CHE 377 – MOMENTUM TRANSFER

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Chemical Engineering

CHE 377

Momentum Transfer

Experiment Manual

PERFORMANCE OF PARALLEL AND SERIES PUMPS

Table of contents
1. GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................................................................... 3
1.1. Laboratory Safety Rules and Regulations .............................................................................. 3
1.2. Experiment Objectives ........................................................................................................... 4
1.3. Experiment Outcomes ........................................................................................................... 4
1.4. Preparation of laboratory report ........................................................................................... 5
1.5. Laboratory work organization................................................................................................ 5
1.6. Full Report Structure and Grading Scheme ........................................................................... 6
2. INTRODUCTION / THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................ 7
3. MATERIALS and EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................... 8
4. OPERATING PROCEDURES.............................................................................................................. 9
4.1. Single Pump ........................................................................................................................... 9
4.2. Pumps in Series...................................................................................................................... 9
4.3. Pumps in Parallel ................................................................................................................ 10
5. RESULTS ANALYSIS and DISCUSSION ........................................................................................... 11
6. APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................. 12
6.1. Appendix A – Nomenclature ..................................................................................................... 12
6.2. Appendix B – Overall Evaluation Rubric for Assessment of Student Performance .................. 13
6.3. Appendix C – Guidelines for Technical Writing......................................................................... 16

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1. GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1. Laboratory Safety Rules and Regulations

All practical work areas and laboratories should be covered by local safety regulations which
must be followed at all times.

Equipment instructions

 When the pump is turned on, don’t take too long to open the flow control valve,
else the pump will overheat and get damaged.

 When finish the flow measurement with the chronometer, the lift rod must be pulled
down to open the sink drain and empty the volumetric tank to avoid emptying the
sump tank and the centrifugal pump so, can be damaged.

General Instructions

 If a spill occurs, turn off the pumps (if possible without injury) and
immediately get in touch with the laboratory instructor.

 Ensure that protective clothing (LAB coat) are worn when being in the
laboratory.

 Shorts or skirts should not be worn to the lab.

 Sandals, high heels, or open-toe shoes are not acceptable.

 Safety glasses (goggles) are a required item to be worn in all areas of the
laboratories.

 Electrical – Burn / Shock: Care with electrical connections, particularly with

grounding, and not using frayed electrical cords, can reduce hazard.

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 1.2. Experiment Objectives

The objective of this laboratory experiment is to measure and compare the performance
of a single centrifugal pump to that of two pumps in parallel and series configurations.

1.3. Experiment Outcomes

By the end of this experiment, the student should be able to:

Experiment Outcome Student Outcome (SO) Assessed Performance Indicator (PI)

Prepare a written
Compose clear and
laboratory report that An ability to
professional reports
clearly presents the communicate
SO3 PI-3a and graphical
experimental results, effectively with a
communication
analysis, conclusion and range of audiences.
documents
relationship to theory.

An ability to function Demonstrate

effectively on a team leadership and
whose members professional behavior
Function effectively on a in a collaborative work
together provide
team whose members environment.
leadership, create a
together provide
SO5 collaborative and PI-5a
leadership, and create a
inclusive
collaborative and inclusive
environment,
environment.
establish goals, plan
tasks, and meet
objectives.

Develop and conduct

An ability to develop PI-6a experimental
and conduct procedure
Develop and conduct appropriate
Analyze and interpret
appropriate experimentation,
PI-6b data collected from
experimentation, analyse SO6 analyze and
the experiment
and interpret the collected interpret data, and
data from the experiment. use engineering Use engineering
judgment to draw judgment to draw
PI-6c conclusions about the
conclusions.
outcomes of
experiment

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Refer to appendix 6.2 (Overall Evaluation Rubric for Assessment of Student Performance) for
detailed information about evaluation rubrics.

