Computer

&
Network Forensics
(18 August, 2002)

May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 1

 Be Proactive - Defense in-
Depth
Implement Risk Management.
Protect Individual Host.
Protect Network
Review/Create Policies and Procedures.
Develop Acceptable Use Policies.
Establish an Incident Response Team.
Identify a Forensics Team
Create a Forensics Toolkit.
Conduct Training
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 Forensic Guidelines

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 Investigative Thoughts
Forensics, whether network or computer, involves the
preservation, identification, extraction, documentation and
interpretation of network or computer data.
Every investigation should be treated as if it will end in court.
The goals of Forensics analysis are to:
Determine what happened
The extent of the problem
Determine who was responsible
It is used by both
Internal investigators of Private organization and
Law Enforcement when computers are involved in
illegal activity.

May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 4

 Investigative Thoughts

Acquire the evidence without altering or damaging the

original.
Acquiring the data
Opt 1- Perform the analysis on a live system?
Utilities have most likely been modified by intruder.
Least defensible in court.
Opt 2 - Examine a forensic copy of the original
data.
Most defensible in court
Opt 3 - Pull the plug.
Damage is in progress.
May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 5
 Investigative Thoughts
Handling the Evidence.
Maintain a Chain of custody: Evidence form and locker.
Who, How and Why was it collected..
Who took possession of it?
How was it stored and protected.
Who and why was it taken out of storage?
Collect everything.
ISP normally maintain logs for about 30 days.
Assign an evidence custodian.
Work in pairs.
Identify and label everything.
Case number, description, signature, date and time.
Photograph/video tape the crime scene.
May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 6
 Investigative Thoughts

Handling the Evidence Contd.

Evidence Transportation
Static free,Bubble wrap.
Signature across the seal.
Evidence Storage.
Evidence Locker.
Evidence log.
Primary and Alternate custodian.

http://www.cybercrime.gov/searchmanual.pdf

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 Investigative Thoughts
Documenting the Investigation.
Work in Pairs.
Investigator.
Documenter.
Documentation includes.
Software used and Version Numbers.
Collection tools.
Methods used.
Explanation of why this analysis.
NOTE: The case may not go to court for 1-2
years.
May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 8
 Investigative Thoughts

Authenticate your recovered evidence.

Create an Electronic Hash of all electronic
evidence.
MD5SUM, SHA or Tripwire.
Analyze the data without modifying it.
Make two backups of the original data.
Perform a bit by bit (bit stream) backup.
Create a hash of each backup prior to analysis.

May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 9

 Investigative Thoughts
Examination
Start a script with time, name and date.
Examine the partition and directories on the hard
drive.
Use the Hex editor to view suspect areas.
Search for terms related to case.
Retrieve deleted files.
Check unallocated and slack space.
If evidence is found specify the cylinder, head and
sector.
May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 10
 Investigative Thoughts
Court Presentation.
The Discovery process
Checklists, notes, comments, email, etc.
Chain of Custody
Business Attire.
Respect he Judge.
Be honest.
Ask for questions to be repeated.
Give your attorney a chance to object.
Review your notes before court
Always use your notes to answer questions.
NOTE: A lawyer will not ask a question if he does not already
know the answer.
May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 11
 Investigative Thoughts

Final Thoughts on Evidence.

The majority of computer security incidents do not
become civil or criminal cases
Most of them are handled administratively.
The majority of those cases that do become a legal
case never go to court.
Most are plea bargained.
You must proceed as it if will go to court.

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 Tool Kits

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 Hardware Toolkit -
Example
High-End Processor - 1 Ghz Plus
512 MB Ram Plus
Large Capacity IDE Drives - 50 GB Plus
Large Capacity SCSI drives - 50 GB Plus
40x CD-RW Drive
8-mm Exabyte Tape - 20 GB Plus
Zip 250 MB Drives
10/100 NIC - Promiscuous Mode
Removable metal drives
Printer http://www.forensic-computers.com/main.htm
http://www.cftco.com//
http://www.exabyte.com/
May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 14
 Supplies - Examples
Power Extension cords
Power strips
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS))
Cds and Labels
Zip Media
Permanent Markers
Folders/labels for evidence.
Digital Camera
Toolkit
Lockable Storage Cabinet
Printer Paper
Burn Bags
May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 15
 Software Toolkit - Examples
All utilities should have trusted Binaries.
Various commands can be trojaned.
Each machine should have dual-boot multiple OSs.
Win 98, 2000, linux.
Drive Imaging Tools
Safeback - http://www.forensics-intl.com/safeback.html
EnCase - http://www.guidancesoftware.com/html/forensic_software.html
DiskPro - http://www.e-mart.com/www/index.html
SnapBack - http://www.snapback.com/
Ghost - http://www.symantec.com
dd - Standard Unix drive imaging utility.

