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9 documentation

What’s New In Python 3.5

Editors: Elvis Pranskevichus <[email protected]>, Yury Selivanov <[email protected]>

This article explains the new features in Python 3.5, compared to 3.4. Python 3.5 was
released on September 13, 2015. See the changelog for a full list of changes.

See also: PEP 478 - Python 3.5 Release Schedule

Summary – Release highlights

New syntax features:

PEP 492, coroutines with async and await syntax.

PEP 465, a new matrix multiplication operator: a @ b .
PEP 448, additional unpacking generalizations.

New library modules:

typing : PEP 484 – Type Hints.

zipapp : PEP 441 Improving Python ZIP Application Support.

New built-in features:

bytes % args , bytearray % args : PEP 461 – Adding % formatting to bytes and
bytearray.
New bytes.hex() , bytearray.hex() and memoryview.hex() methods. (Contributed
by Arnon Yaari in bpo-9951.)
memoryview now supports tuple indexing (including multi-dimensional). (Contributed by
Antoine Pitrou in bpo-23632.)
Generators have a new gi_yieldfrom attribute, which returns the object being iterated
by yield from expressions. (Contributed by Benno Leslie and Yury Selivanov in bpo-
24450.)
A new RecursionError exception is now raised when maximum recursion depth is
reached. (Contributed by Georg Brandl in bpo-19235.)

CPython implementation improvements:

When the LC_TYPE locale is the POSIX locale ( C locale), sys.stdin and sys.stdout
now use the surrogateescape error handler, instead of the strict error handler.
(Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-19977.)
.pyo files are no longer used and have been replaced by a more flexible scheme that
includes the optimization level explicitly in .pyc name. (See PEP 488 overview.)
Builtin and extension modules are now initialized in a multi-phase process, which is
similar to how Python modules are loaded. (See PEP 489 overview.)

Significant improvements in the standard library:

collections.OrderedDict is now implemented in C, which makes it 4 to 100 times

faster.

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The ssl module gained support for Memory BIO, which decouples SSL protocol
handling from network IO.
The new os.scandir() function provides a better and significantly faster way of
directory traversal.
functools.lru_cache() has been mostly reimplemented in C, yielding much better
performance.
The new subprocess.run() function provides a streamlined way to run subprocesses.
The traceback module has been significantly enhanced for improved performance and
developer convenience.

Security improvements:

SSLv3 is now disabled throughout the standard library. It can still be enabled by
instantiating a ssl.SSLContext manually. (See bpo-22638 for more details; this change
was backported to CPython 3.4 and 2.7.)
HTTP cookie parsing is now stricter, in order to protect against potential injection
attacks. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-22796.)

Windows improvements:

A new installer for Windows has replaced the old MSI. See Using Python on Windows
for more information.
Windows builds now use Microsoft Visual C++ 14.0, and extension modules should use
the same.

Please read on for a comprehensive list of user-facing changes, including many other smaller
improvements, CPython optimizations, deprecations, and potential porting issues.

New Features
PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax

PEP 492 greatly improves support for asynchronous programming in Python by adding
awaitable objects, coroutine functions, asynchronous iteration, and asynchronous context
managers.

Coroutine functions are declared using the new async def syntax:

>>>
>>> async def coro():
... return 'spam'

Inside a coroutine function, the new await expression can be used to suspend coroutine
execution until the result is available. Any object can be awaited, as long as it implements the
awaitable protocol by defining the __await__() method.

PEP 492 also adds async for statement for convenient iteration over asynchronous
iterables.

An example of a rudimentary HTTP client written using the new syntax:

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import asyncio

async def http_get(domain):

reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(domain, 80)

writer.write(b'\r\n'.join([
b'GET / HTTP/1.1',
b'Host: %b' % domain.encode('latin-1'),
b'Connection: close',
b'', b''
]))

async for line in reader:

print('>>>', line)

writer.close()

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
try:
loop.run_until_complete(http_get('example.com'))
finally:
loop.close()

Similarly to asynchronous iteration, there is a new syntax for asynchronous context

managers. The following script:

import asyncio

async def coro(name, lock):

print('coro {}: waiting for lock'.format(name))
async with lock:
print('coro {}: holding the lock'.format(name))
await asyncio.sleep(1)
print('coro {}: releasing the lock'.format(name))

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
lock = asyncio.Lock()
coros = asyncio.gather(coro(1, lock), coro(2, lock))
try:
loop.run_until_complete(coros)
finally:
loop.close()

will output:

coro 2: waiting for lock

coro 2: holding the lock
coro 1: waiting for lock
coro 2: releasing the lock
coro 1: holding the lock
coro 1: releasing the lock

Note that both async for and async with can only be used inside a coroutine function
declared with async def .

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Coroutine functions are intended to be run inside a compatible event loop, such as the
asyncio loop.

Note:

Changed in version 3.5.2: Starting with CPython 3.5.2, __aiter__ can directly return
asynchronous iterators. Returning an awaitable object will result in a
PendingDeprecationWarning .

See more details in the Asynchronous Iterators documentation section.

See also:

PEP 492 – Coroutines with async and await syntax

PEP written and implemented by Yury Selivanov.

PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication

PEP 465 adds the @ infix operator for matrix multiplication. Currently, no builtin Python types
implement the new operator, however, it can be implemented by defining __matmul__() ,
__rmatmul__() , and __imatmul__() for regular, reflected, and in-place matrix multiplication.
The semantics of these methods is similar to that of methods defining other infix arithmetic
operators.

Matrix multiplication is a notably common operation in many fields of mathematics, science,

engineering, and the addition of @ allows writing cleaner code:

S = (H @ beta - r).T @ inv(H @ V @ H.T) @ (H @ beta - r)

instead of:

S = dot((dot(H, beta) - r).T,

dot(inv(dot(dot(H, V), H.T)), dot(H, beta) - r))

NumPy 1.10 has support for the new operator:

>>>
>>> import numpy

>>> x = numpy.ones(3)
>>> x
array([ 1., 1., 1.])

>>> m = numpy.eye(3)
>>> m
array([[ 1., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 1., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 1.]])

>>> x @ m
array([ 1., 1., 1.])

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See also:

PEP 465 – A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication

PEP written by Nathaniel J. Smith; implemented by Benjamin Peterson.

PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations

PEP 448 extends the allowed uses of the * iterable unpacking operator and ** dictionary
unpacking operator. It is now possible to use an arbitrary number of unpackings in function
calls:

>>>
>>> print(*[1], *[2], 3, *[4, 5])
1 2 3 4 5

>>> def fn(a, b, c, d):

... print(a, b, c, d)
...

>>> fn(**{'a': 1, 'c': 3}, **{'b': 2, 'd': 4})

1 2 3 4

Similarly, tuple, list, set, and dictionary displays allow multiple unpackings (see Expression
lists and Dictionary displays):

>>>
>>> *range(4), 4
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4)

>>> [*range(4), 4]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> {*range(4), 4, *(5, 6, 7)}

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

>>> {'x': 1, **{'y': 2}}

{'x': 1, 'y': 2}

See also:

PEP 448 – Additional Unpacking Generalizations

PEP written by Joshua Landau; implemented by Neil Girdhar, Thomas Wouters, and
Joshua Landau.

PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray

PEP 461 adds support for the % interpolation operator to bytes and bytearray .

While interpolation is usually thought of as a string operation, there are cases where
interpolation on bytes or bytearrays makes sense, and the work needed to make up for this
missing functionality detracts from the overall readability of the code. This issue is particularly

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important when dealing with wire format protocols, which are often a mixture of binary and
ASCII compatible text.

Examples:

>>>
>>> b'Hello %b!' % b'World'
b'Hello World!'

>>> b'x=%i y=%f' % (1, 2.5)

b'x=1 y=2.500000'

Unicode is not allowed for %b , but it is accepted by %a (equivalent of

repr(obj).encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace') ):

>>>
>>> b'Hello %b!' % 'World'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: %b requires bytes, or an object that implements __bytes__, not 'str

>>> b'price: %a' % '10€'

b"price: '10\\u20ac'"

Note that %s and %r conversion types, although supported, should only be used in codebases
that need compatibility with Python 2.

