4 Ac Bridges

EMT 124
A C BRIDGE FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
SITI SALWA MAT ISA
019 4283808
[email protected] Wheatstone Bridge
BLOCK 9, SoME, UniMAP Similar Angle Bridge
Maxwell Bridge
Opposite Angle Bridge
Wein Bridge
Radio Frequency Bridge
Schering Bridge
C BRIDGE
A
OBJECTIVES
Ability to explain operation of
AC bridge circuit.
Ability to identify bridge by name
Ability to compute the values of
unknown impedance following ac
bridges.
-The ac bridge is a natural outgrowth of the dc
A C BRIDGE bridge and in its basic form consists of four

bridge arms, source of excitation and a null
detector.
INTRO -The power source supplies an ac voltage to

the bridge at the desired frequency.
- For measurements at low frequencies, the
power line may serve as the source of
excitation; at higher frequencies, an oscillator
generally supplies the excitation voltage.
-The null detector must respond to ac unbalance currents and in its cheapest
(but very effective) form consists of a pair of headphones.
-In other applications, the null detector may consist of an ac amplifier with an
output meter, or an electron ray tube (tuning eye) indicator.
C BRIDGE
A
INTRO
AC bridges are used to measure inductance and

capacitances and all ac bridge circuits are based on the
Wheatstone bridge. The general ac bridge circuit
consists of 4 impedances, an ac voltage source, and
detector. In ac bridge circuit, the impedances can be
either pure resistance or complex impedances.
C BRIDGE
A
OPERATION
Operation of the bridge depends on the
fact that when certain specific circuit
conditions apply, the detector current
becomes zero. This is known as the
null or balanced condition.
Since zero current means that there is

no voltage difference across detector,
the bridge circuit may be redrawn. The
voltages at point a and b and from
point a to c must be equal.
WHEATSTONE
C BRIDGE
A
BRIDGE
The four bridge arms Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4 are
indicated as unspecified impedances and the
detector is represented by headphones.
The balance condition in this ac bridge is reached
when the detector response is zero, or indicates a
null..
Balance adjustment to obtain a null response is made by varying one or more of the
bridge arms.
The general equation for bridge balance is obtained by using complex notation for the
impedances of the bridge circuit. (boldface type is used to indicate quantities in
complex notation.)
The quantities may be impedances or admittance as well as voltages or currents.
WHEATSTONE
C BRIDGE
A
BRIDGE
BALANCED The condition for bridge balance requires that the
CONDITION potential difference from b to c be zero.
This will be the case when the voltage drop from a
to b equals the voltage drop from a to c, in both
magnitude and phase.
WHEATSTONE
C BRIDGE
A
BRIDGE
BALANCED Voltage difference between a,b equal a, c
CONDITION
Voltage difference between b,d equal c,d
WHEATSTONE
C BRIDGE
A BRIDGE
BRIDGE
The current flows in bc =0
The current flows in bc = 0

WHEATSTONE
C BRIDGE
A BRIDGE
EXAMPLE 1 The impedance of the basic ac bridge are
given as follows:
Determine the unknown arm

WHEATSTONE
C BRIDGE
A BRIDGE
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION
WHEATSTONE
C BRIDGE
A BRIDGE
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION If the frequency of source is 60Hz.
Find the value of capactance
C BRIDGE
A
The impedances of the AC bridge in this
figure are given as follows. Determine the
constants of the unknown arm.
EXAMPLE 2
C BRIDGE
A
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 2 The first condition for bridge balance
requires that
C BRIDGE
A
The second condition for balance
requires that the sums of the phase
SOLUTION angles of opposite arms be equal
EXAMPLE 2
Hence, the unknown impedance Zx,
C BRIDGE
A can be written as
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 2 where
Indicating that we are dealing with a

capacitive element, possibly consisting
of a series resistor and a capacitor
WHEATSTONE
C BRIDGE
A BRIDGE
EXAMPLE 3
The ac bridge in the figure is in balance with the following constants: arm
AC, R = 450 ohm; arm AD, R = 300 ohm in series with C = 0.4 microF; arm
BD, unknown; arm BC, R = 200 ohm in series with L = 15.9 mH. The
oscillator frequency is 1 kHz. Find the constants of arm BD.
WHEATSTONE
C BRIDGE
A BRIDGE
EXAMPLE 3
SOLUTION
WHEATSTONE
C BRIDGE
A BRIDGE
EXAMPLE 3
SOLUTION
SIMILAR ANGLE
C BRIDGE
A
BRIDGE
The similar angle bridge (refer figure below) is
used to measure the impedance of a
capacitive circuit. This bridge is sometimes
called the capacitance comparison bridge of
the series resistance capacitance bridge.
SIMILAR ANGLE
C BRIDGE
A
BRIDGE
BALANCED
CONDITION
Equating the real part

SIMILAR ANGLE
C BRIDGE
A
BRIDGE
BALANCED
CONDITION Equating the imaginary part
MAXWELL
C BRIDGE
A
BRIDGE
to determine an unknown inductance

MAXWELL
C BRIDGE
A
BRIDGE
BALANCED At balance condition
CONDITION
Equating the real part Equating the imaginary part

OPPOSITE ANGLE
A C BRIDGE BRIDGE
The Opposite Angle Bridge or Hay Bridge (see Figure

below) is used to measure the resistance and
inductance of coils in which the resistance is small
fraction of the reactance XL, that is a coil having a
high Q, meaning a Q greater than 10.
WEIN
A C BRIDGE BRIDGE
The Wein Bridge shown in Figure below has a series RC combination in one arm and a
parallel combination in the adjoining arm. It is designed to measure frequency
(extensively as a feedback arrangement for a circuit). It can also be used for the
measurement of an unknown capacitor with great accuracy.
WEIN
C BRIDGE
A
BRIDGE
Equivalent parallel component
Equivalent series component

RADIO
C BRIDGE
A
FREQUENCY
BRIDGE
The radio frequency bridge shown in figure below is
often used in laboratories to measure the impedance
of both capacitance and inductive circuits at higher
frequencies.
SCHERING
C BRIDGE
A
BRIDGE
used for measuring capacitors and their
insulating properties for phase angle of nearly
90 degree.

4 Ac Bridges

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EMT 124

A C BRIDGE FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRICAL

A C BRIDGE bridge and in its basic form consists of four

INTRO -The power source supplies an ac voltage to

AC bridges are used to measure inductance and

Since zero current means that there is

The current flows in bc = 0

Determine the unknown arm

Indicating that we are dealing with a

Equating the real part

to determine an unknown inductance

Equating the real part Equating the imaginary part

The Opposite Angle Bridge or Hay Bridge (see Figure

Equivalent series component

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