1.4. Preparation of laboratory report

Reports in the fluid mechanics laboratories are to be submitted as:

- Pre-lab report: to be submitted at the beginning of the experiment. It should contain

the objectives of the experiment, procedures, and the calculations to be carried after
the experiment. The pre-lab may be in a form of questions that are posted on Moodle
along with the experiment manual.
- Full report: contains all the elements of a report as described in part 1.6. More
detailed description full report content and format is uploaded on Moodle
- Short report: student has to answer a group of questions related to the experiment.

After each experiment, the student should submit a full or short report, as individual or group
deliverable. The type of deliverable is specified by the Lab instructor for each experiment and
posted on Moodle page of the course.

1.5. Laboratory work organization

Students will be organized into groups of five students. The responsibilities of each student
into each group will be to:

- Setup the equipment needed to conduct the experiment.

- Initiate the experiment.
- Collect data during the experiment and calculate some results.
- Clean the workplace and adhere to all the safety guidelines.

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 1.6. Full Report Structure and Grading Scheme

Item Marks Notes PI Keys

Title Page 2.5

Abstract 5
Table of Contents 2.5
PI6a-Develop and conduct
Introduction 10
experimental procedure
Theory 5
Procedure
PI6a-Develop and conduct
10 documentation
experimental procedure
(written)
Pre-lab
PI6a-Develop and conduct
5 preparation
experimental procedure
(written)
Lab safety
Experimental Procedure 5
practice
Skillful
5 operation of
equipment
PI5a. Demonstrate leadership
10 Team work and professional behavior in a
collaborative work environment.
PI6b. Analyze and interpret
Results and Discussion 20
experimental data.
PI6c. Use engineering judgment
Conclusions and Recommendations 5 to draw conclusions about the
outcomes of experiment
References 5
Appendices
Appendix A: Raw data 3
Appendix B: Nomenclature 2
PI6b. Analyze and interpret
Appendix C: Sample calculation 5
experimental data.
Appendix D: Reference graphs and
tables
Appendix E: Other relevant
information

Detailed information on technical writing of a report are presented in Appendix 6.3.

(Guidelines for Technical Writing).

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2. INTRODUCTION / THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

In a centrifugal pump, the pressure of the water is increased through the conversion of
kinetic energy delivered from an engine or an electric motor to potential energy of the fluid
flow (pressure). The water enters at the axis of the impeller and then is accelerated radially
by the rotation of the impeller. This kinetic energy is then converted to static pressure as it
exits the impeller housing into the piping.

Assuming steady, uniform, incompressible flow between the inlet and outlet sections of a
piping system containing a pump, the energy conservation equation can be used to
illustrate the relationship between kinetic and potential energy of the fluid:

𝑝 𝑉22 𝑝1 𝑉2 (1)
( ϒ2 + + 𝑧2 ) − ( 1
+ 2𝑔 + 𝑧1 ) = 𝐻𝑝 − 𝐻𝑙𝑇
2𝑔 ϒ

Where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to inlet and outlet or discharge sections, respectively.
𝐻𝑝 is the ’head’ delivered by a pump (in meters) to the fluid; 𝐻𝑙𝑇 represents energy losses
(in meters) from friction, turbulence, fittings, etc.; p is the static pressure (in Pa); ρ is the
fluid density (in kg/m3); g is the gravitational constant (in m/s2); V is the fluid velocity (in
m/s); and z is the elevation of the measurement point (in meters).

One important aspect of pump performance is the pressure, or head, that the pump can
produce as a function of flow rate. Generally, the higher the flow rate, the lower the head
that the pump can contribute. A parabola is often used to fit this performance data:

Hp = H0 − A𝑄 2 (2)

Where Q is the volumetric flow rate, A is a constant determined empirically from the data,
and H0 is the head delivered at zero flow rate.

For the two pumps in series, the flow Q through the first pump must equal the flow through
the next, but each pump adds pressure head. For nominally identical pumps the total head
added is
𝐻𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = 2(𝐻0 − 𝐴. 𝑄 2 ) (3)

For identical pumps in parallel, the pressures at the two inlets and outlets are identical and
the maximum head the two pumps can deliver is no greater than that of one pump. The flow
rate, however, is doubled for two identical pumps in parallel:

𝑄 2 (4)
𝐻𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 = 𝐻0 − 𝐴. ( )
2
In practice, these performance curves will not be met because of losses in piping systems
and non-identical pumps.