See also:

PEP 461 – Adding % formatting to bytes and bytearray

PEP written by Ethan Furman; implemented by Neil Schemenauer and Ethan Furman.

PEP 484 - Type Hints

Function annotation syntax has been a Python feature since version 3.0 (PEP 3107), however
the semantics of annotations has been left undefined.

Experience has shown that the majority of function annotation uses were to provide type hints
to function parameters and return values. It became evident that it would be beneficial for
Python users, if the standard library included the base definitions and tools for type
annotations.

PEP 484 introduces a provisional module to provide these standard definitions and tools,
along with some conventions for situations where annotations are not available.

For example, here is a simple function whose argument and return type are declared in the
annotations:

def greeting(name: str) -> str:

return 'Hello ' + name

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While these annotations are available at runtime through the usual __annotations__
attribute, no automatic type checking happens at runtime. Instead, it is assumed that a
separate off-line type checker (e.g. mypy) will be used for on-demand source code analysis.

The type system supports unions, generic types, and a special type named Any which is
consistent with (i.e. assignable to and from) all types.

See also:

typing module documentation

PEP 484 – Type Hints
PEP written by Guido van Rossum, Jukka Lehtosalo, and Łukasz Langa;
implemented by Guido van Rossum.
PEP 483 – The Theory of Type Hints
PEP written by Guido van Rossum

PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory

iterator
PEP 471 adds a new directory iteration function, os.scandir() , to the standard library.
Additionally, os.walk() is now implemented using scandir , which makes it 3 to 5 times
faster on POSIX systems and 7 to 20 times faster on Windows systems. This is largely
achieved by greatly reducing the number of calls to os.stat() required to walk a directory
tree.

Additionally, scandir returns an iterator, as opposed to returning a list of file names, which
improves memory efficiency when iterating over very large directories.

The following example shows a simple use of os.scandir() to display all the files (excluding
directories) in the given path that don’t start with '.' . The entry.is_file() call will
generally not make an additional system call:

for entry in os.scandir(path):

if not entry.name.startswith('.') and entry.is_file():
print(entry.name)

See also:

PEP 471 – os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator

PEP written and implemented by Ben Hoyt with the help of Victor Stinner.

PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR

An errno.EINTR error code is returned whenever a system call, that is waiting for I/O, is
interrupted by a signal. Previously, Python would raise InterruptedError in such cases. This
meant that, when writing a Python application, the developer had two choices:

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1. Ignore the InterruptedError .

2. Handle the InterruptedError and attempt to restart the interrupted system call at
every call site.

The first option makes an application fail intermittently. The second option adds a large
amount of boilerplate that makes the code nearly unreadable. Compare:

print("Hello World")

and:

while True:
try:
print("Hello World")
break
except InterruptedError:
continue

PEP 475 implements automatic retry of system calls on EINTR . This removes the burden of
dealing with EINTR or InterruptedError in user code in most situations and makes Python
programs, including the standard library, more robust. Note that the system call is only retried
if the signal handler does not raise an exception.

Below is a list of functions which are now retried when interrupted by a signal:

open() and io.open() ;

functions of the faulthandler module;
os functions: fchdir() , fchmod() , fchown() , fdatasync() , fstat() , fstatvfs() ,
fsync() , ftruncate() , mkfifo() , mknod() , open() , posix_fadvise() ,
posix_fallocate() , pread() , pwrite() , read() , readv() , sendfile() , wait3() ,
wait4() , wait() , waitid() , waitpid() , write() , writev() ;
special cases: os.close() and os.dup2() now ignore EINTR errors; the syscall is not
retried (see the PEP for the rationale);
select functions: devpoll.poll() , epoll.poll() , kqueue.control() , poll.poll() ,
select() ;
methods of the socket class: accept() , connect() (except for non-blocking sockets),
recv() , recvfrom() , recvmsg() , send() , sendall() , sendmsg() , sendto() ;
signal.sigtimedwait() and signal.sigwaitinfo() ;
time.sleep() .

See also:

PEP 475 – Retry system calls failing with EINTR

PEP and implementation written by Charles-François Natali and Victor Stinner, with the
help of Antoine Pitrou (the French connection).

PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators

The interaction of generators and StopIteration in Python 3.4 and earlier was sometimes
surprising, and could conceal obscure bugs. Previously, StopIteration raised accidentally

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inside a generator function was interpreted as the end of the iteration by the loop construct
driving the generator.

PEP 479 changes the behavior of generators: when a StopIteration exception is raised
inside a generator, it is replaced with a RuntimeError before it exits the generator frame. The
main goal of this change is to ease debugging in the situation where an unguarded next()
call raises StopIteration and causes the iteration controlled by the generator to terminate
silently. This is particularly pernicious in combination with the yield from construct.

This is a backwards incompatible change, so to enable the new behavior, a __future__ import
is necessary:

>>>
>>> from __future__ import generator_stop

>>> def gen():

... next(iter([]))
... yield
...
>>> next(gen())
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 2, in gen
StopIteration

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
RuntimeError: generator raised StopIteration

Without a __future__ import, a PendingDeprecationWarning will be raised whenever a

StopIteration exception is raised inside a generator.

See also:

PEP 479 – Change StopIteration handling inside generators

PEP written by Chris Angelico and Guido van Rossum. Implemented by Chris Angelico,
Yury Selivanov and Nick Coghlan.

PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality

PEP 485 adds the math.isclose() and cmath.isclose() functions which tell whether two
values are approximately equal or “close” to each other. Whether or not two values are
considered close is determined according to given absolute and relative tolerances. Relative
tolerance is the maximum allowed difference between isclose arguments, relative to the
larger absolute value:

>>>
>>> import math
>>> a = 5.0
>>> b = 4.99998
>>> math.isclose(a, b, rel_tol=1e-5)
True
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>>> math.isclose(a, b, rel_tol=1e-6)

False

It is also possible to compare two values using absolute tolerance, which must be a non-
negative value:

>>>
>>> import math
>>> a = 5.0
>>> b = 4.99998
>>> math.isclose(a, b, abs_tol=0.00003)
True
>>> math.isclose(a, b, abs_tol=0.00001)
False

See also:

PEP 485 – A function for testing approximate equality

PEP written by Christopher Barker; implemented by Chris Barker and Tal Einat.

PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual

environments

PEP 486 makes the Windows launcher (see PEP 397) aware of an active virtual environment.
When the default interpreter would be used and the VIRTUAL_ENV environment variable is set,
the interpreter in the virtual environment will be used.

See also:

PEP 486 – Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments

PEP written and implemented by Paul Moore.

PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files

PEP 488 does away with the concept of .pyo files. This means that .pyc files represent both
unoptimized and optimized bytecode. To prevent the need to constantly regenerate bytecode
files, .pyc files now have an optional opt- tag in their name when the bytecode is optimized.
This has the side-effect of no more bytecode file name clashes when running under either -O
or -OO . Consequently, bytecode files generated from -O , and -OO may now exist
simultaneously. importlib.util.cache_from_source() has an updated API to help with this
change.

See also:

PEP 488 – Elimination of PYO files

PEP written and implemented by Brett Cannon.

PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization

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PEP 489 updates extension module initialization to take advantage of the two step module
loading mechanism introduced by PEP 451 in Python 3.4.

This change brings the import semantics of extension modules that opt-in to using the new
mechanism much closer to those of Python source and bytecode modules, including the
ability to use any valid identifier as a module name, rather than being restricted to ASCII.

See also:

PEP 489 – Multi-phase extension module initialization

PEP written by Petr Viktorin, Stefan Behnel, and Nick Coghlan; implemented by Petr
Viktorin.

Other Language Changes

Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are:

Added the "namereplace" error handlers. The "backslashreplace" error handlers

now work with decoding and translating. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-19676
and bpo-22286.)
The -b option now affects comparisons of bytes with int . (Contributed by Serhiy
Storchaka in bpo-23681.)
New Kazakh kz1048 and Tajik koi8_t codecs. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-
22682 and bpo-22681.)
Property docstrings are now writable. This is especially useful for
collections.namedtuple() docstrings. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in bpo-24064.)
Circular imports involving relative imports are now supported. (Contributed by Brett
Cannon and Antoine Pitrou in bpo-17636.)

