technical and/or economic limitations, and these should be
considered.

Adequate housekeeping and storage Examples: strict sanitation in food and animal
product processing; avoidance of open storage of chemicals (e.g., sulphur piles) or
dusty materials (e.g., sand), or, failing this, spraying of the piles of loose particulate
with water (if possible) or application of surface coatings (e.g., wetting agents,
plastic) to piles of materials likely to give off pollutants.

Adequate disposal of wastes Examples: Avoidance of simply piling up chemical

wastes (such as scraps from polymerization reactors), as well as of dumping pollutant
materials (solid or liquid) in water streams. The latter practice not only causes water
pollution but can also create a secondary source of air pollution, as in the case of
liquid wastes from sulphite process pulp mills, which release offensive odorous
gaseous pollutants.

By analogy with adequate practices at the workplace, good practices at the

community level can contribute to air pollution control - for example, changes in the
use of motor vehicles (more collective transportation, small cars and so on) and
control of heating facilities (better insulation of buildings in order to require less
heating, better fuels and so on).

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Control measures in vehicle emissions are adequate and efficient mandatory

inspection and maintenance programmes which are enforced for the existing car fleet,
programmes of enforcement of the use of catalytic converters in new cars, aggressive
substitution of solar/battery-powered cars for fuel-powered ones, regulation of road
traffic, and transportation and land use planning concepts.

Motor vehicle emissions are controlled by controlling emissions per vehicle mile
travelled (VMT) and by controlling VMT itself (Walsh 1992). Emissions per VMT
can be reduced by controlling vehicle performance - hardware, maintenance - for both
new and in-use cars. Fuel composition of leaded gasoline may be controlled by
reducing lead or sulphur content, which also has a beneficial effect on decreasing HC
emissions from vehicles. Lowering the levels of sulphur in diesel fuel as a means to
lower diesel particulate emission has the additional beneficial effect of increasing the
potential for catalytic control of diesel particulate and organic HC emissions.

Another important management tool for reducing vehicle evaporative and

refuelling emissions is the control of gasoline volatility. Control of fuel volatility can
greatly lower vehicle evaporative HC emissions. Use of oxygenated additives in
gasoline lowers HC and CO exhaust as long as fuel volatility is not increased.

Reduction of VMT is an additional means of controlling vehicle emissions by control

strategies such as

 Use of more efficient transportation modes

 Increasing the average number of passengers per car
 Spreading congested peak traffic loads
 Reducing travel demand.

While such approaches promote fuel conservation, they are not yet accepted by the
general population, and governments have not seriously tried to implement them. All
these technological and political solutions to the motor vehicle problem except
substitution of electrical cars are increasingly offset by growth in the vehicle
population. The vehicle problem can be solved only if the growth problem is
addressed in an appropriate way.

3.9 Cost of Public Health and Environmental Effects - Cost-Benefit Analysis

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The estimation of the costs of public health and environmental effects is the most
difficult part of a clean air implementation plan, as it is very difficult to estimate the
value of lifetime reduction of disabling illnesses, hospital admission rates and hours
of work lost. However, this estimation and a comparison with the cost of control
measures is absolutely necessary in order to balance the costs of control measures
versus the costs of no such measure undertaken, in terms of public health and
environmental effects.

3.10 Transportation and Land-Use Planning

The pollution problem is intimately connected to land-use and transportation,

including issues such as community planning, road design, traffic control and mass
transportation; to concerns of demography, topography and economy; and to social
concerns (Venzia 1977). In general, the rapidly growing urban aggregations have
severe pollution problems due to poor land-use and transportation practices.
Transportation planning for air pollution control includes transportation controls,
transportation policies, mass transit and highway congestion costs. Transportation
controls have an important impact on the general public in terms of equity,
repressiveness and social and economic disruption - in particular, direct transportation
controls such as motor vehicle constraints, gasoline limitations and motor vehicle
emission reductions. Emission reductions due to direct controls can be reliably
estimated and verified. Indirect transportation controls such as reduction of vehicle
miles travelled by improvement of mass transit systems, traffic flow improvement
regulations, regulations on parking lots, road and gasoline taxes, car-use permissions
and incentives for voluntary approaches are mostly based on past trial-and-error
experience, and include many uncertainties when trying to develop a viable
transportation plan.

