(STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

CONTENT STANDARD:
In this module, the learner is able to demonstrates understanding of key concept, uses
and importance of Statistics, data collection/gathering and the different forms of data
representation

LESSON AND COVERAGE:

LESSON LEARNING COMPETENCIES

1  The Learner is able to explain the
Introduction to Statistics basic concepts, uses and
importance of Statistics.
 The Learner is able to poses
questions and problems that may
be answered using Statistics
2  The Learner is able to collects or
The Tabular Presentation of Data gathers statistical data and
( ungrouped and grouped data) organizes the data in a frequency
table according to systematic
consideration.
 The Learner is able to analyzes,
interprets accurately and draws
conclusions from tabular data.
3  The Learner is able to Use
The Graphical Presentation of appropriate graphs to represent
Data organized data: pie chart, bar
graph, line graph and a
histogram.
 The Learner is able to analyzes,
interprets accurately and draws
conclusions from graphic data.
4  The Learner is able to find the
Measure of Central Tendency mean, median and mode of
statistical data.
 The Learner is able to describe
the data using information from
the mean, median and mode.
 This will guide the learner understand the flow of
discussion.

STATISTIC
S

Introduction to Statistics

Presentation of Statistical Data

Tabular Presentation Graphical Presentation

Grouped Ungrouped
Data Data Pie Chart Line Graph

Bar Graph Histogram

Measure of Central
Tendency
(Mean, Median, Mode)
 Direction: Encircle the best answer of the following

1. A general term used to summarize a process that an analyst, mathematician or

statistician can use to characterize a data set.
a) Chart c)Histogram
b) Statistics d)Tabular presentation
2. Given the mean of 2, 7,8,10 and x is 6. Find the value of x.
a) 3 c)5
b) 7 d)8
3. What is the median of 60, 62, 71, 65, 71, 79, 71, 69, 78
a) 71 c)75
b) 70 d)69

Use the following information for questions 4&5

Marian’s math score from September to the end of November are as follows:
85%, 90%, 74%, 85%, 70%, 85%, and 75%
4. What is the mode of Marian’s math scores:
a) 70% c)85%
b) 74% d)90%
5. What is the mean of Marian’s math score’s
a) 65% c)72%
b) 81% d) 74%
6. The frequency table shows that the test results of a group of students.

Results Frequency
average 45
Pass 35
Fair 13
Fail 7
If the data is shown on a pie chart. Calculate the angle of a sector representing
students who obtained pass results.
a) 35 ° c) 72°
b) 126° d) 162°
7. The table shown the marks obtained by 9 participants in a mathematics quiz.
3 7 4 3 5 2 3 6 7

Find the difference between the mode and the median.

a) 0 c) 2
b) 1.4 d) 3
8. It is the middle value in distribution when the values are arranged in ascending or
descending order.
a) mean c) median
b) central tendency d) mode
9. What is the mean of the following set of numbers: 8, 4, 1, 7
a) 4 c) 1
b) 5 d) 2.5
10. In the set of data 2, 4, 5, 9, 10 and 11. 7 is the__________.
a) frequency c) median
b) mode d) mean
11. Each part of a pie chart that represents a group of data is known as__________.
a) a shaded region c) a segment
b) an angle d) a sector
12. A line graph is suitable to represent data collected over a period of time. Which of the
following data is suitable to be represented by line graph?
a) Number of students who scores A in mathematics test
b) Amount of rainfall recorded in a year.
c) The price of imported cars.
13. What is the mean of: 6, 4, 10, 1, 5, and 4?
a) 4 b) 5
b) 30 d) 6

Use this bar graph to answer questions 14-16.