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3. MATERIALS and EQUIPMENT

This experiment consists of two pumps: one internal (inside in the hydraulic bench) (figure
1), and one external (figure 2). With this equipment, a set of watering hoses are supplied to
which quick connectors have been supplied. Moreover, there is a discharge accessory
supplied with the equipment (figure 3). This accessory has a flow-regulating valve. Moreover,
for the parallel connection, it has a parallel inlet (inlet 1) with a two way valve. This accessory
is connected to both pumps and to the discharge device.

Just like the internal pump, the external pump has an electric box to let us to switch on/off
the pump. This electric box has a lamp indicator to know if the pump is switched on. Besides
the electric box has a fuse to protect it.

Figure 1: Internal Pump Figure 2: External Pump

Figure 3: Discharge accessory

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4. OPERATING PROCEDURES

4.1. Single Pump

1. Connect tubing according Figure 4. Keep the ball valve of the Tee connector
closed.
2. Open the hydraulics bench drain valve all the way.
3. Close the discharge control valve on the discharge manifold. Important: Only
operate pump(s) with discharge control valve fully closed for short periods of time
so as to not overheat motor(s) and pump(s).
4. Switch ON the external pump. Confirm pump operation by ensuring pump and
motor are making sound.
5. Fully open the discharge control valve on the discharge manifold.
6. You are now ready to take data. You are going to measure the pressure head as a
function of the flow rate.

Figure 4: Single pump configuration

4.2. Pumps in Series

1. Connect tubing according to Figure 5. Keep the ball valve of the Tee connector
closed. Be sure to clean up any water that is spilled as you adjust the tubing.
2. Close the flow-control valve on the hydraulics bench.
3. Close the discharge-control valve on the discharge manifold.
4. Switch ON the bench pump.
5. Open the bench flow-control valve all the way.
6. Switch ON the external pump.
7. Open the discharge-control valve all the way.
8. You are now ready to take data again.

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 Figure 5: The pump in series experiment utilizes the internal and external pumps

4.3. Pumps in Parallel

1. Connect tubing according to Figure 6. Keep the ball valve of the Tee connector
closed. Be sure to clean up any water that is spilled as you adjust the tubing.
2. Close the discharge-control valve on the discharge-control manifold.
3. Open the external pump inlet valve to connect to the water tank, then turn on the
external pump. Make sure the external pump is pumping water. Read the
barometer indication.
4. Turn on the hydraulic bench pump.
5. Open the bench flow-control valve all the way (failure to do so will cause the pump
inside the bench to overheat and shut down).
6. Open now the ball valve of the tee connector, to establish a parallel flow.
7. Open the discharge control valve.
8. Allow the pumps a few seconds to stabilize. You should notice, qualitatively, that
the flow rate has doubled.
9. You are now ready to take data again.

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 Figure 6: Pumps in Parallel

5. RESULTS ANALYSIS and DISCUSSION

Compare between the three pumps configurations at the different flow rates. Use the data
obtained to generate the characteristics curves for all the three configurations. Discuss your
results, and use plots to vividly show your point.

Table 1: Experimental Results

P1 P2
Configuration Q (l/min) P discharge (bar)
(bar) (bar)

Single

Series

Parallel

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6. APPENDICES
6.1. Appendix A – Nomenclature

Symbol Name Unit

H−p Pressure head produced by a pump m

HlT energy losses m

p static pressure Pa

h Pressure head m

V fluid velocity m/s

𝜌 Density Kg/m3

g gravitational constant m/s2

Q Volumetric Flow rate m3/s

z Elevation of the measurement point m

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 6.2. Appendix B – Overall Evaluation Rubric for Assessment of Student
Performance

Performance levels (Rubrics)

Performance
SO Description Unsatisfactory Developing Satisfactory Exemplary
Indicator (PI)