National action plans incurring indirect transportation controls can affect

transportation and land-use planning with regard to highways, parking lots and
shopping centers. Long-term planning for the transportation system and the area
influenced by it will prevent significant deterioration of air quality and provide for
compliance with air quality standards. Mass transit is consistently considered as a
potential solution for urban air pollution problems. Selection of a mass transit system
to serve an area and different modal splits between highway use and bus or rail

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service will ultimately alter land-use patterns. There is an optimum split that will
minimize air pollution; however, this may not be acceptable when non-environmental
factors are considered.

The automobile has been called the greatest generator of economic

externalities ever known. Some of these, such as jobs and mobility, are positive, but
the negative ones, such as air pollution, accidents resulting in death and injury,
property damage, noise, loss of time, and aggravation, lead to the conclusion that
transportation is not a decreasing cost industry in urbanized areas. Highway
congestion costs are another externality; lost time and congestion costs, however, are
difficult to determine. A true evaluation of competing transportation modes, such as
mass transportation, cannot be obtained if travel costs for work trips do not include
congestion costs.

Land-use planning for air pollution control includes zoning codes and
performance standards, land-use controls, housing and land development, and land-
use planning policies. Land-use zoning was the initial attempt to accomplish
protection of the people, their property and their economic opportunity. However, the
ubiquitous nature of air pollutants required more than physical separation of industries
and residential areas to protect the individual. For this reason, performance standards
based initially on aesthetics or qualitative decisions were introduced into some zoning
codes in an attempt to quantify criteria for identifying potential problems.

The limitations of the assimilative capacity of the environment must be

identified for long-term land-use planning. Then, land-use controls can be developed
that will prorate the capacity equitably among desired local activities. Land-use
controls include permit systems for review of new stationary sources, zoning
regulation between industrial and residential areas, restriction by easement or
purchase of land, receptor location control, emission-density zoning and emission
allocation regulations.

Housing policies aimed at making home ownership available to many who

could otherwise not afford it (such as tax incentives and mortgage policies) stimulate
urban sprawl and indirectly discourage higher-density residential development. These
policies have now proven to be environmentally disastrous, as no consideration was

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given to the simultaneous development of efficient transportation systems to serve the

needs of the multitude of new communities being developed. The lesson learnt from
this development is that programmes impacting on the environment should be
coordinated, and comprehensive planning undertaken at the level where the problem
occurs and on a scale large enough to include the entire system.

Land-use planning must be examined at national, provincial or state, regional

and local levels to adequately ensure long-term protection of the environment.
Governmental programmes usually start with power plant sitting, mineral extraction
sites, coastal zoning and desert, mountain or other recreational development. As the
multiplicity of local governments in a given region cannot adequately deal with
regional environmental problems, regional governments or agencies should
coordinate land development and density patterns by supervising the spatial
arrangement and location of new construction and use, and transportation facilities.
Land-use and transportation planning must be interrelated with enforcement of
regulations to maintain the desired air quality. Ideally, air pollution control should be
planned for by the same regional agency that does land-use planning because of the
overlapping externalities associated with both issues.

3. 11 Enforcement Plan and Resource Commitment

The clean air implementation plan should always contain an enforcement plan
which indicates how the control measures can be enforced. This implies also a
resource commitment which, according to a polluter pays principle, will state what the
polluter has to implement and how the government will help the polluter in fulfilling
the commitment.

 Projections for the Future

In the sense of a precautionary plan, the clean air implementation plan should
also include estimates of the trends in population, traffic, industries and fuel
consumption in order to assess responses to future problems. This will avoid future
stresses by enforcing measures well in advance of imagined problems.

 Strategies for Follow-up

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A strategy for follow-up of air quality management consists of plans and policies on
how to implement future clean air implementation plans.

 Role of Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the process of providing a detailed

statement by the responsible agency on the environmental impact of a proposed action
significantly affecting the quality of the human environment (Lee 1993). EIA is an
instrument of prevention aiming at consideration of the human environment at an
early stage of the development of a programme or project.

EIA is particularly important for countries which develop projects in the

framework of economic reorientation and restructuring. EIA has become legislation in
many developed countries and is now increasingly applied in developing countries
and economies in transition. EIA is integrative in the sense of comprehensive
environmental planning and management considering the interactions between
different environmental media. On the other hand, EIA integrates the estimation of
environmental consequences into the planning process and thereby becomes an
instrument of sustainable development. EIA also combines technical and participative
properties as it collects, analyses and applies scientific and technical data with
consideration of quality control and quality assurance, and stresses the importance of
consultations prior to licensing procedures between environmental agencies and the
public which could be affected by particular projects. A clean air implementation plan
can be considered as a part of the EIA procedure with reference to the air.