Records Sold in One Week

140
Number of records

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.
Day

14. How many records were sold on Wednesday?

a) 90 c) 100
b) 110 d) 120
15. In what two days were the same numbers of records sold?
a) Thursday and Friday c) Friday and Saturday
b) Monday and Wednesday d) Wednesday and Thursday
16. On which day were the least number of records sold?
a) Monday c) Tuesday
b) Wednesday d) Saturday
17. It is the sum of the value of each observation in a dataset divided by the number of
observations. This is also known as the arithmetic average.
a) Mean c) Median
b) Central tendency d) Mode
 Use the line graph to answer question 18-20

18. What was the total precipitation in December?

a) 16 mm c) 25 mm
b) 22 mm d) 20 mm
c)
19. What was the total precipitation in March and April together?
a) 24 mm c) 26 mm
b) 22 mm d) 20 mm
20. What month was the highest precipitation occurred?
a) April c) May
b) February d) August
21. It is the most frequent value occurs in a set of data.
a) Mean c) Central tendency
b) Median d) mode
22. The Lakers scored the following numbers of goals in their last twenty matches:
3, 0, 1, 5, 4, 3, 2, 6, 4, 2, 3, 3, 0, 7, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3
Which number had the highest frequency?
a) 3 c) 4
b) 6 d) 7
23. The pie chart shows the amount of time each day that Geri spends on various
activities. If this information were displayed using a bar graph with hours on the vertical
axis, what would be the height of the bar for sleep?
a) 8 hrs. c) 7hrs.
b) 6 hrs. d) 5 hrs.

24. Which letter occurs the most frequently in the following sentence?
THE SUN ALWAYS SETS IN THE WEST.
a) E c) S
b) T d) W
25. 15% of the students in a school of Business Administration are majoring in Economics,
20% in Finance, 35% in Management, and 30% in human resource. The graphical
device(s) which can be used to present these data is (are)
a) a line graph c) only a bar graph
b) only a pie chart d) both a bar graph and a pie chart
26. The most common graphical presentation of quantitative data is a
a) Histogram c) bar graph
b) relative frequency d) pie chart
27. In constructing a frequency table , the approximate class width is computed as
a) (largest data value – smallest data value)/number of classes
b) (largest data value – smallest data value)/sample size
c) (smallest data value – largest data value)/sample size
d) largest data value/number of classes

The numbers of hours worked (per week) by 400 statistics students are shown below.

Number of Frequency
hours
0- 9 20
10 - 19 80
20 - 29 200
30 - 39 100
28. The class width for this distribution is _______.
a) 9 c) 10
b) 39 d) varies from class to class
29. The number of students working 19 hours or less
a) 80 c) 100
b) 180 d) 300
30. The percentage of students working 19 hours or less is
a) 20% c) 25%
b) 75% d) 80%
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

OBJECTIVES:

In this lesson, the learners will able to;

 Explain the basic concepts, uses and importance of Statistics.

 Pose a questions and problems that may be answered using Statistics

DISCUSSION:

Students in the class have different heights. How many in this

class have the same height? What is the common measure of
height did the class have? How will you answer the following with
varied questions?

That questions regarding to the problem above can be answer by

Statistics.
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Statistics is the collection of methods for planning
experiments, obtaining data and the organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing,
interpreting and drawing conclusions.

HOW STATISTICS WORK?

Statistics starts with a question, not with data or information.

Every time we use statistics to find the solution for a question.

Statistics are what the decision makers can use to reduce inappropriate outcome
by qualifying it.

All statistics are based on data.

Data are what we hear, see, smell, touch and etc.

Data requires measuring.
Good measurement gives good data
Good data give better answer than bad data
But all data will give you all answer.

Statistics are designed to transform data to into information.

Statistics are about and used to measure/ assess risk of the decision.
AREAS WE USE STATISTICS

Directions: From the previous questions regarding the measurement of the

class heights. Answer and do the following.

How many in this class have the same height?

What is the common measure of height did the class have?

Instructions:
1. Using a tape measure or a meter stick. Measure your individual height.use
centmeter unit of meter.Round off measures to nearest cm.
2. Group yourselves into 8 or 10 members. List down all raw data and present it in the
best of presentation you can. After 10 minutes present your output.

Questions:
1. What do these numbers represents?
2. How can we get clear and precise information from the numbers?
3. Is the numbers are meaningful for everyone? Why?

Directions: Make a survey in your school to find out what websites is

commonly used by the students in doing their homework and activities. Ask at
least 50 students and present your data using any methods.
 Directions: Make a survey in your community or barangay to find out how
many members in each family has and look for their profile. Ask at least 10
families, present your data and answer the following questions.