An ability Compose
to clear and
profession Poor write up Clear
communic Some Clear
al reports organization organization
ate organization organization
SO3 PI-3a and and barely and clear
effectively graphical acceptable and acceptable
acceptable objective
with a communic expression. expression.
expression. expression.
range of ation
audiences. documents
.
An ability
to function
effectively
on a team Individual
whose work
Minimal Individual work Individual
members integrated into
integration. not fully work
together a cohesive
Contribute Individual work integrated. integrated, but
provide final product.
to the contributions Moderate not as
leadership, High degree of
execution conflict with synergy from cohesively.
create a synergy
SO5 PI-5c of plans to each other. working as a Clear synergy
collaborati meet attained.
Minimal or no team. from working
ve and objectives Feedback from
synergy. Feedback as a team.
inclusive of the in and out of
Feedback rarely sometimes not Feedback
environme team group
incorporated incorporated incorporated
nt, successfully
into revisions. into revisions. into revisions.
establish incorporated
goals, plan into revisions.
tasks, and
meet
objectives.

An ability Develop Has difficulty Is able to define Is able to fully Clearly defines
SO6 to develop PI-6a and identifying objectives and define the objectives
conduct
and objectives variables with experimental of the
experiment

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conduct al and/or related more direct objectives and experiment
appropriat procedure. variables. guidance. necessary and relevant
e variables with variables.
experiment Experimental Experimental minimal
ation, design is poorly design targets guidance. Develops an
analyze organized, most important experimental
and failing to variables, but Experimental design that
interpret measure some relevant design collects effectively
data, and important parameters are all needed uses limited
use variables. not investigated data, but not resources to
engineerin or extraneous as efficiently. collect all
g judgment Cannot select data is needed data.
to draw appropriate collected. Selects
conclusions equipment and appropriate Selects
. instruments Selects equipment and appropriate
without direct appropriate instruments equipment and
guidance. equipment and with minimal instruments to
instruments guidance. obtain the
with moderate desired
guidance. information.

Observes Consistently
Frequently
Occasionally laboratory and thoroughly
behaves
displays unsafe safety observes good
unsafely and is
practices, but is practices, but laboratory
unaware of
aware of proper not as safety
proper
procedures. carefully. practices.
procedures.
Analyze
and Occasionally Operates Skillfully and
Struggles to
interpret operates equipment and confidently
PI- operate
data equipment and instruments operates
6b collected equipment and
instruments correctly, but equipment and
from the instruments
incorrectly. with less skill instruments.
experiment correctly.
or confidence.
.
Incompletely Thoroughly
Fails to
documents Documents and clearly
document
experimental experimental documents
experimental
procedures and procedures experimental
procedures and
data. and data, but procedures
data.
not as clearly. and data.

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 Calculates
results without
Uses
fully Uses
appropriate
Calculations understanding appropriate
theory and
and data theory and theory and/or
analysis include computer-
computer- computer-
major errors or based tools
based tools based tools
omissions. (software), to
Unable to apply (software), (software), to
correctly
proper and some errors calculate and
calculate and
computer- may be present, analyze results
Use analyze results
based tools analysis is from
engineerin (software) in from
limited. experimental
g judgment calculations. experimental
data with only
to draw data.
Attempts to minor errors.
PI-6c conclusions Makes little
effort to address errors,
about the Performs
address but does so Performs error
outcomes correct and
experimental incompletely or analysis with
of detailed error
error. incorrectly. minimal
experiment analysis.
errors.
Interpretation Limited
of experimental Interprets
interpretation Adequate
results is absent results
or contains of experimental interpretation
carefully and
major errors, results, some of results, may
applies
no connection errors present, include some
findings to
to experimental does not apply irrelevant
objectives. experimental
findings to information.
objectives.
experimental
objectives.

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6.3. Appendix C – Guidelines for Technical Writing

This appendix presents guidelines for technical writing and structure of lab reports. Detailed
information with examples are uploaded on Moodle page of the course.

TITLE PAGE

Add the following details: Logo, Title in capital letters, institution and department, student
name, student ID, group number, group members, supervisor’s name, and date. Adequate
spacing.