3.12 Existing Models

3.12.1 Old Method

The commercial meters available in the market are Fluke CO-220

carbon monoxide meter for CO, Amprobe CO2 meter for CO2,
ForbixSemicon LPG gas leakage sensor alarm for LPG leakage detection. The
researchers in this field have proposed various air quality monitoring systems
based on WSN, GSM and GIS. Now each technology has limited uses
according to the intended function, as Zigbee is meant for users with Zigbee
trans-receiver, Bluetooth. GIS based system is designed, implemented and

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tested to monitor the pinpoints of air pollution of any area. It consists of a

microcontroller, gas sensors, mobile unit, a temporary memory buffer and a
web server with internet connectivity which collects data from different
locations along with coordinate’s information at certain time of a day. The
readings for particular location are averaged in a closed time and space. The
Global Positioning System (GPS) module is attached to a system to provide
accurate representation of pollution sources in an area. The recorded data is
periodically transferred to a computer through a General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS) connection and then the data will be displayed on the dedicated
website with user acceptance. As a result large number of people can be
benefited with the large

3.12.2 ARDUINO METHOD

We start with connecting the ESP8266 with the Arduino. ESP8266

runs on 3.3V and if you will give it 5V from the Arduino then it won’t work
properly and it may get damage. Connect the VCC and the CH_PD to the 3.3V
pin of Arduino. The RX pin of ESP8266 works on 3.3V and it will not
communicate with the Arduino when we will connect it directly to the
Arduino. So, we will have to make a voltage divider for it which will convert
the 5V into 3.3V. This can be done by connecting three resistors in series like
we did in the circuit. Connect the TX pin of the ESP8266 to the pin 10 of the
Arduino and the RX pin of the esp8266 to the pin 9 of Arduino through the
resistors.ESP8266 Wi-Fi module gives your projects access to Wi-Fi or
internet. It is a very cheap device and makes your projects very powerful. It
can communicate with any microcontroller and it is the most leading devices
in the IOT platform. Learn more about here. Then we will connect the MQ135
sensor with the Arduino. Connect the VCC and the ground pin of the sensor to
the 5V and ground of the Arduino and the Analog pin of sensor to the A0 of
the Arduino. Connect a buzzer to the pin 8 of the Arduino which will start to
beep when the condition becomes true. The MQ135 sensor can sense NH3,
NOx, alcohol, Benzene, smoke, CO2 and some other gases, so it is perfect gas
sensor for our Air Quality Monitoring Project.

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When we will connect it to Arduino development board, then it will

sense the gases and we will get the Pollution level in PPM (parts per million).
MQ135 gas sensor gives the output in form of voltage levels and we need to
convert it into PPM. So for converting the output in PPM, here we have used a
library for MQ135 sensor, it is explained in detail in “Code Explanation”
section below. Sensor was giving us value of 90 when there was no gas near it
and the safe level of air quality is 350 PPM and it should not exceed 1000
PPM. When it exceeds the limit of 1000 PPM, then it starts cause Headaches,
sleepiness and stagnant, stale, stuffy air and if exceeds beyond 2000 PPM then
it can cause increased heart rate and many other diseases. When the value will
be lessthan1000PPM, then the LCD and web page will display “Fresh Air”.
Whenever the value will increase 1000 PPM, then the buzzer will start
beeping and the LCD and webpage will display “Poor Air, Open Windows”. If
it will increase 2000 then the buzzer will keep beeping and the LCD and
webpage will display “Danger! Move to fresh Air”.

3.13 Proposed System

Air Quality Sensor

NODEMCU
ESP8266
Cl
ou

Sound Sensor
d

Fig. 3.1 Block Diagram of the Proposed System

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The NODEMCU is a open source IOT platform. It includes firmware which

runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espress if systems, and hardware which is
based on the ESP-12 module. The term “NODEMCU” by default refers to the
firmware rather than the development kits. The firmware uses the Lua scripting
language. It is based on the eLua project and builds on the espressif Non-OS SDK for
ESP-8266. It uses many open sources projects, such as lua-cjson, and spiffs.