1. What is your opinion about having many members in the family? Or few members in
the family? Why?
2. Does the member in each family have contribution in developing good community?
3. How many families have good income? Do you think numbers affect the status in
the family?
4. What is the importance of statistics in our society?

I Learned That…….
 THE TABULAR PRESENTATION OF DATA

OBJECTIVES

In this lesson, the learners will able to;

 Construct a frequency table to organize data in systematic way.

 Analyze, interprets accurately and draws conclusions from tabular data.

DISCUSSION:

Presentation of data is one of the most important parts of a statistical study that is why,
it is very necessary to make the presentation in most effective manner as possible.

Tabular Presentation- a mode of data presentation which is presented in a more

concise and systematic manner through frequency tables consisting vertical columns and
horizontal rows with headings describing these rows and columns.

Frequency Table- a table that shows the number of occurrences of a score or numerical
value in a set of data.

Types of Frequency Table

1. Ungrouped Frequency Table- where data are less than 30.

Example: Banjo made a survey on the marrying ages of a group of Filipinos. This is what he
was able to gather. (n< 30)

22 25 24 25 20 19 17 21 25 22

18 24 19 23 25 26 27 29 30 31

29 26 25 24 23 18 21 20 27 26

29 25 23 22 19 21 34 16 18 33

The above set of data can be organized into a frequency table from decreasing or increasing
array, showing the ages and the number of occurrences for each age.
 TABLE OF MARRYING AGES OF SOME FILIPINOS

AGE TALLY FREQUENCY

34 / 1
33 / 1
31 / 1
30 / 1
29 /// 3
27 // 2
26 /// 3
25 /////-/ 6
24 /// 3
23 /// 3
22 /// 3
21 /// 3
20 // 2
19 /// 3
18 /// 3
17 / 1
16 / 1
N= 40

Where N is the number of people surveyed

2. Group Frequency Table- where data are more than 30.

Example: Mervin surveyed the ages of the first 50 visitors to Ocean Park. The following are
the results.(n>30)
15 14 16 15 18 17 9 12 5 10

16 13 12 11 21 35 39 38 27 29

30 3 4 25 26 29 30 22 24 29

23 21 20 14 15 16 17 18 24 9

4 5 38 33 32 31 28 25 17 15

PROCEDURE

1. First, we take note of the smallest and the biggest values in the set of data, and
compute for the range.

Range is the difference between the highest and the lowest numbers in a set of raw data. It
shows how varied the scores or values in a set of data. The bigger the value of the range, the
wider the gap between values or the more varied the numbers are. A small range value
indicates a more uniform set of data.
In our example: Highest number 39

Lowest number -3
36
6
2. Next, decide how big the class interval should be. We may group the ages into 34, 6, or
9 or any number by which the range, 36, is divisible. However, we must remember that
some details or information are lost when bigger intervals are used. Intervals of 10 to 15
are considered fine.
Let us take a CLASS INTERVAL SIZE of 4.
3. Construct the frequency table. Write the title above the table.

AGES OF THE 50 VISITORS TO OCEAN PARKS

AGE TALLY FREQUENCY
36-39 /// 3
32-35 /// 3
28-31 /////-// 7
24-27 /////-/ 6
20-23 ///// 5
16-19 /////-/// 8
12-15 /////-//// 9
8-11 //// 4
4-7 //// 4
0-3 / 1
N= 50

Directions: Make a frequency table for each set of data.

1. Number of children in each family in a certain barangay.

5 4 3 5 5 6 9 8 1

7 2 2 8 8 4 4 4 5

1 3 7 6 4 10 4 6 3

2. Scores of a grade 6 pupil in Math in one quarter.

89 85 86 82 90 92 90

87 89 84 84 83 88 89

89 85 91 87 89 83 84
 Directions: Make a group frequency table on the ages of participants to a vigil
on “Peace and Progress” for our country. Use an interval 3.

18 21 17 15 34 42 32

24 28 27 21 18 17 32

34 36 37 23 25 45 22

19 20 24 21 19 19 20

29 30 31 17 35 25 25

Directions: Do as directed.