New Modules
typing

The new typing provisional module provides standard definitions and tools for function type
annotations. See Type Hints for more information.

zipapp

The new zipapp module (specified in PEP 441) provides an API and command line tool for
creating executable Python Zip Applications, which were introduced in Python 2.6 in bpo-
1739468, but which were not well publicized, either at the time or since.

With the new module, bundling your application is as simple as putting all the files, including a
__main__.py file, into a directory myapp and running:

$ python -m zipapp myapp

$ python myapp.pyz

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The module implementation has been contributed by Paul Moore in bpo-23491.

See also: PEP 441 – Improving Python ZIP Application Support

Improved Modules
argparse

The ArgumentParser class now allows disabling abbreviated usage of long options by setting
allow_abbrev to False . (Contributed by Jonathan Paugh, Steven Bethard, paul j3 and Daniel
Eriksson in bpo-14910.)

asyncio
Since the asyncio module is provisional, all changes introduced in Python 3.5 have also
been backported to Python 3.4.x.

Notable changes in the asyncio module since Python 3.4.0:

New debugging APIs: loop.set_debug() and loop.get_debug() methods.

(Contributed by Victor Stinner.)
The proactor event loop now supports SSL. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou and Victor
Stinner in bpo-22560.)
A new loop.is_closed() method to check if the event loop is closed. (Contributed by
Victor Stinner in bpo-21326.)
A new loop.create_task() to conveniently create and schedule a new Task for a
coroutine. The create_task method is also used by all asyncio functions that wrap
coroutines into tasks, such as asyncio.wait() , asyncio.gather() , etc. (Contributed
by Victor Stinner.)
A new transport.get_write_buffer_limits() method to inquire for high- and low-
water limits of the flow control. (Contributed by Victor Stinner.)
The async() function is deprecated in favor of ensure_future() . (Contributed by Yury
Selivanov.)
New loop.set_task_factory() and loop.get_task_factory() methods to
customize the task factory that loop.create_task() method uses. (Contributed by
Yury Selivanov.)
New Queue.join() and Queue.task_done() queue methods. (Contributed by Victor
Stinner.)
The JoinableQueue class was removed, in favor of the asyncio.Queue class.
(Contributed by Victor Stinner.)

Updates in 3.5.1:

The ensure_future() function and all functions that use it, such as
loop.run_until_complete() , now accept all kinds of awaitable objects. (Contributed
by Yury Selivanov.)
New run_coroutine_threadsafe() function to submit coroutines to event loops from
other threads. (Contributed by Vincent Michel.)
New Transport.is_closing() method to check if the transport is closing or closed.
(Contributed by Yury Selivanov.)
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The loop.create_server() method can now accept a list of hosts. (Contributed by

Yann Sionneau.)

Updates in 3.5.2:

New loop.create_future() method to create Future objects. This allows alternative

event loop implementations, such as uvloop, to provide a faster asyncio.Future
implementation. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov.)
New loop.get_exception_handler() method to get the current exception handler.
(Contributed by Yury Selivanov.)
New StreamReader.readuntil() method to read data from the stream until a separator
bytes sequence appears. (Contributed by Mark Korenberg.)
The loop.create_connection() and loop.create_server() methods are optimized
to avoid calling the system getaddrinfo function if the address is already resolved.
(Contributed by A. Jesse Jiryu Davis.)
The loop.sock_connect(sock, address) no longer requires the address to be
resolved prior to the call. (Contributed by A. Jesse Jiryu Davis.)

bz2
The BZ2Decompressor.decompress method now accepts an optional max_length argument to
limit the maximum size of decompressed data. (Contributed by Nikolaus Rath in bpo-15955.)

cgi

The FieldStorage class now supports the context manager protocol. (Contributed by Berker
Peksag in bpo-20289.)

cmath
A new function isclose() provides a way to test for approximate equality. (Contributed by
Chris Barker and Tal Einat in bpo-24270.)

code

The InteractiveInterpreter.showtraceback() method now prints the full chained

traceback, just like the interactive interpreter. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in bpo-17442.)

collections

The OrderedDict class is now implemented in C, which makes it 4 to 100 times faster.
(Contributed by Eric Snow in bpo-16991.)

OrderedDict.items() , OrderedDict.keys() , OrderedDict.values() views now support

reversed() iteration. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-19505.)

The deque class now defines index() , insert() , and copy() , and supports the + and *
operators. This allows deques to be recognized as a MutableSequence and improves their

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substitutability for lists. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in bpo-23704.)

Docstrings produced by namedtuple() can now be updated:

Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y'])

Point.__doc__ += ': Cartesian coodinate'
Point.x.__doc__ = 'abscissa'
Point.y.__doc__ = 'ordinate'

(Contributed by Berker Peksag in bpo-24064.)

The UserString class now implements the __getnewargs__() , __rmod__() , casefold() ,

format_map() , isprintable() , and maketrans() methods to match the corresponding
methods of str . (Contributed by Joe Jevnik in bpo-22189.)

collections.abc
The Sequence.index() method now accepts start and stop arguments to match the
corresponding methods of tuple , list , etc. (Contributed by Devin Jeanpierre in bpo-23086.)

A new Generator abstract base class. (Contributed by Stefan Behnel in bpo-24018.)

New Awaitable , Coroutine , AsyncIterator , and AsyncIterable abstract base classes.

(Contributed by Yury Selivanov in bpo-24184.)

For earlier Python versions, a backport of the new ABCs is available in an external PyPI
package.

compileall

A new compileall option, -j N , allows running N workers simultaneously to perform parallel

bytecode compilation. The compile_dir() function has a corresponding workers parameter.
(Contributed by Claudiu Popa in bpo-16104.)

Another new option, -r , allows controlling the maximum recursion level for subdirectories.
(Contributed by Claudiu Popa in bpo-19628.)

The -q command line option can now be specified more than once, in which case all output,
including errors, will be suppressed. The corresponding quiet parameter in compile_dir() ,
compile_file() , and compile_path() can now accept an integer value indicating the level
of output suppression. (Contributed by Thomas Kluyver in bpo-21338.)

concurrent.futures
The Executor.map() method now accepts a chunksize argument to allow batching of tasks
to improve performance when ProcessPoolExecutor() is used. (Contributed by Dan O’Reilly
in bpo-11271.)

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The number of workers in the ThreadPoolExecutor constructor is optional now. The default
value is 5 times the number of CPUs. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in bpo-21527.)

configparser
configparser now provides a way to customize the conversion of values by specifying a
dictionary of converters in the ConfigParser constructor, or by defining them as methods in
ConfigParser subclasses. Converters defined in a parser instance are inherited by its
section proxies.

Example:

>>>
>>> import configparser
>>> conv = {}
>>> conv['list'] = lambda v: [e.strip() for e in v.split() if e.strip()]
>>> cfg = configparser.ConfigParser(converters=conv)
>>> cfg.read_string("""
... [s]
... list = a b c d e f g
... """)
>>> cfg.get('s', 'list')
'a b c d e f g'
>>> cfg.getlist('s', 'list')
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
>>> section = cfg['s']
>>> section.getlist('list')
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']

(Contributed by Łukasz Langa in bpo-18159.)

contextlib

The new redirect_stderr() context manager (similar to redirect_stdout() ) makes it

easier for utility scripts to handle inflexible APIs that write their output to sys.stderr and
don’t provide any options to redirect it:

>>>
>>> import contextlib, io, logging
>>> f = io.StringIO()
>>> with contextlib.redirect_stderr(f):
... logging.warning('warning')
...
>>> f.getvalue()
'WARNING:root:warning\n'

(Contributed by Berker Peksag in bpo-22389.)

csv
The writerow() method now supports arbitrary iterables, not just sequences. (Contributed by
Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-23171.)

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curses
The new update_lines_cols() function updates the LINES and COLS environment variables.
This is useful for detecting manual screen resizing. (Contributed by Arnon Yaari in bpo-4254.)

dbm

dumb.open always creates a new database when the flag has the value "n" . (Contributed by
Claudiu Popa in bpo-18039.)

difflib
The charset of HTML documents generated by HtmlDiff.make_file() can now be
customized by using a new charset keyword-only argument. The default charset of HTML
document changed from "ISO-8859-1" to "utf-8" . (Contributed by Berker Peksag in bpo-
2052.)