In this project we are going to make an IOT based air pollution monitoring
system in which we will monitor the air quality over a web server using internet
when the air quality goes down beyond a certain level, means when there are
sufficient amount of harmful gases are present in the atmosphere like CO2,CO,NH3
and CH4. It will show the air quality in ppm levels on the serial monitor or smart
phones so that we can monitor it very easily. In this air quality system we are using
nodemcu. It is an forward step an arduino, the nodemcu is a combination of the
arduino and Wi-Fi module(ESP 8266).

In this system we are using NODEMCU, MQ135 Gas sensor, LEDs, jumper wires
and bread board. NODEMCU is the microcontroller,MQ1345 gas sensor is the air
quality sensor, LEDs are the indicating the quality of air, jumper wires are using
connecting the devices, the MQ135 gas sensor sense the air quality. In this sensor
having sno2 layer which has a higher resistance in the clear air as a gas sensing
material. When there is an increase in pollution gases, the resistance of the gas sensor
decreases along with that. To measure ppm using MQ135 sensor we need to look into
the (RS/R0).

Where RS: sensor resistance at various concentration of gases.

R0: sensor resistance at clean air.

The values of R0 is the values of the resistance in fresh air and the value of RS
is the value of the resistance at gas concentration. First you should calibrate the sensor
by finding the values of R0 in fresh air and then use that value to find RS using the
formulas. Once we calculate RS and R0 we can find the ratio we can calculate the
equivalent value of PPM for that particular gas.

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In this system we are using the leds that are indicates quality of air in the
environment. How it is we are giving the levels of the gases. The MQ135 sensor has
sense the air when the air is polluted beyond the level of normal condition it indicates
the level of the pollution. when the air is not polluted the that is normal condition the
green leds will be blinks. That means the surrounding air quality is not polluted. when
the surrounding environment is polluted the red leds will be blinks. It means the
environment will be polluted with chemical gases that are CO, CO2, NH3 and CH4.

Now in this project we are using locally available gas sensor for observing the
polluted gases like Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and parameters
like temperature, humidity. By using this method people can view the level of
pollution through wireless system. It reduced cost, reliable and comfortable for any
place where we are monitoring the gases.

Toxic Gases

Toxic gases are carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. These gases are very
harmful and dangerous to the people

Carbon Monoxide(CO)

Nature and Sources of the Pollutant Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless

and poisonous gas formed when carbon in fuels is not burned completely. It is a by-
product of highway vehicle exhaust, which contributes about 60 percent of all CO
emissions nationwide. In cities automobile exhaust can cause as much as 95 percent
of all CO emissions. These emissions can result in high concentrations of CO
particularly in local areas with heavy traffic congestion. Other sources of CO
emissions include industrial processes and fuel combustion in sources such as boilers
and incinerators. Despite an overall downward trend in concentrations and emissions
of CO some metropolitan areas still experience high levels of CO. Enters the
bloodstream and reduce oxygen delivery to the body's organs and tissues.

Carbon monoxide threat from exposure to CO is most serious for those who
suffer from cardiovascular disease. Healthy individuals are also affected but only at
higher levels of exposure. Exposure to elevated CO levels is associated with visual

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impairment, reduced work capacity, reduced manual dexterity, poor learning ability
and difficulty in performing complex tasks.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s health-based national air quality

standard for CO is 9 parts per million (ppm) measured as an annual second-maximum
8-hour average concentration. Trends In Carbon Monoxide Level Long-term
improvements continued between 1986 and 1995. National average CO
concentrations decreased 37 percent while CO emissions decreased 16 percent. Long-
term air quality improvement in CO occurred despite a 31 percent increase in vehicle
miles traveled in the U.S. during the past 10 years. Between 1994 and 1995, national
average CO concentrations decreased 10 percent, while total CO emissions decreased
7 percent. Transportation sources (includes highway and off-highway vehicles) now
account for 81 percent of national total CO emissions.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless and non-flammable gas that is a product
of cellular respiration and burning of fossil fuels. It has a molecular weight of
44.01g/mol. Although it is typically present as a gas carbon dioxide also can be a
solid form as dry ice and liquefied depending on temperature and pressure. This gas is
utilized by many types of industry including breweries, mining ore, manufacturing of
carbonated drinks, drugs, disinfectants, pottery and baking powder. It also a primary
gas associated with volcanic eruptions. CO2 acts to displace oxygen, making
compressed CO2 the main ingredient in fire extinguishers.