Mr. Protacio is doing a study on the literacy rate of Filipinos. He found out many
Filipinos drop out of schools at a very young age in spite of free public elementary and high
school education. Most of them drop out because of poverty. Below are the ages at which
some Filipinos drop out of school.

a) Make a frequency table of the ages.

b) What do you think should be done to minimize the number of school drop-outs?
c) How can you contribute to the solution of this problem?

8 14 7 9 8 7 17 12 9 12

12 11 16 15 14 13 9 10 10 15

17 16 16 12 10 11 13 14 14 16

I Learned That…….
 THE GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

OBJECTIVES:

In this lesson, the learners will able to;

 To use and identify appropriate graphs to represent organized data:

 Analyze, interprets accurately and draws conclusions from graphical
presentation.

DISCUSSION:

Another way of presenting data is through graphical presentation. It is a visual display of

data and statistical results. It is often more effective than presenting data in tabular form. There
are many different types of graphical representation and which is used depends on the nature
of the data and the type of statistical results.

BAR GRAPH –it uses vertical or horizontal bars or rectangle to show quantity. This kind of
graph is used to compare or contrast different sets of data simultaneously.

Imagine you just did a survey of your friends to find which kind of movie they liked best:

Table: Favorite Type of Movie

Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFi
4 5 6 1 4
We can show that on a bar graph like this:

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 Directions: Answer these questions based on the bar graph.

1. What does the graph show?

2. About how much rainforest cover did the Philippines have in the year of 1990?
3. By how much did the Philippine rainforest cover decline from 1990 until year 2000?
4. What is the total decrease in land area from 1990 to 2015? Estimate.
5. What do you think are the causes of the decline in the land area of our rainforest? What
will be its effects on the future generations?
6. What can you do to help the rehabilitation of our forest?
LINE GRAPH –it is used to show trends or patterns in numerical values that change over
a period of time. Line graphs are particularly useful for identifying patterns and trends in
the data such as seasonal effects, large changes and turning points. It is also called as
Frequency Polygon.

The table below shows Sam's weight in kilograms for 5 months

Sam's Weight
Month Weight in kg
January 49
February 54
March 61
April 69
May 73

The given table has been summarized through Line graph.

QUESTION
1. What is the title of this line graph?
2. What is the range of values on the horizontal scale?
3. What is the range of values on the vertical scale?
4. How many points are in the graph?
5. What was the highest value recorded?
6. What was the lowest value recorded?
7. Did Sam's weight increase or decrease over time?

Directions: Answer these questions based on the Line graph.

1. About how many Filipinos were there in 1975; 1993; and in 2003?
2. What is the difference between the populations in years 1975 and 2014?
3. Using the average increase project, how many Filipinos will there be by year 2016?
4. What are the positive and negative effects of population increase in our country and
world?
5. Do you think populations have great contribution in growth of economic in our country?
 PIE CHART – it is used to show partitions or allocations of parts or shares. This graph is
used to show the composition of a whole, shown in percent distribution. It is also called as
Circle Graph.

REGIONAL POPULATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Region Population(in Millions) Percent

Southern Tagalog 11.3
NCR 10.4
Central Luzon 7.7
Western Visayas 0.5
Region 6 5.8
Total: 35.7 M

To construct the pie chart follow these steps:

1. Express each given numerical data as a percent of the total quantity.

Example: 10.4 ÷ 35.7 = 29 = 29% NCR
2. Compute the corresponding angle of each part or allocation by multiplying each percent
value obtained by 360 degrees, since a circle has 360 degrees.
Example: 29% x 360 = .29 x 360 = 104.4 °
3. Draw the circle and label the parts.

Anna Survey her friend on what favorite movie they liked best

Table: Favorite Type of Movie

Comedy Action Romance Drama Sci-fi
4 5 6 1 4

From the data, she constructed a pie chart.

 HISTOGRAM - it is a bar graph that shows how frequently data occur within certain
ranges or intervals. The height of each bar gives the frequency in the respective interval.
The range of each bar is also called the Class Interval.

The histogram shows the heights of 21 students in a class and it grouped into groups of width
5 inches.
Height Frequenc
(inches) y
Range (Students
)
50-55 4
55-60 6
60-65 5
65-70 2
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75-80 1

How many students were greater than or equal to 60 inches tall?