The diff_bytes() function can now compare lists of byte strings. This fixes a regression
from Python 2. (Contributed by Terry J. Reedy and Greg Ward in bpo-17445.)

distutils

Both the build and build_ext commands now accept a -j option to enable parallel building
of extension modules. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-5309.)

The distutils module now supports xz compression, and can be enabled by passing xztar
as an argument to bdist --format . (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-16314.)

doctest

The DocTestSuite() function returns an empty unittest.TestSuite if module contains no

docstrings, instead of raising ValueError . (Contributed by Glenn Jones in bpo-15916.)

email

A new policy option Policy.mangle_from_ controls whether or not lines that start with "From
" in email bodies are prefixed with a ">" character by generators. The default is True for
compat32 and False for all other policies. (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch in bpo-20098.)

A new Message.get_content_disposition() method provides easy access to a canonical

value for the Content-Disposition header. (Contributed by Abhilash Raj in bpo-21083.)

A new policy option EmailPolicy.utf8 can be set to True to encode email headers using the
UTF-8 charset instead of using encoded words. This allows Messages to be formatted
according to RFC 6532 and used with an SMTP server that supports the RFC 6531 SMTPUTF8
extension. (Contributed by R. David Murray in bpo-24211.)

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The mime.text.MIMEText constructor now accepts a charset.Charset instance.

(Contributed by Claude Paroz and Berker Peksag in bpo-16324.)

enum
The Enum callable has a new parameter start to specify the initial number of enum values if
only names are provided:

>>>
>>> Animal = enum.Enum('Animal', 'cat dog', start=10)
>>> Animal.cat
<Animal.cat: 10>
>>> Animal.dog
<Animal.dog: 11>

(Contributed by Ethan Furman in bpo-21706.)

faulthandler

The enable() , register() , dump_traceback() and dump_traceback_later() functions

now accept file descriptors in addition to file-like objects. (Contributed by Wei Wu in bpo-
23566.)

functools
Most of the lru_cache() machinery is now implemented in C, making it significantly faster.
(Contributed by Matt Joiner, Alexey Kachayev, and Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-14373.)

glob

The iglob() and glob() functions now support recursive search in subdirectories, using the
"**" pattern. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-13968.)

gzip

The mode argument of the GzipFile constructor now accepts "x" to request exclusive
creation. (Contributed by Tim Heaney in bpo-19222.)

heapq

Element comparison in merge() can now be customized by passing a key function in a new
optional key keyword argument, and a new optional reverse keyword argument can be used
to reverse element comparison:

>>>
>>> import heapq
>>> a = ['9', '777', '55555']
>>> b = ['88', '6666']
>>> list(heapq.merge(a, b, key=len))

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['9', '88', '777', '6666', '55555']

>>> list(heapq.merge(reversed(a), reversed(b), key=len, reverse=True))
['55555', '6666', '777', '88', '9']

(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in bpo-13742.)

http
A new HTTPStatus enum that defines a set of HTTP status codes, reason phrases and long
descriptions written in English. (Contributed by Demian Brecht in bpo-21793.)

http.client

HTTPConnection.getresponse() now raises a RemoteDisconnected exception when a

remote server connection is closed unexpectedly. Additionally, if a ConnectionError (of
which RemoteDisconnected is a subclass) is raised, the client socket is now closed
automatically, and will reconnect on the next request:

import http.client
conn = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.python.org')
for retries in range(3):
try:
conn.request('GET', '/')
resp = conn.getresponse()
except http.client.RemoteDisconnected:
pass

(Contributed by Martin Panter in bpo-3566.)

idlelib and IDLE

Since idlelib implements the IDLE shell and editor and is not intended for import by other
programs, it gets improvements with every release. See Lib/idlelib/NEWS.txt for a
cumulative list of changes since 3.4.0, as well as changes made in future 3.5.x releases. This
file is also available from the IDLE Help ‣ About IDLE dialog.

imaplib

The IMAP4 class now supports the context manager protocol. When used in a with
statement, the IMAP4 LOGOUT command will be called automatically at the end of the block.
(Contributed by Tarek Ziadé and Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-4972.)

The imaplib module now supports RFC 5161 (ENABLE Extension) and RFC 6855 (UTF-8
Support) via the IMAP4.enable() method. A new IMAP4.utf8_enabled attribute tracks
whether or not RFC 6855 support is enabled. (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch, R. David
Murray, and Maciej Szulik in bpo-21800.)

The imaplib module now automatically encodes non-ASCII string usernames and passwords
using UTF-8, as recommended by the RFCs. (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch in bpo-21800.)
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imghdr
The what() function now recognizes the OpenEXR format (contributed by Martin Vignali and
Claudiu Popa in bpo-20295), and the WebP format (contributed by Fabrice Aneche and
Claudiu Popa in bpo-20197.)

importlib

The util.LazyLoader class allows for lazy loading of modules in applications where startup
time is important. (Contributed by Brett Cannon in bpo-17621.)

The abc.InspectLoader.source_to_code() method is now a static method. This makes it

easier to initialize a module object with code compiled from a string by running exec(code,
module.__dict__) . (Contributed by Brett Cannon in bpo-21156.)

The new util.module_from_spec() function is now the preferred way to create a new
module. As opposed to creating a types.ModuleType instance directly, this new function will
set the various import-controlled attributes based on the passed-in spec object. (Contributed
by Brett Cannon in bpo-20383.)

inspect
Both the Signature and Parameter classes are now picklable and hashable. (Contributed by
Yury Selivanov in bpo-20726 and bpo-20334.)

A new BoundArguments.apply_defaults() method provides a way to set default values for

missing arguments:

>>>
>>> def foo(a, b='ham', *args): pass
>>> ba = inspect.signature(foo).bind('spam')
>>> ba.apply_defaults()
>>> ba.arguments
OrderedDict([('a', 'spam'), ('b', 'ham'), ('args', ())])

(Contributed by Yury Selivanov in bpo-24190.)

A new class method Signature.from_callable() makes subclassing of Signature easier.

(Contributed by Yury Selivanov and Eric Snow in bpo-17373.)

The signature() function now accepts a follow_wrapped optional keyword argument, which,
when set to False , disables automatic following of __wrapped__ links. (Contributed by Yury
Selivanov in bpo-20691.)

A set of new functions to inspect coroutine functions and coroutine objects has been added:
iscoroutine() , iscoroutinefunction() , isawaitable() , getcoroutinelocals() , and
getcoroutinestate() . (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in bpo-24017 and bpo-24400.)

The stack() , trace() , getouterframes() , and getinnerframes() functions now return a

list of named tuples. (Contributed by Daniel Shahaf in bpo-16808.)
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io
A new BufferedIOBase.readinto1() method, that uses at most one call to the underlying
raw stream’s RawIOBase.read() or RawIOBase.readinto() methods. (Contributed by
Nikolaus Rath in bpo-20578.)

ipaddress

Both the IPv4Network and IPv6Network classes now accept an (address, netmask) tuple
argument, so as to easily construct network objects from existing addresses:

>>>
>>> import ipaddress
>>> ipaddress.IPv4Network(('127.0.0.0', 8))
IPv4Network('127.0.0.0/8')
>>> ipaddress.IPv4Network(('127.0.0.0', '255.0.0.0'))
IPv4Network('127.0.0.0/8')

(Contributed by Peter Moody and Antoine Pitrou in bpo-16531.)

A new reverse_pointer attribute for the IPv4Network and IPv6Network classes returns the
name of the reverse DNS PTR record:

>>>
>>> import ipaddress
>>> addr = ipaddress.IPv4Address('127.0.0.1')
>>> addr.reverse_pointer
'1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa'
>>> addr6 = ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1')
>>> addr6.reverse_pointer
'1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa'

(Contributed by Leon Weber in bpo-20480.)

json
The json.tool command line interface now preserves the order of keys in JSON objects
passed in input. The new --sort-keys option can be used to sort the keys alphabetically.
(Contributed by Berker Peksag in bpo-21650.)