Occupations that are most at risk from CO2 exposure include miners, brewers,
carbonated beverage workers and grain elevator workers. CO 2 is present in the
atmosphere at 0.035%. In terms of worker safety, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for CO 2 of 5,000
parts per million (ppm) over an 8-hour work day, which is equivalent to 0.5% by
volume of air. Similarly the American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH) TLV (threshold limit value) is 5,000 ppm for an 8hour workday
with a ceiling exposure limit of 30,000 ppm for a 10-minute period based on acute
inhalation data.

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A value of 40,000 ppm is considered immediately dangerous to life and health

based on the fact that a 30-minute exposure to 50,000 ppm produces intoxication and
concentrations greater than that (7-10%) produce unconsciousness. Additionally acute
toxicity data show the lethal concentration low for CO2 is 90,000 ppm (9%) over 5
minutes. See Table for a listing of regulatory agency standards for acceptable CO2
concentrations in the workplace. CO2 is a good indicator of proper building
ventilation and indoor air exchange rates. Consequently it is measured in buildings to
determine if the indoor air is adequate for humans to occupy the building.

Ammonia

It is a colour less gas via characteristic pungent smell. Ammonia contributes

significant and nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a
precursor taefuidan fertilizers.

Methane

Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4 (one atom of
carbon and four atoms of hydrogen). It is a group14 hydride and the simplest alkane,
and is the main constituent of natural gas. The relative abundance of methane on
Earth makes it an attractive fuel, although capturing and storing it poses challenges
due t o its gaseous state under normal conditions for temperature and pressure.

Natural methane is found both below ground and under the sea floor. When it
reaches the surface and the atmosphere, it is known as atmospheric methane.[6]The
Earth's atmospheric methane concentration has increased by about 150% since 1750,
and it accounts for 20% of the total radiative forcing from all of the long-lived and
globally mixed greenhouse gases.

Uses of Methane

Methane is an important source of hydrogen and some organic chemicals.

Methane reacts with steam at high temperatures to yield carbon monoxide and
hydrogen the latter is used in the manufacture of ammonia for fertilizers and
explosives. Other valuable chemicals derived from methane include methanol,
chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and nitromethane. The incomplete combustion of

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methane yields carbon black, which is widely used as a reinforcing agent in rubber
used for automobile tyres.

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

In this Chapter, we have discussed about the connection scheme, working of

the project and the code used for monitoring of different parameters obtained from
Gas and Sound Sensors. The Working Principle of the prototype is based upon on a
program which is dumped from Arduino IDE to NODEMCU ESP8266 development
board which will execute the program based upon the instructions given in the code.

4.2 Working Procedure:

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The components used in this project are mainly NODEMCU (Wi-Fi module is
in built in NODEMCU), MQ135 gas sensor, Sound Sensor, Mobile Phone, Blynk
application, jumper wires and bread board. The NODEMCU is an open source IoT
platform, it includes firmware which runs on ESP8266 Wi-Fi SOC (system on chip)
from Espressif system, and hardware which is based on ESP-12 module. The term
“NODEMCU” by default refers to the firmware rather than the development kit.

The sensitive material used in MQ135 sensor is SnO 2 (Stannic Oxide). The
conductivity of this material is lower in clean air. The sensor conductivity increases
with the increasing concentration of target pollution gases. MQ135 can monitor
different kind of toxic gases such as CO, CO2, NH3 and CH4. The detection range is
10 to 10000 ppm with voltage rate of 5V DC.

The MQ135 gas sensor will have 4 pins i.e., Vin, Ground, Analog and digital
output pins. The analog pin of MQ135 gas sensor is connected to analog port (A0) of
nodemcu, the Vcc pin of MQ135 gas sensor is connected to the 3V pin ( of the
nodemcu board and GND of the MQ135 gas sensor is connected to the GND of the
nodemcu. Similarly sound sensor will also have 4 pins i.e., Vin, Ground, Analog and
digital output pins. We are using Blynk application to monitor different parameters of
air and sound remotely. When there are no polluted gases present in the atmosphere
green leds will glows on, when the air is polluted with toxic gases we can see the
blinking of red led.

Advantages over using NODEMCU in projects are in built of Wi-Fi module

and low cost, high efficiency and NODEMCU act as the microcontroller for the
circuit. The code required for implementing this project is dumped into nodemcu in
such a way that it performs according to our requirement. Code is debugged to
nodemcu in Arduino IDE, if the code doesn’t contain any errors we will get a message
displayed as compilation done. In order to upload the code in to the development
board, our code should be successfully compiled. The MQ135 gas sensor gives the
output in the form of voltage levels and we need to convert it into ppm. So for
converting the output in ppm we have used a library for MQ135 gas sensor, it is
explained in detail in code explanation.