May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 16

 Software Toolkit - Examples Contd
Viewers
Quickview Plus - http://www.jasc.com/
Conversion Plus - http://www.dataviz.com
ThumbsPlus - http://www.cerious.com/thumbsplus.shtml

CD-R Utilities
CD-R Diagnostics - http://www.cdrom-prod.com/public.html
Text Searches
dtsearch - http://www.dtsearch.com

Disk Wiping
DiskScrub - http://forensics-intl.com/thetools.html
May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 17
 Software Toolkit - Examples Contd

Forensic Programs
Forensic Toolkit -
http://www.foundstone.com/rdlabs/tools.php
The Coroner's Toolkit (TCT) -
http://www.fish.com/tct/
ForensiX -
http://www.all.net/
New Technologies Inc (NTI) -
http://forensics-intl.com/thetools.html

May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 18

 Computer Forensics

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 Computer Forensics

Computer Forensics Principles.

P1: Preserve the evidence in an unchanged state.

P2: Thoroughly and completely document the
Investigative Process.

Instructor Recommendation: Handle the corporate

investigation as if Law enforcement will be called in and the
attackers will be prosecuted.

May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 20

 Computer Forensics Definitions
Evidence Media: The original media to be investigated whether subject
or victim.
Target Media: A forensic duplicate of the evidence media. The forensic
evidence transferred to the target media.
Restored Image: A copy of the forensic image restored to its bootable
form.
Native Operating System: The OS utilized when the evidence media or
forensic duplicate is booted for analysis.
Live Analysis: A analysis conducted on the original evidence media.
Offline Analysis: Analysis conducted on the Forensic Image.
Trace Evidence: Fragments of information from the free space, etc.

May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 21

 Best Evidence Rule
Common Mistakes include:
Altering time and date stamps.
Killing rogue processes.
Patching the system before the investigation.
Not recording commands executed on the system.
Using untrusted commands and binaries.
Writing over potential evidence by:
Installing software on the evidence media
Running programs that store their output on the evidence
media.

May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 22

 Evidence Chain of Custody
The prosecution is responsible for proving that which is
presented in court is that which was originally collected.
An Evidence Chain of Custody must be maintained.
Create an Evidence Tag at the time of evidence collection.
A designated Evidence Custodian with a Laptop to generate
the Evidence Tags.
Date and Time
Case Number
Evidence Tag number
Evidence Description
Individual receiving the evidence and Date
Each time the evidence moves from one person to another or
from one media to another must be recorded.
May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 23
 Typical Evidence
Tag
5/30/2002 AZ3456 AB29-5-30-02 Rm 138B, Woodbridge 29
5/30/2002 Apt 24, South Complex, Woodbridge, Va

A Toshiba hard drive, serial number

1234 manufactured on 01/03/00.

Bill Drake, #8967 Jerry Oney, #1234

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 Typical Chain of
Custody

Jerry Oney #1234 5/30/2002 Analysis Johnny Dollar #5678

5/30/2002

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 Preparation
Tool Preparation
Use Command line and not GUI tools
Maintain the tools on both a Read Only CD and/or Write
protected floppies.
Check the file access of each tool prior to use.
Checksum each tool in the toolkit.
Evidence gathered by the tools should be burned to a CD
or to a write protected floppy.
Chain of custody tags should be completed for each CD or
floppy.

May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 26

 Thoughts Contd

Determine whether or not an unlawful, unauthorized or

unacceptable activity has occurred.
Don't destroy or alter any evidence.
Initial Response toolkit of trusted utilities.
Initial Response Script.
Run md5sum against all collected volatile data.
Create a log of all actions taken during the initial
response.