The number of students greater than or equal to 60 inches tall are shown in the bars
representing the groups 60-65, 65-70, 70-75 and 75-80.
=5+2+3+1
= 11
A class carried out an experiment to measure the lengths of cuckoo eggs. The length of
each egg was measured to the nearest mm. The results are shown in the following histogram:

Length Frequency
( mm) (cuckoo egg)
Range
19-20 4
20-21 6
21-22 5
22-23 2
23-24 3
24-25 1
How many eggs were measured altogether in the experiment?
The number of eggs measured is found by adding the frequencies
= 1 + 8 + 17 + 40 + 26 + 8
= 100
How many eggs were less than 23 mm in length?
The number of eggs less than 23 mm in length is found by adding the frequencies for the
groups 19-20, 20-21, 21-22, and 22-23.
=1 + 8 + 17 + 40
= 66

Directions: Construct graphs for the following.

1. The Grade 5 classes supported the book drive of their school. They collected their old
books and donated them to schools in far flung areas. Construct a bar graph for their
collection.
Grade 5-A 550 books
Grade 5-B 700 books
Grade 5-C 600 books
Grade 5-D 850 books
Grade 5-E 1000 books

2. Conduct a survey on any of the following topics and present the results in a bar graph.
a. Top problem of our country
b. Top problem of our youth
c. Preferred course in college
d. Preferred school or university in college
e. Preferred activity of the youth during leisure time

Directions: Do as directed.

Research on the monthly peso/ dollar exchange rate from previous year 2014. Record
the rates and present the trends through line graph or frequency polygon. Discuss the results
in class. Answer the questions.

1. At what month was the exchange rate at its highest? Lowest?

2. If dollar exchange rate is very high, what does it mean? What are its effects on our
economy?
3. What could be the possible reasons why the peso/ dollar exchange rate
increase/decrease?
4. Do you favor a high exchange rate or a low exchange rate? Explain your answer.
5. Who would likely favor a high peso/dollar exchange rate?
 Directions: Do the following.

1. Construct a pie chart for the following. Show computations of percent and angle
distributions using the given data on a family monthly budget.

Food 9000
Rent 7500
Kids 6000
Leisure 1500
Savings 3500
Gasoline 2500
Total:
30 000

2. Make your own family budget and construct a pie chart to show it. Discuss the
results in class. What will be your priority in your budget? Should you spend
beyond your means? Why/Why not?

I learned that……
 MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

OBJECTIVES:
In this lesson, the learners will able to;

 Find the mean, median and mode of statistical data.

 Describe the data using information from the mean, median and mode.
 Give the importance of measure of central tendency in statistics.
DISCUSSION:

After organizing a set of data, computation of some numerical information are needed
to interpret the gathered data. A measure of central tendency is a measure that used to
describe data. Mean, median and mode are the measure
MEAN- it is the average of a set of data. To calculate the mean, find the sum of the data
of and then divide by the number of data.