JSON decoder now raises JSONDecodeError instead of ValueError to provide better context
information about the error. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-19361.)

linecache

A new lazycache() function can be used to capture information about a non-file-based

module to permit getting its lines later via getline() . This avoids doing I/O until a line is
actually needed, without having to carry the module globals around indefinitely. (Contributed
by Robert Collins in bpo-17911.)

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locale
A new delocalize() function can be used to convert a string into a normalized number
string, taking the LC_NUMERIC settings into account:

>>>
>>> import locale
>>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_NUMERIC, 'de_DE.UTF-8')
'de_DE.UTF-8'
>>> locale.delocalize('1.234,56')
'1234.56'
>>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_NUMERIC, 'en_US.UTF-8')
'en_US.UTF-8'
>>> locale.delocalize('1,234.56')
'1234.56'

(Contributed by Cédric Krier in bpo-13918.)

logging

All logging methods ( Logger log() , exception() , critical() , debug() , etc.), now accept
exception instances as an exc_info argument, in addition to boolean values and exception
tuples:

>>>
>>> import logging
>>> try:
... 1/0
... except ZeroDivisionError as ex:
... logging.error('exception', exc_info=ex)
ERROR:root:exception

(Contributed by Yury Selivanov in bpo-20537.)

The handlers.HTTPHandler class now accepts an optional ssl.SSLContext instance to

configure SSL settings used in an HTTP connection. (Contributed by Alex Gaynor in bpo-
22788.)

The handlers.QueueListener class now takes a respect_handler_level keyword argument

which, if set to True , will pass messages to handlers taking handler levels into account.
(Contributed by Vinay Sajip.)

lzma
The LZMADecompressor.decompress() method now accepts an optional max_length
argument to limit the maximum size of decompressed data. (Contributed by Martin Panter in
bpo-15955.)

math

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Two new constants have been added to the math module: inf and nan . (Contributed by Mark
Dickinson in bpo-23185.)

A new function isclose() provides a way to test for approximate equality. (Contributed by
Chris Barker and Tal Einat in bpo-24270.)

A new gcd() function has been added. The fractions.gcd() function is now deprecated.
(Contributed by Mark Dickinson and Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-22486.)

multiprocessing
sharedctypes.synchronized() objects now support the context manager protocol.
(Contributed by Charles-François Natali in bpo-21565.)

operator

attrgetter() , itemgetter() , and methodcaller() objects now support pickling.

(Contributed by Josh Rosenberg and Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-22955.)

New matmul() and imatmul() functions to perform matrix multiplication. (Contributed by

Benjamin Peterson in bpo-21176.)

os
The new scandir() function returning an iterator of DirEntry objects has been added. If
possible, scandir() extracts file attributes while scanning a directory, removing the need to
perform subsequent system calls to determine file type or attributes, which may significantly
improve performance. (Contributed by Ben Hoyt with the help of Victor Stinner in bpo-22524.)

On Windows, a new stat_result.st_file_attributes attribute is now available. It

corresponds to the dwFileAttributes member of the BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION
structure returned by GetFileInformationByHandle() . (Contributed by Ben Hoyt in bpo-
21719.)

The urandom() function now uses the getrandom() syscall on Linux 3.17 or newer, and
getentropy() on OpenBSD 5.6 and newer, removing the need to use /dev/urandom and
avoiding failures due to potential file descriptor exhaustion. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
bpo-22181.)

New get_blocking() and set_blocking() functions allow getting and setting a file
descriptor’s blocking mode ( O_NONBLOCK .) (Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-22054.)

The truncate() and ftruncate() functions are now supported on Windows. (Contributed by
Steve Dower in bpo-23668.)

There is a new os.path.commonpath() function returning the longest common sub-path of

each passed pathname. Unlike the os.path.commonprefix() function, it always returns a
valid path:

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>>>
>>> os.path.commonprefix(['/usr/lib', '/usr/local/lib'])
'/usr/l'

>>> os.path.commonpath(['/usr/lib', '/usr/local/lib'])

'/usr'

(Contributed by Rafik Draoui and Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-10395.)

pathlib
The new Path.samefile() method can be used to check whether the path points to the
same file as another path, which can be either another Path object, or a string:

>>>
>>> import pathlib
>>> p1 = pathlib.Path('/etc/hosts')
>>> p2 = pathlib.Path('/etc/../etc/hosts')
>>> p1.samefile(p2)
True

(Contributed by Vajrasky Kok and Antoine Pitrou in bpo-19775.)

The Path.mkdir() method now accepts a new optional exist_ok argument to match mkdir -
p and os.makedirs() functionality. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in bpo-21539.)

There is a new Path.expanduser() method to expand ~ and ~user prefixes. (Contributed by

Serhiy Storchaka and Claudiu Popa in bpo-19776.)

A new Path.home() class method can be used to get a Path instance representing the user’s
home directory. (Contributed by Victor Salgado and Mayank Tripathi in bpo-19777.)

New Path.write_text() , Path.read_text() , Path.write_bytes() , Path.read_bytes()

methods to simplify read/write operations on files.

The following code snippet will create or rewrite existing file ~/spam42 :

>>>
>>> import pathlib
>>> p = pathlib.Path('~/spam42')
>>> p.expanduser().write_text('ham')
3

(Contributed by Christopher Welborn in bpo-20218.)

pickle

Nested objects, such as unbound methods or nested classes, can now be pickled using pickle
protocols older than protocol version 4. Protocol version 4 already supports these cases.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-23611.)

poplib

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A new POP3.utf8() command enables RFC 6856 (Internationalized Email) support, if a POP
server supports it. (Contributed by Milan OberKirch in bpo-21804.)

re
References and conditional references to groups with fixed length are now allowed in
lookbehind assertions:

>>>
>>> import re
>>> pat = re.compile(r'(a|b).(?<=\1)c')
>>> pat.match('aac')
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 3), match='aac'>
>>> pat.match('bbc')
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 3), match='bbc'>

(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-9179.)

The number of capturing groups in regular expressions is no longer limited to 100.

(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-22437.)

The sub() and subn() functions now replace unmatched groups with empty strings instead
of raising an exception. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-1519638.)

The re.error exceptions have new attributes, msg , pattern , pos , lineno , and colno , that
provide better context information about the error:

>>>
>>> re.compile("""
... (?x)
... .++
... """)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
sre_constants.error: multiple repeat at position 16 (line 3, column 7)

(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-22578.)

readline

A new append_history_file() function can be used to append the specified number of

trailing elements in history to the given file. (Contributed by Bruno Cauet in bpo-22940.)

selectors
The new DevpollSelector supports efficient /dev/poll polling on Solaris. (Contributed by
Giampaolo Rodola’ in bpo-18931.)

shutil

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The move() function now accepts a copy_function argument, allowing, for example, the
copy() function to be used instead of the default copy2() if there is a need to ignore file
metadata when moving. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in bpo-19840.)

The make_archive() function now supports the xztar format. (Contributed by Serhiy
Storchaka in bpo-5411.)

signal
On Windows, the set_wakeup_fd() function now also supports socket handles. (Contributed
by Victor Stinner in bpo-22018.)

Various SIG* constants in the signal module have been converted into Enums . This allows
meaningful names to be printed during debugging, instead of integer “magic numbers”.
(Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola’ in bpo-21076.)

smtpd

Both the SMTPServer and SMTPChannel classes now accept a decode_data keyword
argument to determine if the DATA portion of the SMTP transaction is decoded using the
"utf-8" codec or is instead provided to the SMTPServer.process_message() method as a
byte string. The default is True for backward compatibility reasons, but will change to False
in Python 3.6. If decode_data is set to False , the process_message method must be
prepared to accept keyword arguments. (Contributed by Maciej Szulik in bpo-19662.)

The SMTPServer class now advertises the 8BITMIME extension (RFC 6152) if decode_data
has been set True . If the client specifies BODY=8BITMIME on the MAIL command, it is passed
to SMTPServer.process_message() via the mail_options keyword. (Contributed by Milan
Oberkirch and R. David Murray in bpo-21795.)

The SMTPServer class now also supports the SMTPUTF8 extension (RFC 6531:
Internationalized Email). If the client specified SMTPUTF8 BODY=8BITMIME on the MAIL
command, they are passed to SMTPServer.process_message() via the mail_options
keyword. It is the responsibility of the process_message method to correctly handle the
SMTPUTF8 data. (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch in bpo-21725.)