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 Uni
x

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 Unix Tools
System commands are trojaned by Hackers in order
to hide their activities.
The Investigator needs his own command toolkit.
Every variation of Unix requires a unique toolkit.
May version of programs are not backward or forward
compatible.

All tools musts be compiled with the -static option.

Not dependent upon any system shared libraries.
Trusted, independent binaries.
http://www.incident.response.org
May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 29
 Unix Trusted Binaries

ls dd des file pkginfo

find icat lsof md5sum netcat/cryptcat
netstat pcat perl ps strace
strings truss df vi cat
more gzip last w rm
script bash modinfo lsmod ifconfig

May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 30

 Most Common Unix Utilities
Name Description
w,who Shows current logins
ps Process status. Displays a lit of all running processes with
details about their context and state.
top Real-time display of most CPU-intensive processes.
A useful tool to when the system is running slowly.
lsof List Open Files. Provides a list of all current open files
and the processes that have opened them.
fuser File User. Identifies which processes are using a
specific file or network Socket.
strace System trace Call. Lists all system calls being made
by all running processes.
truss,ktrace Earlier versions of system call trace.
ltrace Library routine trace.
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 Suggested NT Tools

Norton Ghost Creates a Forensic duplicate.

windump Capture Network traffic.
Nmapnt Scan ports and services on local/remote hosts.
L0pht's Antisniff Detects Sniffers.
L0phtcrack NT Password Cracking utility.
pwdump Dump password hashes.
Netcat "TCP/IP Swiss Army Knife".
DumpSec Produces a list of shares.
NTFS DOS Mount an NTFS files system fro DOS prompt.
PGP Securing disks or files.

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 Suggested NT Utilities

cmd.exe Command prompt for NT and 2000.

loggedon Shows all users connected locally and remotely.
rasusers Shows which users have remote access privileges.
netstat Enumerates all listening ports and all current
connection to those ports.
fport Enumerates all process that opened any
TCP/IP ports.
pslist Enumerates all running processes on the
system.
listdlls Lists all running processes, their command-line
arguments and their dynamic linked libraries
(DLL).

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 Suggested NT Utilities Contd
nbtstat lists most recent NetBios connections.
arp Shows most recent MAC addresses used by the
system.
kill A command to terminate a process.
md5sum Creates md5 file hashes.
rmtshare Displays shares on a remote machine.
cryptcat Transfers encrypted data between target and
forensics system.
doskey Displays the command history on the target
system.

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 Recovering
Unix Volatile Data

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 Volatile Data

Capture volatile data before it is lost.

System date and time.
Currently running processes.
Currently open sockets.
Applications listening on open ports.
Users currently logged on.
Systems with recent connections.

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 Volatile Data
Volatile Data reflects the current, active
information reflecting the machines current
operating state.
It includes:
Open sockets.
Running Processes.
Contents of system Ram.
Unlinked files (files marked for deletion when
powered off).
Unix allows the hacker to delete a file after they have
started it running.
That is, the program is running but the file has been
deleted from the hard drive.
May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 37
 Order of Volatility

CPU Storage: As short as a Single clock cycle.

System Storage: Until host is shut down.
Kernel Tables: Until host is shut down.
Fixed Media: Until overwritten or erased.
Removable Media: Until overwritten or erased
Paper Printouts: Until Physically destroyed

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 Order of Volatility
Contd
Registers Minimal Utility
Caches Captured as part of system memory
Volatile Ram Current screen capture
Static Ram Includes information on all running processes.
Network state Examine network activity and for backdoors.
Running Processes Examine for authorized activity.
Swap Space Swapped kernel data.
Queue Directories Information on running processes, incomplete
activities, outgoing mail and print jobs.
Temp Directories /tmp or /usr/tmp serves as a scratch pad and
working directory for system.
Log Directories Used for reconstructing events

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 Recovery Guidelines
Command lines tools are best.
Use tools you know work. Safe, tested, trusted
binaries.
Volatile Tools should be on write protected
floppies or CD.
Run your tools from the floppy or CD.
Create a checksum of each tool and store it on
the toolkit.

