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Lect1 2807

This document provides an introduction to signals and systems. It defines different types of signals as continuous or discrete, analog or digital. Continuous signals have infinite resolution while discrete signals are defined at discrete points. Analog signals have continuous values while digital signals are quantized. Common signal properties like periodicity, even/odd symmetry, and deterministic vs random nature are discussed. Standard signal types like impulse, step, and ramp functions are introduced along with operations like time reversal, shifting, and scaling. Sample exam questions from previous years are also presented. The document serves to outline key concepts around signals that will be covered in more detail in subsequent lectures.

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SagarManjrekar
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52 views27 pages

Lect1 2807

This document provides an introduction to signals and systems. It defines different types of signals as continuous or discrete, analog or digital. Continuous signals have infinite resolution while discrete signals are defined at discrete points. Analog signals have continuous values while digital signals are quantized. Common signal properties like periodicity, even/odd symmetry, and deterministic vs random nature are discussed. Standard signal types like impulse, step, and ramp functions are introduced along with operations like time reversal, shifting, and scaling. Sample exam questions from previous years are also presented. The document serves to outline key concepts around signals that will be covered in more detail in subsequent lectures.

Uploaded by

SagarManjrekar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture- 01 Introduction

Prof. Sagar Manjrekar


PIEMR Indore
28/7/2020 EE-504 (B) (Signals & System) 2
Circuit Theory

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What is a Signal?
A signal is a function of one or more variables that conveys
information about some (usually physical) phenomenon.
Signals come in many forms:
1. continuous,
2. discrete,
3. analog,
4. digital,
5. periodic,
6. nonperiodic,
7. with even or odd symmetry
or
8. no symmetry at all,
and so on.

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Continuous vs. Discrete Signal
The acoustic pressure waveform is a continuous-time
signal carrying music between a source (the trumpet)
and a receiver (the listener’s ear).
The waveform varies with both spatial location and time. At
a given instant in time, the waveform is a plot of acoustic
pressure as a function of the spatial dimension x, but to the
listener’s eardrum, the intercepted waveform is a time-varying
function at a fixed value of x.

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Continuous vs. Discrete Signal
The brightness variation across the row of pixels on the
computer display constitutes a discrete-space signal
because the brightness is specified at only a set of discrete
locations.

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Analog vs. Digital
Consider an electronic sensor
designed such that its output voltage υ
is linearly proportional to the air
temperature T surrounding its
temperature-sensitive thermistor. If
the sensor’s output is recorded
continuously as a function of time
analogous to the pattern of the actual
air temperature

The atmospheric temperature temporal


profile in (a) is represented in (b) by the
continuous signal υ(t) measured by a
temperature sensor. The regularly spaced
sequence υ[n] in (c) is the discrete version of
υ(t). The discrete signal υ[n] is converted
into a digital sequence in (d) using a 4-bit
encoder.

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Summary -1
The terms continuous-time, discrete-time, analog, and digital can be summarized
as follows:

A signal x(t) is analog and continuous-time if both x and t are continuous


variables (infinite resolution). Most realworld signals are analog and
continuous-time .

A signal x[n] is analog and discrete-time if the values of x are continuous


but time n is discrete (integer-valued).

A signal x[n] is digital and discrete-time if the values of x are discrete (i.e.,
quantized) and time n also is discrete (integer-valued). Computers store and
process digital discrete-time signals. This class of signals is outside the
scope the syllabus.

A signal x(t) is digital and continuous-time if x(t) can only take on a finite
number of values. An example is the class of logic signals, such as the
output of a flip-flop, which can only take on values 0 or 1.

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Summary -1

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How is a Signal Represented?
1. Mathematically, signals are represented as a function of one or
more independent variables.
2. For instance a black & white video signal intensity is dependent
on x, y coordinates and time t f(x,y,t)
3. On this course, we shall be exclusively concerned with signals
that are a function of a single variable: time
f(t)

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Example: Signals in an Electrical Circuit
R vs (t )  vc (t )
i (t ) 
R
dv (t )
+ i i (t )  C c
vs C vc dt
-
dvc (t ) 1 1
 vc (t )  vs (t )
dt RC RC
• The signals vc and vs are patterns of variation over time

Step (signal) vs at t=1


vs, vc

RC = 1
First order (exponential) response
for vc

t
• Note, we could also have considered the voltage across the resistor or the
current as signals

28/7/2020 EE-504 (B) (Signals & System) 11


Signal Properties
• On this course, we shall be particularly interested in signals with
certain properties:
• Periodic signals: a signal is periodic if it repeats itself after a fixed
period T, i.e. x(t) = x(t+T) for all t. A sin(t) signal is periodic.
• Even and odd signals: a signal is even if x(-t) = x(t) (i.e. it can be
reflected in the axis at zero). A signal is odd if x(-t) = -x(t). Examples
are cos(t) and sin(t) signals, respectively.
• Exponential and sinusoidal signals: a signal is (real) exponential if
it can be represented as x(t) = Ceat. A signal is (complex) exponential
if it can be represented in the same form but C and a are complex
numbers.
• Step and pulse signals: A pulse signal is one which is nearly
completely zero, apart from a short spike, d(t). A step signal is zero up
to a certain time, and then a constant value after that time, u(t).
• These properties define a large class of tractable, useful signals and
will be further considered in the coming lectures

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Deterministic & Random Signal

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Aperiodic Signals

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Periodic Signals

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Unit Impulse Signals

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Unit Step Signals

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Unit Ramp Signals

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Time Reversal

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Time Shifting

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Time Scaling

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Some Problems

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RGPV EXAM PAPER NOV-2019

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RGPV EXAM PAPER NOV-2019

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RGPV EXAM PAPER DEC-2017

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RGPV EXAM PAPER DEC-2017

28/7/2020 EE-504 (B) (Signals & System) 26


THANK YOU

28/7/2020 EE-504 (B) (Signals & System) 27

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