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Fig. 4.1 Circuit Diagram

The MQ135 Gas sensor takes the supply from the nodemcu so that it sense the
concentration of different kinds of gases mainly toxic gases. The gases which are
sensed by the sensor will be sent to the Blynk application with the help of built in
WiFi module. Data received from nodemcu board can monitor different kind of gases
concentration individually and display in ppm values through serial monitor and also
through smart phones using Blynk App. Similarly the analog value received from
Sound sensor is directly sent to cloud through built in WiFi module and the received
data will be displayed through widgets specifying the range of sound level.

In this air pollution monitoring system are using leds because of the each
gases having 2 leds(green and red). When the level of the toxic gas is in safe level the
green led will be blink, when the toxic gas level is high, the effect of pollution will
also be high, and during this case the red led will be glow. This air monitoring system
senses 4 toxic gases that are namely carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and Nitrogen
dioxide.

4.3 Experimental Model

SETTING UP BLYNK APP IN SMART PHONE

Blynk application can be found in the following formats

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1. Android Blynk App

2. IOS Blynk App

After downloading the app from Google Play store(Android users), create an account
and log in. (If possible than log in with your real mail id for better connectivity later.)

Fig. 4.2 Blynk App account registration

You’ll also need to install the Blynk Arduino Library, which helps generate
the firmware running on your ESP8266. Download the latest release from
https://github.com/blynkkk/blynk-library/releases and follow along with the directions
there to install the required libraries.

Create a Blynk Project

Click the “Create New Project” in the app to create a new Blynk app. Give it any
name. Blynk works with hundreds of hardware models and connection types. Select
the Hardware type. After this, select connection type. In this project we have select
WiFi connectivity.

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Fig. 4.3: Blynk App Board Selection

Then you’ll be presented with a blank new project. Connection Time option should be
opted as WiFI and we can assign our customized project name in Project Name field.
We have an option of selecting the theme after that press create button to create a new
project.

Fig. 4.4: Blynk App Project Creation

The Auth Token is very important – you’ll need to stick it into your ESP8266’s
firmware. For now, copy it down or use the “E-mail” button to send it to yourself.

Add Widgets to the Project

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In Widget Box, multiple numbers of widgets are available for representing the output
of the project. We need to choose the widgets which are suitable for our project. Here
we are choosing Gauge widgets under displays category

Fig.4.5: Blynk App Widget Box

4.4 Code used for implementing the Project

#include <Blynk.h>

#include<ESP8266WiFi.h>

#include<BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>

int trigger_pin = 2;

int echo_pin = 3;

int t;

int distance;

int value1,value2, value3;

#define MQ_PIN 2 //define which analog input channel you are going to use

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#define RO_CLEAN_AIR_FACTOR 9.83

#define CALIBARAION_SAMPLE_TIMES 500 //define how many samples

you are going to take in the calibration phase

#define CALIBRATION_SAMPLE_INTERVAL 60 //define the time

interal(in milisecond) between each samples in the cablibration phase

#define READ_SAMPLE_INTERVAL 5 //define how many samples

you are going to take in normal operation

#define READ_SAMPLE_TIMES 5 //define the time interal(in

milisecond) between each samples in normal operation

#define GAS_CO2 2

#define GAS_CO 3

#define GAS_No2 4

#define GAS_CH3 6

#define GAS_CH3_2CO 7

#define GAS_C2H5OH 9

#define GAS_CO_sec 13

float CO2Curve[2] = {13.7105289, -2.019713765}; //MQ135

float CO_secCurve[2] = {726.7809737, -4.040111669}; //MQ135

float No2Curve[2] = {45.346963, 1.7432195}; //MQ135

float Ro = 10; //Ro is initialized to 10 kilo ohms

float Ro4 = 2.511; //MQ135 2.51 this has to be tuned 10K Ohm

float RL4 = 0.990; //MQ135 FC-22

float RL_VALUE = 10 ; //define the load resistance on the board, in ohms

void setup()

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pinMode(A0,INPUT);

// pinMode(13,OUTPUT);

Serial.begin(9600); //UART setup, baudrate = 9600bps

pinMode (trigger_pin, OUTPUT);

pinMode (echo_pin, INPUT);

pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

Serial.print("Calibrating...\n"); //prints "calibrating..."