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 Recovering Volatile Data
A Trusted Shell.
Log onto the local console with root privilege in
order to prevent network traffic from being generated.
Go to a Command Line Interface (CLI) and mount
the floppy or CD containing your tools.
Execute a trusted command shell from your CD or
floppy.
Sometimes Hackers will trojan shells.
Set the PATH variable to dot (.) in order to reduce the
likelihood of executing untrusted commands.
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 Documentatio
n
Investigative Documentation
Use the script command to send the investigative output to both
the screen and a specified file.
# script > script.txt Put everything into the script.txt file
# date 1st put in the date and time
# uname -a 2nd put in the host name
Mount the tool CD and set the path variable so that the CD is the
only thing in your path.
# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom Mount the CD.
# path=/mnt/cdrom Set the PATH variable.
# echo $PATH Verify the PATH
/mnt/cdrom Path verified.
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 The Who Command
Determine who is logged onto the system with the w (what)
command.

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 The PS Command
Determine the running processes with the ps (process status)
command.

Start Field
for
time
correlation

Look for unusual processes.

If unusual process are present then execute netstat.
To detect any IP addresses.

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 The netstat Command
Determine the open ports with the netstat (network
statistics) command.

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 The lsof
Command
Map the open port to the running process by employing
the lsof (list open files)command.

Look for large, unidentified files.

Unusual processes.

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 The ifconfig
Command
Determine the status of the NIC with the ifconfig
command.

The NIC is in the promiscuous mode which

may indicateinstalled.
that a sniffer has been

Look for sniffers.

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 Collecting Data
time/date
who
Forensics Station Target Station
ps
netstat -an
lsof
arp
ifconfig
ls
time/date
Employ netcat to move volatile data from the target to the forensics
machine.
Cryptcat can be employed to move data across an insecure link.
Run md5sum against the output file with a witness.
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 Using Netcat contd
Forensics Station Target Station

netcat data

Step 1. Start the Forensics Station Netcat program listening on port 10,005.
# nc -1 - p 10005 > suspect.netstatus.txt

Step 2. On the Target Station Netcat data to the Forensics station.

# (data; netstat -p; netstat -rn; arp -v) | nc 192.168.0.2 10005 -w 3
Perform an md5sum on the data after receipt.
-p will associate the process with a specific network
connection.
-rn displays the routing table.
-v displays information in a verbose mode.

May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 49

 Using Netcat
Forensics Station Target Station

netcat passwd file

Step 1. Start the Forensics Station Netcat program listening on port 10,000
nc -1 - p 10000 >
tmp/nc.suspect.passwd_file
Step 2. On the Target Station Netcat data to the Forensics station.
cat /etc/passwd /etc/shadow | nc 192.168.0.2 10000 -w 3
Perform an md5sum on the data after receipt.

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 Volatile Data
Problems
Intruder Presence.
Hacker Booby Traps.
Impact on continued operations.
Involvement of law Enforcement.

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 Online
Unix Analysis

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 Online Unix Analysis

Data retrieved from a host that must remain on-line.

Generally not defensible.

Can be used to prove an allegation.

Data to be retrieved.
Time/date of the files.
System Logs
Configuration files.
System Ram.

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 Online Unix Analysis

Data retrieval tools.

dd - Data Dumper. A Unix utility that can be used to create a
forensic copy.

cat - display files.

netcat - Creates a communication channel between two
different systems.

des - Data Encryption Standard used to encrypt data.

cryptcat - Same as netcat but the data transfer is encrypted.

May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 54

 File Time and Dates

Retrieve all time/date stamps of the file system

Use a trusted ls binary utility to obtain the access,

modification and creation times of each file.
Save the output to a trusted floppy.

ls -alRu > /floppy/access

ls -alRc >/floppy/modifications
ls -alR > /floppy/creation

May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 55

 Important Log Files

utmp Keeps track of who is logged onto the

system. Accessed via the w utility.
wtmp Keeps track of logins and logouts.
Accessed via the last utility.
lastlog The last time each user logged onto the system.
Accessed via the lastlog utility.