Mean = Sum of data values / number of values

Example 1: Hernandez took 7 math tests in one marking period. What is the mean test score?
Solution: 89 + 73 + 84 + 91+ 87+ 77+ 94= 595 ÷ 7 = 85
Answer: the mean test score is 85.
Example 2: A booklet has 12 pages with the following numbers of words: 271, 354, 296, 301,
333, 326, 285, 298, 327, 316, 287 and314. What is the mean number of words per page?
Solution: = 271 + 354 + 296 + 301 + 333 + 326 + 285 + 298 + 327 + 316 + 287 + 314
= 3,708 ÷ 12 = 309
Answer: the mean number of words per page is 309.
Example 3: A marathon race was completed by 5 participants in the times given below. What
is the mean race time for this marathon? 2.7 hr, 8.3 hr, 3.5 hr, 5.1 hr, 4.9 hr
Solution: 2.7 + 8.3 + 3.5 + 5.1 + 4.9 = 24.5 ÷ 5 = 4.9
Answer: The mean race time is 4.9 hr
MEDIAN-is the "middle" value in the set of data. The median is also the number that is
halfway into the set. To find the median, the data should be arranged in order from least
to greatest.
Example 1: The Doran family has 5 children, aged 9, 12, 7, 16 and 13. What is the age of the
middle child?
Solution: Ordering the children’s' ages from least to greatest, we get
7, 9, 12, 13, and 16 (Odd set of data)
Answer: The child’s age in middlemost number of the data set is 12.
Example 2: A booklet has 12 pages with the following numbers of words: 271, 354, 296, 301,
333, 326, 285, 298, 327, 316, 287 and 314. What is the mean number of words per page?
Solution: Ordering the data from least to greatest, we get
=271, 285, 287, 296, 298, 301, 314, 316, 326, 327, 333, 354
= 301+ 314 = 615 ÷ 2 = 307.5
Answer: the median number of words per page is 307.5 since the set of data is even numbers.
Example 3: During the first marking period, Nicole's math quiz scores were 90, 92, 93, 88, 95,
88, 97, 87, and 98. What was the median quiz score?
Solution: Ordering the data from least to greatest, we get
= 87, 88, 88, 90, 92, 93, 95, and 96
= 90+92 = 182 ÷ 2 = 91
Answer: The median quiz score was 91 since the set of data is even numbers.
MODE- it is the value in the set of data that occurs most often. If no number is
repeated, then there is no mode for the list.
Example 1: The following is the number of problems that Ms. Matty assigned for homework on
10 different days. What is the mode? 8, 11, 9, 14, 9, 15, 18, 6, 9, 10
Solution: Ordering the data from least to greatest, we get:
= 6, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18,
Answer: The mode is 9
Example 2: In a crash test, 11 cars were tested to determine what impact speed was required
to obtain minimal bumper damage. Find the mode of the speeds given in miles per hour below.
24, 15, 18, 20, 18, 22, 24, 26, 18, 26, 24
Solution: Ordering the data from least to greatest, we get
= 15, 18, 18, 18, 20, 22, 24, 24, 24, 26, 26
Answer: Since both 18 and 24 occur three times, the modes are 18 and 24 miles per hour.
This data set is bimodal.
Example 3: A marathon race was completed by 5 participants. What is the mode of these
times given in hours? 2.7 hr, 8.3 hr, 3.5 hr, 5.1 hr, 4.9 hr
Solution: Ordering the data from least to greatest, we get
= 2.7, 3.5, 4.9, 5.1, 8.3
Answer: since each value occurs only once in the data set, there is no mode for
this set of data.

Directions: Do as directed.

1. Find the mean of the following numbers:

a) 82 84 86 88 90 92
b) 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
What do you notice?

2. Find the median and the mode of the following numbers:

5,7,12,6,8,9,11,10,7,6
 Directions: Compute for the mean, median, mode and the range of the
following numbers.

Mean Median Mode Range

1. 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13
2. 3,3,3,3,3,3,3
3. 90,92,94,96,98,100
4. 1,1,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,5,5
5. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,…39,40
6. 82,85,85,84,87,89,86,85
7. 200,350,500,650,800
8. 16,16,18,18,15,14,13,12
9. 4,4,8,12,16,20,20,24
10. 8,10,12,14,16,18

Directions: Solve the following problems.

1. Carlo’s score of 97 in his eight test in Math made his mean score 90 in all the eight
tests. What was his mean score before he received his score of 97?

2. A bus which travelled for 6 days covered a mean distance of 140 km. if it traveled the
following distances: 180 km, 90 km, 100 km, 160 km. find the distance covered by the
bus on the sixth day.

3. Krista got the following scores: 93,96,90,97, 92. What should she get in her next quiz so
that her mean score will be 93?

4. Jong averaged 7 km in jogging for 6 days. What must be the distance he should cover
on the seventh day to have a mean distance of 8 km?

5. The mean scores is 85. If the tenth score is 90, find the mean of ten scores.
 PRETEST POST TEST
1. B 1.
2. A 2.
3. A 3.
4. C 4.
5. B 5.
6. B 6.
7. B 7.
8. C 8.
9. B 9.
10. C 10.
11. D 11.
12. B 12.
13. B 13.
14. C 14.
15. A 15.
16. C 16.
17. A 17.
18. D 18.
19. A 19.
20. D 20.
21. D 21.
22. A 22.
23. C 23.
24. C 24.
25. D 25.
26. A 26.
27. A 27.
28. C 28.
29. C 29.
30. C 30.
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