It is now possible to provide, directly or via name resolution, IPv6 addresses in the
SMTPServer constructor, and have it successfully connect. (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch in
bpo-14758.)

smtplib
A new SMTP.auth() method provides a convenient way to implement custom authentication
mechanisms. (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch in bpo-15014.)

The SMTP.set_debuglevel() method now accepts an additional debuglevel (2), which

enables timestamps in debug messages. (Contributed by Gavin Chappell and Maciej Szulik in
bpo-16914.)
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Both the SMTP.sendmail() and SMTP.send_message() methods now support RFC 6531
(SMTPUTF8). (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch and R. David Murray in bpo-22027.)

sndhdr
The what() and whathdr() functions now return a namedtuple() . (Contributed by Claudiu
Popa in bpo-18615.)

socket

Functions with timeouts now use a monotonic clock, instead of a system clock. (Contributed
by Victor Stinner in bpo-22043.)

A new socket.sendfile() method allows sending a file over a socket by using the high-
performance os.sendfile() function on UNIX, resulting in uploads being from 2 to 3 times
faster than when using plain socket.send() . (Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola’ in bpo-
17552.)

The socket.sendall() method no longer resets the socket timeout every time bytes are
received or sent. The socket timeout is now the maximum total duration to send all data.
(Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-23853.)

The backlog argument of the socket.listen() method is now optional. By default it is set to
SOMAXCONN or to 128 , whichever is less. (Contributed by Charles-François Natali in bpo-
21455.)

ssl
Memory BIO Support

(Contributed by Geert Jansen in bpo-21965.)

The new SSLObject class has been added to provide SSL protocol support for cases when
the network I/O capabilities of SSLSocket are not necessary or are suboptimal. SSLObject
represents an SSL protocol instance, but does not implement any network I/O methods, and
instead provides a memory buffer interface. The new MemoryBIO class can be used to pass
data between Python and an SSL protocol instance.

The memory BIO SSL support is primarily intended to be used in frameworks implementing
asynchronous I/O for which SSLSocket ’s readiness model (“select/poll”) is inefficient.

A new SSLContext.wrap_bio() method can be used to create a new SSLObject instance.

Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support

(Contributed by Benjamin Peterson in bpo-20188.)

Where OpenSSL support is present, the ssl module now implements the Application-Layer
Protocol Negotiation TLS extension as described in RFC 7301.
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The new SSLContext.set_alpn_protocols() can be used to specify which protocols a

socket should advertise during the TLS handshake.

The new SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol() returns the protocol that was selected

during the TLS handshake. The HAS_ALPN flag indicates whether ALPN support is present.

Other Changes

There is a new SSLSocket.version() method to query the actual protocol version in use.
(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-20421.)

The SSLSocket class now implements a SSLSocket.sendfile() method. (Contributed by

Giampaolo Rodola’ in bpo-17552.)

The SSLSocket.send() method now raises either the ssl.SSLWantReadError or

ssl.SSLWantWriteError exception on a non-blocking socket if the operation would block.
Previously, it would return 0 . (Contributed by Nikolaus Rath in bpo-20951.)

The cert_time_to_seconds() function now interprets the input time as UTC and not as local
time, per RFC 5280. Additionally, the return value is always an int . (Contributed by Akira Li in
bpo-19940.)

New SSLObject.shared_ciphers() and SSLSocket.shared_ciphers() methods return the

list of ciphers sent by the client during the handshake. (Contributed by Benjamin Peterson in
bpo-23186.)

The SSLSocket.do_handshake() , SSLSocket.read() , SSLSocket.shutdown() , and

SSLSocket.write() methods of the SSLSocket class no longer reset the socket timeout
every time bytes are received or sent. The socket timeout is now the maximum total duration
of the method. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-23853.)

The match_hostname() function now supports matching of IP addresses. (Contributed by

Antoine Pitrou in bpo-23239.)

sqlite3

The Row class now fully supports the sequence protocol, in particular reversed() iteration
and slice indexing. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in bpo-10203; by Lucas Sinclair, Jessica
McKellar, and Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-13583.)

subprocess
The new run() function has been added. It runs the specified command and returns a
CompletedProcess object, which describes a finished process. The new API is more
consistent and is the recommended approach to invoking subprocesses in Python code that
does not need to maintain compatibility with earlier Python versions. (Contributed by Thomas
Kluyver in bpo-23342.)

Examples:
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>>>
>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"]) # doesn't capture output
CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l'], returncode=0)

>>> subprocess.run("exit 1", shell=True, check=True)

Traceback (most recent call last):
...
subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'exit 1' returned non-zero exit status

>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)

CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l', '/dev/null'], returncode=0,
stdout=b'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Jan 23 16:23 /dev/null\n')

sys

A new set_coroutine_wrapper() function allows setting a global hook that will be called
whenever a coroutine object is created by an async def function. A corresponding
get_coroutine_wrapper() can be used to obtain a currently set wrapper. Both functions are
provisional, and are intended for debugging purposes only. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in
bpo-24017.)

A new is_finalizing() function can be used to check if the Python interpreter is shutting
down. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-22696.)

sysconfig
The name of the user scripts directory on Windows now includes the first two components of
the Python version. (Contributed by Paul Moore in bpo-23437.)

tarfile

The mode argument of the open() function now accepts "x" to request exclusive creation.
(Contributed by Berker Peksag in bpo-21717.)

The TarFile.extractall() and TarFile.extract() methods now take a keyword

argument numeric_owner. If set to True , the extracted files and directories will be owned by
the numeric uid and gid from the tarfile. If set to False (the default, and the behavior in
versions prior to 3.5), they will be owned by the named user and group in the tarfile.
(Contributed by Michael Vogt and Eric Smith in bpo-23193.)

The TarFile.list() now accepts an optional members keyword argument that can be set to
a subset of the list returned by TarFile.getmembers() . (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
bpo-21549.)

threading

Both the Lock.acquire() and RLock.acquire() methods now use a monotonic clock for
timeout management. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-22043.)

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time
The monotonic() function is now always available. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-
22043.)

timeit

A new command line option -u or --unit=U can be used to specify the time unit for the timer
output. Supported options are usec , msec , or sec . (Contributed by Julian Gindi in bpo-18983.)

The timeit() function has a new globals parameter for specifying the namespace in which
the code will be running. (Contributed by Ben Roberts in bpo-2527.)

tkinter
The tkinter._fix module used for setting up the Tcl/Tk environment on Windows has been
replaced by a private function in the _tkinter module which makes no permanent changes
to environment variables. (Contributed by Zachary Ware in bpo-20035.)

traceback

New walk_stack() and walk_tb() functions to conveniently traverse frame and traceback
objects. (Contributed by Robert Collins in bpo-17911.)

New lightweight classes: TracebackException , StackSummary , and FrameSummary .

(Contributed by Robert Collins in bpo-17911.)

Both the print_tb() and print_stack() functions now support negative values for the limit
argument. (Contributed by Dmitry Kazakov in bpo-22619.)

types

A new coroutine() function to transform generator and generator-like objects into

awaitables. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in bpo-24017.)

A new type called CoroutineType , which is used for coroutine objects created by async def
functions. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in bpo-24400.)

unicodedata

The unicodedata module now uses data from Unicode 8.0.0.

unittest

The TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule() method now accepts a keyword-only argument

pattern which is passed to load_tests as the third argument. Found packages are now

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checked for load_tests regardless of whether their path matches pattern, because it is
impossible for a package name to match the default pattern. (Contributed by Robert Collins
and Barry A. Warsaw in bpo-16662.)

Unittest discovery errors now are exposed in the TestLoader.errors attribute of the
TestLoader instance. (Contributed by Robert Collins in bpo-19746.)

A new command line option --locals to show local variables in tracebacks. (Contributed by
Robert Collins in bpo-22936.)

unittest.mock
The Mock class has the following improvements:

The class constructor has a new unsafe parameter, which causes mock objects to raise
AttributeError on attribute names starting with "assert" . (Contributed by Kushal
Das in bpo-21238.)
A new Mock.assert_not_called() method to check if the mock object was called.
(Contributed by Kushal Das in bpo-21262.)