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 Using Netcat to Copy a Log File
Forensics Station Target Station

netcat Log file

Step 1. Start the Forensics Station Netcat program listening on port 2222.
nc -1 - p 2222 | des -d -c -k password |dd of = messages md5sum
messages
Step 2. On the Target Station Netcat log file to the Forensics station.
dd if =/var/log/messages | des -e -c -k password | nc 192.168.0.2 2222 -w 3

if is the input file

of is the output file
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 Important Configuration Files
/etc/passwd Password file. Look for unauthorized user accounts and privileges.
/etc/shadow Encrypted password file. Every account should require password
authentication.
/etc/groups The group to which each individual belongs. Look for privilege
escalation and access scope.
/etc/hosts Matches host name to IP addresses. List the local entries.
/etc/hosts.equiv Contains a list of trusted hosts. review the trust relationship.
~/.rhosts Trusted hosts applicable only to a particular user. Review the user-
based trusted relationship.
/etc/allow TCPWrapper Allow rules
/etc/deny TCPWrapper deny rules
/etc/rc Start up files
crontab files A list of scheduled events
/etc/inetd.conf List of services that are listened for.

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 Important Memory

/proc/kmem Contains the contents of system

RAM. It is used for string searches

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 Using Netcat to Copy Memory

Forensics Station Target Station

netcat Memory
file

Step 1. Start the Forensics Station Netcat program listening on port 2222.
nc -1 - p 2222 > suspect.mem.images&

Step 2. On the Target Station Netcat log file to the Forensics station.
dd bs=1024 < /proc/kmem | nc 192.168.0.2 2222 -w 3
bs is the block transfer size

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 Offline Analysis

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 Forensic Thoughts

If the network is in danger then unplug the machine from

the network.
Collect the volatile date.
If the system needs to remain on-line then
Collect on-line data
If the incident represents no current threat then
Collect the volatile data.
Power the machine down.
Create two forensic copies of the disk image.

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 The Best Evidence Rule
Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE).
"to prove the content of a writing, recording, or photograph,
the original writing, recording or photograph is required,
except as otherwise provided in these rules or by Act of
Congress."
FRE 1001(3) is an exception
"...if data are stored on a computer or similar device, any
printout or other output readable by sight, shown to reflect
the data accurately, is an 'Original."
This allows forensic analysts to create an accurate
representation of the original data that may be introduced as
evidence.
May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 63
 BIOS Review
Review the Target Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
before beginning a duplication to determine:
Basic geometry of the hard drive on the target System.
Document the hard drive settings to include maximum
capacity, cylinders, heads, and sectors.
For proper recovery by the original OS the partitions should
be aligned on the cylinder boundaries.
Determine the Boot Sequence on the target System.
Floppy drives.
CD-Rom
Hard Drive.
PCMCIA Card.
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 Forensic Duplication
Three Forensic Duplication Approaches.
Opt 1 - Remove the storage media and connect it to a
Forensics Workstation.
Document the system details to include serial number,
jumper settings, visible damage, etc.
Remove media from the target system and connect it to the
Forensics workstation.
Image the media using Safeback, the Unix dd utility or
EnCase.
Forensics Workstations http://www.computer-forensics.com/
Safeback http://www.forensics-intl.com/safeback.html
EnCase http://www.guidancesoftware.com/
DiskPro http://www.e-mart.com/www/cnr.html
May 2002 Copyright 2002 All Rights Reserved 65
 Forensic Duplication Contd
Three Forensic Duplication Approaches Contd.
Opt 2 - Attach a hard drive to the Target Computer.
Make sure the target computer works as expected.
Opt 3 - Image the storage media by transmitting the
disk image over a closed network to the
Forensics Workstation.
Establish a point-to-point interface from the evidence
system to the forensics workstation using an Ethernet Switch
of Ethernet cross-connect cable.
The netcat utility seems to be the best for this option.
Perform MD5 computation on both the original and target
system.
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 Looking for Evidence
- Windows NT/2000-

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 Where to Look for Evidence

Volatile Data Swap File

Slack Space History File
Free Space Browser Cache
Damaged Clusters Temporary Files
Event Logs Recycle bin
Security Logs Printer Spool
Application Logs EMail
Registry Logical files

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 Accessing the system
Accessing the operating system if the password is unknown.
Opt 1
Boot the system to DOS with a Floppy.
Mount the NTFS DOS and copy the SAM database to a
floppy.
Use L0ptcract to crack the password hashes.
Opt 2
Boot the system to DOS.
Delete the SAM file.
Opt 3
Access the registry and circumvent the normal
authentication process.

