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Chapter 1 - Introduction To Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is the study of determining the composition of substances. It involves both qualitative analysis to identify what is in a sample and quantitative analysis to determine how much of something is present. The general steps of a chemical analysis involve formulating the question, selecting appropriate analytical methods, sampling, sample preparation, performing the analysis, reporting results, and drawing conclusions. Analytical chemistry plays important roles in fields like forensics, archaeology, medicine, and more.

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125 views9 pages

Chapter 1 - Introduction To Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is the study of determining the composition of substances. It involves both qualitative analysis to identify what is in a sample and quantitative analysis to determine how much of something is present. The general steps of a chemical analysis involve formulating the question, selecting appropriate analytical methods, sampling, sample preparation, performing the analysis, reporting results, and drawing conclusions. Analytical chemistry plays important roles in fields like forensics, archaeology, medicine, and more.

Uploaded by

Doom Refuge
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1

Introduction of
Analytical Chemistry

10

What is Analytical Chemistry?


 “The study of methods for determining the
composition of substances.”

The sample could contain:

(1) Ca2+, Na+, or K+ ions

OR
(2) A urine sample from a
potentially pregnant woman

Your job:
To tell what is the sample or is
An unknown sample solution the woman pregnant?

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Analytical Chemistry

What is the sample? How much is X in the sample?


Identification Quantitation
Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis (EDTA titration)

Flame test
Ca2+ (Brick Red)
EDTA-Ca
Complex

Emission Spectroscopy (Spectroscope)

12

4
Pregnancy Test Strip

Hormone
(protein)

13

Analytical Chemistry
 “The study of methods for determining the
composition of substances.”

 “The science of extraction, identification, and


quantitation of an unknown sample.”

Two Areas:

 Qualitative Analysis (what?)


 Quantitative Analysis (how much?)

14

Roles of Analytical Chemistry

• Forensics
• Archaeology
• Food
• Pharmacy
• Medicine

15

5
General Steps in a Chemical Analysis

Chocolate
(33% fat, 47% sugar,…)

Bitter taste?
NO bromine

From Greek
“Food of gods”

Both in chocolate

16

1. Formulating the Question


2. Selecting Analytical Procedures/Methods

Defining the problem:


1. What accuracy and precision are required?
2. How much sample is available?
3. What is the concentration range of the analyte?
4. What components of the sample will cause
interference?
5. What are the physical and chemical properties of
the sample matrix?
6. How many samples are to be analyzed?

17

Numerical Criteria for Selecting


Analytical Methods
1. Precision
2. Accuracy
3. Bias
4. Sensitivity
5. Detection Limit
6. Concentration Range (Dynamic range)
7. Selectivity

18

6
Other Characteristics to Be
Considered in Method of Choice
1. Speed (point of care diagnostic testing)
2. Ease and Convenience
3. Cost and availability of instrument
4. Per-sample cost

19

3. Sampling

Aliquot—
a portion of a
larger whole,
especially a
sample taken
for chemical
analysis or
other treatment.

20

Random
Heterogeneous
Material

Segregated
Heterogeneous
Material

21

7
4. Sample Preparation

Petroleum ether
(a mixture of alkanes)

Petroleum Ether

Fat +
Remove fat from chocolate

22

Extraction of theobromine
from chocolate with water

Solubility: 330 mg/L in water

23

5. Analysis

24

8
6. Reporting and Interpretation

7. Drawing Conclusions

25

The International System of Units (SI)

26

SI (International System of Units) Prefixes

Especially useful in this course


mega M 106
kilo k 103
centi c 10-2
milli m 10-3
micro  10-6
nano n 10-9
pico p 10-12

27

9
Modern Anal Tech
LOD

28

Solution Terminology
• solute
• solvent
• aqueous solution
• liter
• atomic weight
• molecular weight (Formula Weight)

29

Molarity
# moles A
Molarity (M): c = -------------------
# liters solution
or
# millimoles A
Molarity (M): c = -------------------------
# milliliters solution

30

10
Useful Algebraic Relationships
wt A (g)
# mol A = -----------------
fw A (g/mol)
# mol A = V (L) x C (mol A/L soln)
or
wt A (mg)
# mmol A = -----------------
fw A (g/mol)
# mmol A = V (mL) x C (mmol A/mL soln)

31

Percent Composition
wt of a solute
w - w% = -------------------- × 102 %
wt of solution
vol of a solute
v - v% = -------------------- × 102 %
vol of solution
wt of a solute
w - v% = --------------------- × 102 %
vol of solution

32

Parts per Million (ppm)


wt of a solute
cppm = ------------------- × 106
wt of solution
Remember:
1 ppm = 1 μg (solute)/mL (solution) = 1 mg/L
Assuming: solution density = 1.0 g/mL
(it is true for most of the diluted aqueous solutions)

Practice: What is the molar concentration of 585 ppm


NaCl? (10.0 mM)

33

11
Parts per Billion (ppb)
wt of a solute
cppb = ------------------- × 109
wt of solution

34

p-Functions
pX = - log10[X]

examples:
pH
pOH
pCl
pAg

35

12

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