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    Handout 3 Homogeneous Functions PDF

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    Gladys Perez
    The document discusses homogeneous functions and homogeneous polynomials. It defines a function f(x,y) to be homogeneous of degree k if f(λx, λy) = λ^k f(x,y). It then discusses how differential equations with homogeneous coefficients can be solved by making a substitution of variables to separate the variables. Several examples are worked through to demonstrate solving homogeneous differential equations. The document concludes with exercises asking the reader to solve additional homogeneous differential equations.

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    Handout 3 Homogeneous Functions PDF

    Uploaded by

    Gladys Perez
    199 views4 pages
    The document discusses homogeneous functions and homogeneous polynomials. It defines a function f(x,y) to be homogeneous of degree k if f(λx, λy) = λ^k f(x,y). It then discusses how differential equations with homogeneous coefficients can be solved by making a substitution of variables to separate the variables. Several examples are worked through to demonstrate solving homogeneous differential equations. The document concludes with exercises asking the reader to solve additional homogeneous differential equations.

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    HANDOUT 3 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS.pdf

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    The document discusses homogeneous functions and homogeneous polynomials. It defines a function f(x,y) to be homogeneous of degree k if f(λx, λy) = λ^k f(x,y). It then discusses how differential equations with homogeneous coefficients can be solved by making a substitution of variables to separate the variables. Several examples are worked through to demonstrate solving homogeneous differential equations. The document concludes with exercises asking the reader to solve additional homogeneous differential equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    199 views4 pages

    Handout 3 Homogeneous Functions PDF

    Uploaded by

    Gladys Perez
    The document discusses homogeneous functions and homogeneous polynomials. It defines a function f(x,y) to be homogeneous of degree k if f(λx, λy) = λ^k f(x,y). It then discusses how differential equations with homogeneous coefficients can be solved by making a substitution of variables to separate the variables. Several examples are worked through to demonstrate solving homogeneous differential equations. The document concludes with exercises asking the reader to solve additional homogeneous differential equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Homogeneous Functions

    Polynomials in which all terms are of the same degree, such as


    x 2  5 xy  7 y 2
    x3  y 3
    2x 4 y  y 5
    are called homogeneous polynomials.

    Definition: The function (x,y) is said to be homogeneous of degree k in x and y if and only if,
    f  x, y    k f  x , y 
    The definition is easily extended to functions of more than two variables.
    y
    x4
    For function f  x, y  of equation f  x, y   2 y 3e x  , the formal definition of homogeneity
    x  3y
    leads us to consider
    y
    4 x4
    f  x, y   23 y 3e x 
    x  3y
    But we see at one that
    f   x,  y    3 f  x , y 
    hence f  x, y  is homogeneous of degree 3 in x and y, as stated previously.
    M  x, y 
    Theorem 1. If M  x, y  and N  x, y  are homogeneous and of the same degree, the function is
    N  x, y 
    homogeneous of degree zero.
    y
    Theorem 2. If f  x, y  is homogeneous of degree zero in x and y, f  x, y  is a function of
    alone.
    x
    Example: Determine in each of the following whether or not the function is homogeneous. If is
    homogeneous, state the degree of the function.
    3
    1. 4 x  3xy  y
    2 2

    11. u  v 2 2 2

    x
    2. 2 y  x 2  y 2 12. y 2 tan
    y
    a  4b
    3. e x 13.
    a  4b
    x

    4. e y
    14. x ln x  y ln y
    y x
    5. x3  xy  y 3 15. x sin  y sin
    x y
    x5
    6. x y 16.
    x2  2 y 2
    1
     

    7. tan x 17. u 2  4v2 2

    8. tan
    3y
    18.
     x2  y 2  2

    1
    x
    x 2
     y2  2

    2x


    9. x  y e 2 2
     y
     4 xy 19. ln
    x
    y
    x 2  3xy
    10. 20. x ln x  x ln y
    x  2y

    1|MATH 120 -Differential Eq uations


    Equations with homogeneous coefficients
    Suppose that the coefficients M and N in an equation of order one,
    M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0 , (1)
    are both homogeneous functions and are of the same degree in x and y. By Theorems 1 and 2 stated
    previously, the ratio M/N is a function of y/x alone. Hence the equation (1) mat be put in the form
    dy  y
     g   0. (2)
    dx x
    This suggests the introduction of a new variable v by putting y=vx. Then (2) becomes
    dv
    x  v  g v  0 (3)
    dx
    in which the variables are separable.
    The above method would have been equally successful if we also use x  vy to obtain from (1) an
    equation in y and v. However, it is sometimes easier to substitute for the variable whose differential has the
    simpler coefficients.

    Example 1: Solve the equation


     x  y  dx  xdy  0

    Using the alternate solution,

    2|MATH 120 -Differential Eq uations


    Example 2: Solve the equation
    x 2

     xy  y 2 dx  xydy  0

    Example 3: Solve the equation


     
    xydx  x 2  y 2 dy  0

    Example 4: Solve the equation


    x 2 y '  4 x 2  7 xy  2 y 2

    3|MATH 120 -Differential Eq uations


    Example 5: Solve the equation
     1  y   1  y 
     x  y tan  x   dx  x tan  x  dy  0
        

    Exercises
     y
    1.  2 x  y  dy   x  2 y  dx  0  
    ans. ln x 2  y 2  4 tan 1    c
    x
    2. 2  2 x 2  y 2  dx  xydy  0 ans. x 4  c  4 x 2  y 2 

    3. 3xydx   x 2  y 2  dy  0  
    3
    ans. y 2 4 x 2  y 2 c

    4.  x  y  4 x  y  dx  x  5 x  y  dy  0 ans. x  x  y   c  y  2 x 
    2

    5.  5v  u  du   3v  7u  dv  0 ans.  3v  u   c  v  u 
    2

    6.  x 2  2 xy  4 y 2  dx   x 2  8 xy  4 y 2  dy  0 ans. x 2  4 y 2  c  x  y 
    7. v 2 dx  x  x  v   0 ans. xv 2  c  x  2v 
    8.  3 x 2  2 y 2  y '  2 xy; when x  0; y  1 ans. x 2  2 y 2  y  1
    9. v  3x  2v  dx  x 2 dv  0; when x  1 and v  2 ans. 2 x 2  v  x   3v  0

     
    10. y 2 x 2  xy  y 2 dx  x 2  2 x  y  dy  0; when x  0 and y 
    1
    2
    ans. y 2 ln x  2 y 2  xy  x 2

    4|MATH 120 -Differential Eq uations

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