May 2002 Copyright 2001 All Rights Reserved 69

 Preparation
The forensic image should be mounted in a read-only
mode. View the partition(s) and its content with
NTFSDOS http://www.sysinternals.com.
Linux http://www.linux.org/
VMware http://www.vmware.com
ptable http://www.forensics-intl.com/
Crack the password in the SAM
John the Ripper http://www.openwall.com/john/
L0phtcrack http://www.atstake.com.
chntpw http://home.eunet.no/~pnordahl/ntpasswd
Access Data http://www.accessdata.com/
Passware Kit http://www.lostpassword.com

May 2002 Copyright 2001 All Rights Reserved 70

 Forensic Analysis
Physical Analysis. Performed on the forensic Image.
Perform a String Search.
String Search http://www.maresware.com/maresware/forensic1.htm
DS2 http://www.forensics-intl.com/
dtsearch http://www.forensics-intl.com/
Perform a Search and Extract.
Looks for file types.
File Formats http://www.wotsit.org/
Extract File slack and/Free Space.
Free Space: Hard Drive space not allocated to a file and
deleted file fragments.
Slack Space: Space left when a minimum block size is not
filled by a write operation.
NTI Tool Suite http://www.forensics-intl.com/
May 2002 Copyright 2001 All Rights Reserved 71
 Forensic Analysis Contd
Logical Analysis.
A partition by partition analysis of each file.
A typical process includes:
Mount each partition in Read-Only mode under Linux.
Export the partition via SAMBA to the Forensics System.
Examine each file with the appropriate file viewer.
Quick View Plus http://www.jasc.com/product.asp?pf_id=006
HandyVue http://shop.store.yahoo.com/repc/handyvue.html
Typical Lists created:
Web Sites
E-mail addresses
Specific Key words, etc
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 Forensic Analysis Contd

Hidden Data.
Files
NTFS streams.
Rename
Attribute change
Extension change
Slack Space - The data between the end of the data and the end
of the block.
Swap File - A hidden window file, pagefile.sys, used by virtual
memory.
Unallocated clusters - Blocks not currently used by a file.
Unused partitions - Space allocated and formatted but does not
appear to contain data.
Hidden files/partitions - Hidden space that might contains unallocated
space used to deliberately hide data.
May 2002 Copyright 2001 All Rights Reserved 73
 Forensic Analysis Contd
Log Analysis.
Employ Dumpel to dump the System Log, Application Log and
Security Log.
Import into Excel and analyze.
Dumpel from the NT Resource Kit (NTRK)
Recovering Deleted files and Data
Undeleting Files
File Scavenger http://www.quetek.com/prod01.htm
Disk Search Pro http://www.forensics-intl.com/dspro.html
Recycle Bin
Temporary Files
Backups

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 Forensic Analysis Contd

Registry Review.
Employ regedit to identify previously installed software and
applications such as steganography tools, sniffer tools,
l0phtcrack, etc.
Look in:
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT
HKEY_CURRENT_USER
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
HKEY_USERS
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG

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 Forensic Analysis Contd

Swap Files.
Swap files are hidden system files used as virtual memory
when there is insufficient RAM.
Employ dir /ah or the Windows Explorer >Tools>Folder
Options>Show Hidden Files.
Broken Links
Links associate desktop shortcuts or Start menu with an
application or document.
chklnks.exe from NTRK displays broken links.

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 Forensic Analysis Contd

Also look at these areas.

Web Browser files?
Unauthorized User Accounts?
Unauthorized Processes?
Hidden Files?
Unauthorized access points?
Patch Level?
Administrative shares?
Scheduler Service?

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 Forensic Analysis Contd

Unexpected Employee Departure

Examine the scroll box in the Find dialog box.
Examine the Recycle Bin.
Examine the files accessed in the last days before
departure
afind http://www.foundstone.com
Examine the most recently used files.
String search the hard drive for:
Project codes
Customers, etc
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 Common Forensics Mistakes

Failure to Maintain thorough, complete documentation.

Failure to control access to digital information.
Underestimate the scope of the incident.,
Failure to report the incident in a timely manner.
Failure to provide accurate information.
No incident response plan.