ABSTRACT (less than 200 words)

a. Abstract is a brief summary of the report and major outcomes.

b. Example: The objective of this experiment is to study … by means of … in the range…
Results showed that … and compared (un)fortunately with (un) published values. It was
concluded that …. Recommended ….
c. Cite no references except by author’s name and only if essential.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List all the main sections of the report: section number (if numbering is used), major heading,
and page numbers.

INTRODUCTION (up to 1 page)

a. Introduction provides a general background about the scope of the report and what the
reader is expected to learn from the presented work.
b. At the end of introduction, state your objectives clearly: What to be done, Outline the
method or approach of investigation, indicate the expected outcomes and their
importance.
c. In long formal reports, the Introduction and Objectives can be separated into two
sections.

THEORY (1- 3 pages)

a. Also called Literature Review.

b. Theoretical background of the experiment: Equations and supporting references.
c. Be brief and do not use equations or theories that are irrelevant to your experiment
(discuss the equations that will be used in the calculations in your report).
d. Use appendices for necessary derivation and long theoretical information.

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
a. Also called Methodology or any equivalent expression.
b. This section provides details on experiments conducted and measurements used in a
logical sequence with enough details so others can follow your procedure and duplicate
the work.
c. Details include: chemicals, equipment, variables, and measurement devices in the
experiment. Use drawings or images of apparatus and refer to these numbered figures in
the text.
d. A step-wise procedure is preferred. Use the lab manual and use it as a reference.
e. Give criteria for steady state or equilibrium.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

a. In this section present your findings in the simplest way possible including: tables, graphs,
pie charts, bar charts, diagrams, etc. Avoid duplicating data in more than one way; e.g.,
tabulated or graphical data.
b. Label all figures and tables. Figure title should be placed below the figure, and Table title
is placed above the table.
c. Use unified system of units (SI units are preferred).
d. Report only final analyzed results. Raw data and intermediate results not related to the
experimental enquiry should be placed in the Appendices.
e. Include the error analysis whenever possible to evaluate the relative importance of
errors.
f. Discuss the results and explain their significance, identify important issues, suggest
explanations for your findings, and outline any problems encountered.
g. Explain if the results are consistent with the theoretical background while comparing your
results with the similar works in references (e.g., books, journal papers, conference
papers, reports, etc.)
h. In long formal reports, this section could be separated into two independent sections:
“Results” and “Discussion of Results”.

CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS (1 – 2 paragraphs)

a. The Conclusions section collects together the main points presented in the report relative
to the objectives of the experiment.
b. It should be expressed clearly and should not contain any new information, discussion of
results, or conclusions of anything that had not been discussed.
c. Once conclusions are made, make some recommendations to the utility of the
conclusions.
d. In Recommendations, explain how useful the methodology and the results are, mention
restrictions or limits pertaining to the use of the results, and recommend ways to improve
future works.
e. Conclusions and recommendations may be in the form of descriptive paragraphs or
running lists.

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REFERENCES

a. References section provides details of all the work by other authors which has been
referred to within the report.
b. Details of Reference should include: author’s name, title of the publication, journal title
or publisher, place of publication, page numbers, details of the journal volume in which
the article has appeared, date of publication, etc.
c. References could include: books, papers, reports, websites, newspaper articles,
dissertations, government publications, interviews, magazines, discussion with an expert
to name a few. Try to rely on the refereed (reviewed) sources like book and papers.
d. Write the references a standard way (e.g., APA or MLA styles)
e. References should be numbered and cited (mentioned) within the text.
f. A good internet site for organizing your references: www.Citethisforme.com

APPENDICES

a. An appendix contains additional information related to the report but is not essential to
the main findings. This can be checked by the reader if needed.
b. Examples: Nomenclature, Raw data, Sample of Calculations, Reference graphs or tables
necessary for calculations (e.g., steam table, physical information, etc.), interview
questions, statistical data, a glossary of terms, or other information which may be useful
for the reader.
c. Entitle each one (Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.)
d. Nomenclature is a collection of symbols used in the report sorted alphabetically (capital
before small letters; Greek symbols come at the end), define them, and give units.

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