The MagicMock class now supports __truediv__() , __divmod__() and __matmul__()

operators. (Contributed by Johannes Baiter in bpo-20968, and Håkan Lövdahl in bpo-23581
and bpo-23568.)

It is no longer necessary to explicitly pass create=True to the patch() function when

patching builtin names. (Contributed by Kushal Das in bpo-17660.)

urllib

A new request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth class allows HTTP Basic Authentication

credentials to be managed so as to eliminate unnecessary 401 response handling, or to
unconditionally send credentials on the first request in order to communicate with servers that
return a 404 response instead of a 401 if the Authorization header is not sent. (Contributed
by Matej Cepl in bpo-19494 and Akshit Khurana in bpo-7159.)

A new quote_via argument for the parse.urlencode() function provides a way to control the
encoding of query parts if needed. (Contributed by Samwyse and Arnon Yaari in bpo-13866.)

The request.urlopen() function accepts an ssl.SSLContext object as a context argument,

which will be used for the HTTPS connection. (Contributed by Alex Gaynor in bpo-22366.)

The parse.urljoin() was updated to use the RFC 3986 semantics for the resolution of
relative URLs, rather than RFC 1808 and RFC 2396. (Contributed by Demian Brecht and
Senthil Kumaran in bpo-22118.)

wsgiref
The headers argument of the headers.Headers class constructor is now optional.
(Contributed by Pablo Torres Navarrete and SilentGhost in bpo-5800.)
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xmlrpc
The client.ServerProxy class now supports the context manager protocol. (Contributed by
Claudiu Popa in bpo-20627.)

The client.ServerProxy constructor now accepts an optional ssl.SSLContext instance.

(Contributed by Alex Gaynor in bpo-22960.)

xml.sax

SAX parsers now support a character stream of the xmlreader.InputSource object.

(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-2175.)

parseString() now accepts a str instance. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-

10590.)

zipfile
ZIP output can now be written to unseekable streams. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
bpo-23252.)

The mode argument of ZipFile.open() method now accepts "x" to request exclusive
creation. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-21717.)

Other module-level changes

Many functions in the mmap , ossaudiodev , socket , ssl , and codecs modules now accept
writable bytes-like objects. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-23001.)

Optimizations
The os.walk() function has been sped up by 3 to 5 times on POSIX systems, and by 7 to 20
times on Windows. This was done using the new os.scandir() function, which exposes file
information from the underlying readdir or FindFirstFile / FindNextFile system calls.
(Contributed by Ben Hoyt with help from Victor Stinner in bpo-23605.)

Construction of bytes(int) (filled by zero bytes) is faster and uses less memory for large
objects. calloc() is used instead of malloc() to allocate memory for these objects.
(Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-21233.)

Some operations on ipaddress IPv4Network and IPv6Network have been massively sped
up, such as subnets() , supernet() , summarize_address_range() ,
collapse_addresses() . The speed up can range from 3 to 15 times. (Contributed by Antoine
Pitrou, Michel Albert, and Markus in bpo-21486, bpo-21487, bpo-20826, bpo-23266.)

Pickling of ipaddress objects was optimized to produce significantly smaller output.

(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-23133.)
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Many operations on io.BytesIO are now 50% to 100% faster. (Contributed by Serhiy
Storchaka in bpo-15381 and David Wilson in bpo-22003.)

The marshal.dumps() function is now faster: 65–85% with versions 3 and 4, 20–25% with
versions 0 to 2 on typical data, and up to 5 times in best cases. (Contributed by Serhiy
Storchaka in bpo-20416 and bpo-23344.)

The UTF-32 encoder is now 3 to 7 times faster. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-
15027.)

Regular expressions are now parsed up to 10% faster. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
bpo-19380.)

The json.dumps() function was optimized to run with ensure_ascii=False as fast as with
ensure_ascii=True . (Contributed by Naoki Inada in bpo-23206.)

The PyObject_IsInstance() and PyObject_IsSubclass() functions have been sped up in

the common case that the second argument has type as its metaclass. (Contributed Georg
Brandl by in bpo-22540.)

Method caching was slightly improved, yielding up to 5% performance improvement in some

benchmarks. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-22847.)

Objects from the random module now use 50% less memory on 64-bit builds. (Contributed by
Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-23488.)

The property() getter calls are up to 25% faster. (Contributed by Joe Jevnik in bpo-23910.)

Instantiation of fractions.Fraction is now up to 30% faster. (Contributed by Stefan Behnel

in bpo-22464.)

String methods find() , rfind() , split() , partition() and the in string operator are now
significantly faster for searching 1-character substrings. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
bpo-23573.)

Build and C API Changes

New calloc functions were added:

PyMem_RawCalloc() ,
PyMem_Calloc() ,
PyObject_Calloc() ,
_PyObject_GC_Calloc() .

(Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-21233.)

New encoding/decoding helper functions:

Py_DecodeLocale() (replaced _Py_char2wchar() ),

Py_EncodeLocale() (replaced _Py_wchar2char() ).

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(Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo-18395.)

A new PyCodec_NameReplaceErrors() function to replace the unicode encode error with

\N{...} escapes. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-19676.)

A new PyErr_FormatV() function similar to PyErr_Format() , but accepts a va_list

argument. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in bpo-18711.)

A new PyExc_RecursionError exception. (Contributed by Georg Brandl in bpo-19235.)

New PyModule_FromDefAndSpec() , PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2() , and

PyModule_ExecDef() functions introduced by PEP 489 – multi-phase extension module
initialization. (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in bpo-24268.)

New PyNumber_MatrixMultiply() and PyNumber_InPlaceMatrixMultiply() functions to

perform matrix multiplication. (Contributed by Benjamin Peterson in bpo-21176. See also PEP
465 for details.)

The PyTypeObject.tp_finalize slot is now part of the stable ABI.

Windows builds now require Microsoft Visual C++ 14.0, which is available as part of Visual
Studio 2015.

Extension modules now include a platform information tag in their filename on some platforms
(the tag is optional, and CPython will import extensions without it, although if the tag is
present and mismatched, the extension won’t be loaded):

On Linux, extension module filenames end with .cpython-<major><minor>m-

<architecture>-<os>.pyd :
<major> is the major number of the Python version; for Python 3.5 this is 3 .
<minor> is the minor number of the Python version; for Python 3.5 this is 5 .
<architecture> is the hardware architecture the extension module was built to
run on. It’s most commonly either i386 for 32-bit Intel platforms or x86_64 for 64-
bit Intel (and AMD) platforms.
<os> is always linux-gnu , except for extensions built to talk to the 32-bit ABI on
64-bit platforms, in which case it is linux-gnu32 (and <architecture> will be
x86_64 ).
On Windows, extension module filenames end with <debug>.cp<major><minor>-
<platform>.pyd :
<major> is the major number of the Python version; for Python 3.5 this is 3 .
<minor> is the minor number of the Python version; for Python 3.5 this is 5 .
<platform> is the platform the extension module was built for, either win32 for
Win32, win_amd64 for Win64, win_ia64 for Windows Itanium 64, and win_arm for
Windows on ARM.
If built in debug mode, <debug> will be _d , otherwise it will be blank.
On OS X platforms, extension module filenames now end with -darwin.so .
On all other platforms, extension module filenames are the same as they were with
Python 3.4.

Deprecated

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New Keywords
async and await are not recommended to be used as variable, class, function or module
names. Introduced by PEP 492 in Python 3.5, they will become proper keywords in Python
3.7.

Deprecated Python Behavior

Raising the StopIteration exception inside a generator will now generate a silent
PendingDeprecationWarning , which will become a non-silent deprecation warning in Python
3.6 and will trigger a RuntimeError in Python 3.7. See PEP 479: Change StopIteration
handling inside generators for details.

Unsupported Operating Systems

Windows XP is no longer supported by Microsoft, thus, per PEP 11, CPython 3.5 is no longer
officially supported on this OS.

Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods

The formatter module has now graduated to full deprecation and is still slated for removal in
Python 3.6.

The asyncio.async() function is deprecated in favor of ensure_future() .