Serial.print("This will take approx "); //prints "this will take approx "

Serial.print(CALIBARAION_SAMPLE_TIMES *
CALIBRATION_SAMPLE_INTERVAL/1000); //prints "# of seconds"
NUMSAMPLES X SAMPLEINTERVAL / 1000

Serial.print(" seconds \n"); //prints "seconds"

//Ro = MQCalibration(MQ_PIN); //Calibrating the

sensor. Please make sure the sensor is in clean air when you perform the calibration

Serial.print(" MQ135:");

// Ro4 = MQCalibration(MQ_PIN);

//Serial.println(Ro4);

Serial.print("Calibration is done...\n"); //prints "calibration is done"

Serial.print("\n"); //prints a blank line

Serial.print("Sensor Resistance (R=");

Serial.print(Ro); //Prints value of sensor resistance

Serial.print("kohm)\n");

Serial.print("\n");

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void distSensor(int value1, int value2, int value3){

if(value1>400 || value2>2000 || value3>10){

digitalWrite (trigger_pin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds (10);

digitalWrite (trigger_pin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(10);

t = pulseIn (echo_pin, HIGH);

distance = (t/2) / 29.1;

//Serial.println(distance);

if (distance >=10)

Serial.println (" Not Detected ");

Serial.print (" Distance= ");

Serial.println (distance);

digitalWrite ( 13, LOW);

delay (500);

else {

Serial.println (" Detected ");

Serial.print ("Distance= ");

Serial.println (distance);

digitalWrite (13, HIGH);

delay (500);

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void gasSensor()

int raw_adc =analogRead(A0);

//MQ135 CO NH4 CH3 CO2

Serial.print("MQ135 :");

Serial.print("CO2:");

Serial.print(MQGetGasPercentage(MQRead(MQ_PIN)/Ro,GAS_CO2 ) );

Serial.print( "ppm" );

Serial.print(" ");

Serial.print("NO2:");

Serial.print(MQGetGasPercentage(MQRead(MQ_PIN)/Ro,GAS_CO) );

Serial.print( "ppm" );

Serial.print(" ");

Serial.print("CO:");

Serial.print(MQGetGasPercentage(MQRead(MQ_PIN)/Ro,GAS_No2) );

Serial.print( "ppm" );

Serial.print(" ");

Serial.print("\n");

delay(1000);

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int MQGetGasPercentage(float rs_ro_ratio, int gas_id)

if ( gas_id == GAS_CO2 ) {

value1= MQGetPercentage(rs_ro_ratio,CO2Curve); //MQ135

return value1;

} else if ( gas_id == GAS_No2 ) {

value2= MQGetPercentage(rs_ro_ratio,No2Curve); //MQ135

return value2;

} else if ( gas_id == GAS_CO ) {

value3= MQGetPercentage(rs_ro_ratio,CO_secCurve); //MQ135

return value3;

float MQResistanceCalculation(int raw_adc)

return ( ((float)RL_VALUE*(1023-raw_adc)/raw_adc));

float MQCalibration(int mq_pin)

int i;

float val=0;

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for (i=0;i<CALIBARAION_SAMPLE_TIMES;i++) { //take multiple samples

val += MQResistanceCalculation(analogRead(A0));

delay(CALIBRATION_SAMPLE_INTERVAL);

val = val/CALIBARAION_SAMPLE_TIMES; //calculate the average value

val = val/RO_CLEAN_AIR_FACTOR;

return val;

float MQRead(int mq_pin)

int i;

float rs=0;

for (i=0;i<READ_SAMPLE_TIMES;i++) {

rs += MQResistanceCalculation(analogRead(A0));

delay(READ_SAMPLE_INTERVAL);

rs = rs/READ_SAMPLE_TIMES;

return rs;

int MQGetGasPercentage(float rs_ro_ratio, float Ro, int gas_id, int sensor_id)