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 Network Forensics

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 Definitions
Sniffer: Hardware or software that passively intercepts packets as
they traverse the network. Other name include Protocol Analyzer and
Network Monitor.
Silent Sniffers will not respond to any received packets.
Illegal Sniffers violate 18 USC 2511 dealing with wiretaps.
Promiscuous Mode. A sniffer operates in a mode that intercepts all
packets flowing across the network.
A normal NIC only intercepts packets packets addressed only to
its IP address and Broadcasts address.
Transactional (Noncontent) information consists only of header
information. For example, IP, TCP or UDP headers.
Same as a Law Enforcement Trap and Trace or Pen Register.
Content Information consists of not only the headers but also part or
all of the encapsulated data.

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 Network Forensics Data

Network data can come from:

Routers, Firewalls, Servers, IDS, DHCP Servers, etc.
These logs may have different formats, be difficult to find,
difficult to correlate and have a broken chain of custody.
Chain of Custody
Strictly controlled network monitoring can maintain a
proper chain of custody.
Electronic evidence requires tighter control than most
other types of evidence because it can be easily altered.
A broken chain goes to weight and not admissibility.

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 Chain of Custody
Network data Chain of Custody should include:
Date and time Recorded.
Make, model, serial number and description of recording
device.
Names of individual recording or the name of individuals
recovering the logs.
Description of the logs.
Name, Signature and date of individual receiving the data.
Evidence Tag for this item.
Hash value (MD5) of each log file.

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 Network Monitoring

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 Monitoring The Network
What are the Network Monitoring goals?
Monitor traffic to and from a Host?
Monitor traffic to and from a Network?
Monitor a specific person?
Verify an Intrusion Attempt?
Monitor attack signatures?
Monitor a specific protocol?
Monitor a specific port?
Check with corporate legal counsel prior to starting
the monitor.

Instructor's Note: Make sure the corporate policy supports

the type monitoring to be performed - non-content or content!
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 Monitoring The Network Contd
Network Monitoring Hardware.
A Portable laptop
512 MB Ram
40 +GB
External Zip drive
Network Monitoring Software.
NetBSD is reputedly the best..
A Silent Sniffer that speaks only TCP/IP with ARP disabled.
Employ VLAN with SSH or a Dial-back modem for Remote
Administration.

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 Monitoring The Network Contd
Possible Network Monitors.
tiptop, Ethereal and Snort.
Snoop, iptrace, Sniffer Pro, Etherpeek, LANalyzer
NetMon, Network Tracing and Logging and Cisco IDS.
Network Monitor Location.
Host Monitoring - On the same Hub or switch. The switch
should have Switch Port Analysis (SPAN).
Network Monitoring - At the network perimeter.
A Physically secure location.

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 Monitoring Thoughts
Run a Sniffer detection tool prior to connecting yours.
Someone may already be listening to the network.
Capture the network traffic as close to the source host as possible.
Hackers use bounce sites to attack hosts.
Have the capability of viewing the captured data as a continuous
stream.
This provides an overview of what the hacker is attempting to do.
Reconstruct documents, etc
Have the capability of viewing the packets at the lowest level.
High-level analyzers will sometimes strip off data that is not important
for fault analysis but could be important for investigative purposes.
Options and fields to identify the OS.
Typing speed of user.
Printer variables, X display variables , etc.
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 Common Network Forensics Mistakes
Failure to Monitor.
ICMP Traffic
SMTP, POP and IMAP Traffic.
UseNet Traffic
Files saved to external media.
Web Traffic
Senior Executives Traffic.
Internal IP Traffic.
Failure to Detect.
ICMP Covert Channels.
UDP Covert Channels.
HTTP Covert Channels.

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Common Network Forensics Mistakes Contd

Failure to PlayBack.
Encrypted traffic.
Graphics
Modeling and Simulation traffic.
Failure to Trace.
Denial-of-Service.
Distributed Denial of Services.
Spoofed EMail.
Failure to Detect.
Steganography.
Erased Logs
File Encryption.
Binary Trojans
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 Monitoring Tools

Dsniff http://www.monkey.org/~dugsong/dsniff
tcpdump http://www.tcpdump.org/
WinDump http://netgroup-serv.polito.it/windump/
ethereal http://www.ethereal.com/
Snort http://www.snort.org/
Snoop http://www.packetstormsecurity,org/

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 End of Lecture

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