The smtpd module has in the past always decoded the DATA portion of email messages
using the utf-8 codec. This can now be controlled by the new decode_data keyword to
SMTPServer . The default value is True , but this default is deprecated. Specify the
decode_data keyword with an appropriate value to avoid the deprecation warning.

Directly assigning values to the key , value and coded_value of http.cookies.Morsel

objects is deprecated. Use the set() method instead. In addition, the undocumented
LegalChars parameter of set() is deprecated, and is now ignored.

Passing a format string as keyword argument format_string to the format() method of the
string.Formatter class has been deprecated. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-
23671.)

The platform.dist() and platform.linux_distribution() functions are now deprecated.

Linux distributions use too many different ways of describing themselves, so the functionality
is left to a package. (Contributed by Vajrasky Kok and Berker Peksag in bpo-1322.)

The previously undocumented from_function and from_builtin methods of

inspect.Signature are deprecated. Use the new Signature.from_callable() method
instead. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in bpo-24248.)

The inspect.getargspec() function is deprecated and scheduled to be removed in Python

3.6. (See bpo-20438 for details.)
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The inspect getfullargspec() , getcallargs() , and formatargspec() functions are

deprecated in favor of the inspect.signature() API. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in bpo-
20438.)

getargvalues() and formatargvalues() functions were inadvertently marked as

deprecated with the release of Python 3.5.0.

Use of re.LOCALE flag with str patterns or re.ASCII is now deprecated. (Contributed by
Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-22407.)

Use of unrecognized special sequences consisting of '\' and an ASCII letter in regular
expression patterns and replacement patterns now raises a deprecation warning and will be
forbidden in Python 3.6. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-23622.)

The undocumented and unofficial use_load_tests default argument of the

unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule() method now is deprecated and ignored.
(Contributed by Robert Collins and Barry A. Warsaw in bpo-16662.)

Removed
API and Feature Removals

The following obsolete and previously deprecated APIs and features have been removed:

The __version__ attribute has been dropped from the email package. The email code
hasn’t been shipped separately from the stdlib for a long time, and the __version__
string was not updated in the last few releases.
The internal Netrc class in the ftplib module was deprecated in 3.4, and has now
been removed. (Contributed by Matt Chaput in bpo-6623.)
The concept of .pyo files has been removed.
The JoinableQueue class in the provisional asyncio module was deprecated in 3.4.4
and is now removed. (Contributed by A. Jesse Jiryu Davis in bpo-23464.)

Porting to Python 3.5

This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes that may require changes
to your code.

Changes in Python behavior

Due to an oversight, earlier Python versions erroneously accepted the following syntax:

f(1 for x in [1], *args)

f(1 for x in [1], **kwargs)

Python 3.5 now correctly raises a SyntaxError , as generator expressions must be put
in parentheses if not a sole argument to a function.

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Changes in the Python API

PEP 475: System calls are now retried when interrupted by a signal instead of raising
InterruptedError if the Python signal handler does not raise an exception.
Before Python 3.5, a datetime.time object was considered to be false if it represented
midnight in UTC. This behavior was considered obscure and error-prone and has been
removed in Python 3.5. See bpo-13936 for full details.
The ssl.SSLSocket.send() method now raises either ssl.SSLWantReadError or
ssl.SSLWantWriteError on a non-blocking socket if the operation would block.
Previously, it would return 0 . (Contributed by Nikolaus Rath in bpo-20951.)
The __name__ attribute of generators is now set from the function name, instead of
being set from the code name. Use gen.gi_code.co_name to retrieve the code name.
Generators also have a new __qualname__ attribute, the qualified name, which is now
used for the representation of a generator ( repr(gen) ). (Contributed by Victor Stinner in
bpo-21205.)
The deprecated “strict” mode and argument of HTMLParser , HTMLParser.error() , and
the HTMLParserError exception have been removed. (Contributed by Ezio Melotti in
bpo-15114.) The convert_charrefs argument of HTMLParser is now True by default.
(Contributed by Berker Peksag in bpo-21047.)
Although it is not formally part of the API, it is worth noting for porting purposes (ie: fixing
tests) that error messages that were previously of the form “‘sometype’ does not support
the buffer protocol” are now of the form “a bytes-like object is required, not ‘sometype’”.
(Contributed by Ezio Melotti in bpo-16518.)
If the current directory is set to a directory that no longer exists then
FileNotFoundError will no longer be raised and instead find_spec() will return None
without caching None in sys.path_importer_cache , which is different than the typical
case (bpo-22834).
HTTP status code and messages from http.client and http.server were refactored
into a common HTTPStatus enum. The values in http.client and http.server
remain available for backwards compatibility. (Contributed by Demian Brecht in bpo-
21793.)
When an import loader defines importlib.machinery.Loader.exec_module() it is
now expected to also define create_module() (raises a DeprecationWarning now, will
be an error in Python 3.6). If the loader inherits from importlib.abc.Loader then there
is nothing to do, else simply define create_module() to return None . (Contributed by
Brett Cannon in bpo-23014.)
The re.split() function always ignored empty pattern matches, so the "x*" pattern
worked the same as "x+" , and the "\b" pattern never worked. Now re.split() raises
a warning if the pattern could match an empty string. For compatibility, use patterns that
never match an empty string (e.g. "x+" instead of "x*" ). Patterns that could only match
an empty string (such as "\b" ) now raise an error. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in
bpo-22818.)
The http.cookies.Morsel dict-like interface has been made self consistent: morsel
comparison now takes the key and value into account, copy() now results in a Morsel
instance rather than a dict , and update() will now raise an exception if any of the keys
in the update dictionary are invalid. In addition, the undocumented LegalChars
parameter of set() is deprecated and is now ignored. (Contributed by Demian Brecht in
bpo-2211.)
PEP 488 has removed .pyo files from Python and introduced the optional opt- tag in
.pyc file names. The importlib.util.cache_from_source() has gained an
optimization parameter to help control the opt- tag. Because of this, the
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debug_override parameter of the function is now deprecated. .pyo files are also no
longer supported as a file argument to the Python interpreter and thus serve no purpose
when distributed on their own (i.e. sourcless code distribution). Due to the fact that the
magic number for bytecode has changed in Python 3.5, all old .pyo files from previous
versions of Python are invalid regardless of this PEP.
The socket module now exports the CAN_RAW_FD_FRAMES constant on linux 3.6 and
greater.
The ssl.cert_time_to_seconds() function now interprets the input time as UTC and
not as local time, per RFC 5280. Additionally, the return value is always an int .
(Contributed by Akira Li in bpo-19940.)
The pygettext.py Tool now uses the standard +NNNN format for timezones in the
POT-Creation-Date header.
The smtplib module now uses sys.stderr instead of the previous module-level
stderr variable for debug output. If your (test) program depends on patching the
module-level variable to capture the debug output, you will need to update it to capture
sys.stderr instead.
The str.startswith() and str.endswith() methods no longer return True when
finding the empty string and the indexes are completely out of range. (Contributed by
Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-24284.)
The inspect.getdoc() function now returns documentation strings inherited from base
classes. Documentation strings no longer need to be duplicated if the inherited
documentation is appropriate. To suppress an inherited string, an empty string must be
specified (or the documentation may be filled in). This change affects the output of the
pydoc module and the help() function. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-
15582.)
Nested functools.partial() calls are now flattened. If you were relying on the
previous behavior, you can now either add an attribute to a functools.partial()
object or you can create a subclass of functools.partial() . (Contributed by
Alexander Belopolsky in bpo-7830.)

Changes in the C API

The undocumented format member of the (non-public) PyMemoryViewObject structure
has been removed. All extensions relying on the relevant parts in memoryobject.h must
be rebuilt.
The PyMemAllocator structure was renamed to PyMemAllocatorEx and a new calloc
field was added.
Removed non-documented macro PyObject_REPR which leaked references. Use format
character %R in PyUnicode_FromFormat() -like functions to format the repr() of the
object. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-22453.)
Because the lack of the __module__ attribute breaks pickling and introspection, a
deprecation warning is now raised for builtin types without the __module__ attribute.
This would be an AttributeError in the future. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-
20204.)
As part of the PEP 492 implementation, the tp_reserved slot of PyTypeObject was
replaced with a tp_as_async slot. Refer to Coroutine Objects for new types, structures
and functions.

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