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if (sensor_id == MQ135_SENSOR ){

if ( gas_id == GAS_CO2 ) {

return MQGetPercentage(rs_ro_ratio,Ro,CO2Curve); //MQ135

} else if ( gas_id == GAS_NH4 ) {

return MQGetPercentage(rs_ro_ratio,Ro,NH4Curve); //MQ135

} else if ( gas_id == GAS_C2H5OH ) {

return MQGetPercentage(rs_ro_ratio,Ro,C2H50H_Curve); //MQ135

} else if ( gas_id == GAS_CH3 ) {

return MQGetPercentage(rs_ro_ratio,Ro,CH3Curve); //MQ135

} else if ( gas_id == GAS_CH3_2CO ) {

return MQGetPercentage(rs_ro_ratio,Ro,CH3_2COCurve); //MQ135

} else if ( gas_id == GAS_CO_sec ) {

return MQGetPercentage(rs_ro_ratio,Ro,CO_secCurve); //MQ135

return 0;

int MQGetPercentage(float rs_ro_ratio, float *pcurve)

return (double)(pcurve[0] * pow(((double)rs_ro_ratio/10), pcurve[1]));

void loop()

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gasSensor();

// Serial.println(value1);

//if(value1> 300||value2>1000||value3>10)

distSensor(value1, value2, value3);

// NewPing sonar(2, 3, MAX_DISTANCE);

// Serial.println(sonar.ping_cm());

delay(1000);

4.5 SUMMARY

In this chapter we have discussed about connection schema, setting up the

project in Blynk virtual platform, widgets selections, experimental procedure and its
results.

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 Conclusion

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Our system is made to monitor various toxic gases and sound pressure level in
the environment by using the appropriate sensors. In our monitoring system we had
used IoT technology to enhance the process of monitoring the levels of toxic gases
and sound pressure level in the atmosphere. Our proposed frame work will collect the
data that can be used to make informed decisions to manage and improve the environment.
With the help of our System, people can monitor the levels of toxic gases and sound pressure
level remotely at any time just with their mobile phones. It also helps to create awareness
among the public to control the pollution. This system will supports the new technology
which is easy to access the data remotely and by controlling the pollution it
effectively supports the healthy life concept.

5.2 Future Scope

In order to monitor toxic gases in the atmosphere we have used MQ135 gas sensor
also called Air Quality sensor which has few disadvantages. This sensor can sense
only few toxic gases in atmosphere but not all the gases. Also this sensor doesn’t have
cent percent accuracy in providing the data. In future, there is a possibility of
manufacturing new sensors which can measure all the gases and provide data
accurately.

REFERENCES

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[1] Harsh N. Shah and Zishan Khan, "IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring System",
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 2,
February-2018, ISSN 2229-5518.

[2] Ramik Rawal, "Air Quality Monitoring System", International Journal of

Computational Science and Engineering. ISSN 2249-4251 Volume 9, Number 1
(2019), pp. 1-9 © Research India Publications.

[3] Veena, Mr. M.Lakshmipathy, Dr. D. Jayakumar and Dr. G. N. Kodandaramaiah,

"An IoT based Air and Sound Pollution Monitoring System", JCR. 2020; 7(6): 1858-
1863. doi:10.31838/jcr.07.06.285.

[4] Rajat Sankhe, Pravin Shirodkar, Avinash Nangare, Abhishek Yadav and Prof.
Gauri Salunkhe, "Iot Based Air and Sound Pollution Monitoring System", Paper ID :
IJERTCONV5IS01037, Volume & Issue : ICIATE – 2017 (Volume 5 – Issue 01),
ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181

[5] K.Chandra Sekhar, K. Sai Sruthi and Aman Kumar, "IOT Based Air & Sound
Pollution Monitoring System", AEGAEUM JOURNAL, ISSN NO: 0776-3808.

[6] Arushi Singh, Divya Pathak and Prof. Priti . C. Golar, "IOT based Air and Sound
Pollution Monitoring System", International Journal of Advanced Research in
Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue 3, March 2017,
ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765, ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875.

[7] https://circuitdigest.com/ microcontroller - projects / iot -air-pollution-monitoring-

using-arduino

[8] Riteeka Nayak, Malaya Ranjan Panigrahy , Vivek Kumar Rai and T AppaRao:IOT
based air pollution monitoring system Vol-3, Issue-4,2017

[9] Navreetinder Kaur , Rita Mahajan and Deepak Bagai: Air Quality Monitoring
System based on Arduino Microcontroller Vol. 5, Issue 6, June2016

[10] PalaghatYaswanth Sai: An IoT Based Automated Noise and Air Pollution
Monitoring System Vol. 6, Issue 3, March2017

[11] L.Ezhilarasi, K.Sripriya, A .Suganya and K.Vinodhini, “ A System for

Monitoring Air and Sound Pollution using Arduino Controller with IOT Technology”,
Vol. 3 Issue 2 (2017) Pages 1781 –1785

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