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Data Structures & Algorithm Design: Trees

The document discusses different tree data structures and traversal methods. It defines key tree terminology like nodes, edges, root, leaf nodes, height, level, and degree. It explains binary trees in more detail, including their properties and traversal orders like preorder, inorder and postorder. Binary search trees are introduced as a type of binary tree where nodes are arranged based on their values. Algorithms for inserting nodes into binary search trees and traversing them in different orders are presented with examples.

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علي عبد الحمزه
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77 views38 pages

Data Structures & Algorithm Design: Trees

The document discusses different tree data structures and traversal methods. It defines key tree terminology like nodes, edges, root, leaf nodes, height, level, and degree. It explains binary trees in more detail, including their properties and traversal orders like preorder, inorder and postorder. Binary search trees are introduced as a type of binary tree where nodes are arranged based on their values. Algorithms for inserting nodes into binary search trees and traversing them in different orders are presented with examples.

Uploaded by

علي عبد الحمزه
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Structures &

Algorithm Design

Trees

L.Mais Saad Safoq


Computer Science Department
Karballa University

2020
10-1
Tree Definition
• Tree: a set of elements of the same type
such that
• it has a distinguished element called the root
from which descend zero or more trees
(subtrees)

• Examples in real life:


• Family tree
• Table of contents of a book

10-2
Tree Terminology
• Nodes: the elements in the tree
• Edges: connections between nodes
• Root: the distinguished element that is the
origin of the tree
• There is only one root node in a tree
• Leaf node: a node without an edge to another
node
• Interior node: a node that is not a leaf node
• Empty tree has no nodes and no edges

10-3
Tree Terminology
• Parent or predecessor: the node directly
above in the hierarchy
• A node can have only one parent

• Child or successor: a node directly below in


the hierarchy
• Ancestors of a node: its parent, the parent of
its parent, etc.
• Descendants of a node: its children, the
children of its children, etc.

10-4
Tree Terminology

• Subtree of a node: consists of a child node and


all its descendants
• A subtree is itself a tree
• A node may have many subtrees
• If A is the root of a binary tree and B is the root
of its left or right subtrees, then A is said to be
the father of B and B is said to be the
left/right son of A.
• Two nodes are brothers if they are left and
right sons of the same father.

10-5
Tree Terminology
Root

Subtrees of
the root
10-6
Subtrees

Subtrees of the
node labeled E
10-7
Tree Terminology
Root

Interior
nodes

Leaf
nodes

10-8
Height of a Tree

• A path is a sequence of edges leading from one


node to another
• Length of a path: number of edges on the
path
• Height of a (non-empty) tree : length of the
longest path from the root to a leaf
(maximum level of any node)
• What is the height of a tree that has only a
root node?
• By convention, the height of an empty tree
is -1

10-9
Level and Degree of a Node

• Level of a node : number of edges between


root and node
• Level of root node is 0
• Level of a node that is not the root node
is level of its parent + 1

• Degree of a node: the number of children it


has
• Degree of a tree: the maximum of the
degrees of the tree’s nodes

10-10
Level of a Node
Level 0

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

10-11
Binary Trees

• General tree: a tree each of whose nodes


may have any number of children
• n-ary tree: a tree each of whose nodes may
have no more than n children

• Binary tree: a tree each of whose nodes


may have no more than 2 children
• a binary tree is a tree with degree 2

10-12
Binary Trees

 Tree with 0–2 children per node

 The children (if present) are called


the left child and right child

 a tree where every node has left and


right subtrees is a binary tree

10-13
Binary Trees

 Strictly Binary Tree


 All non-leaf nodes have two branches

 Complete Binary Tree


 All its leaf nodes at the same level

 Almost Complete Binary Tree


 The last level is partially filled from
left to right.

10-14
Binary Trees
A

B C

D E F G

H I J K

•Not Complete BT, Strictly BT, Almost complete BT

10-15
Binary Tree Properties
 The number of nodes n in a complete
binary tree is at least n = 2h and at most
n = 2(h + 1) − 1 where h is the height of the
tree.
 The number of leaf nodes L in a complete
binary tree can be found using this
formula: L = 2h where h is the height of the
tree.
 The number of nodes n in a perfect binary
tree can also be found using this formula:
n = 2L − 1 where L is the number of leaf
nodes in the tree.
16
Binary Search Tree

 Binary Search Tree is a binary tree


in which nodes are arranged
according to their values.
 The left node has a value less than its
parent

 The right node has a values greater


than its parent

10-17
Binary Search Tree Construction

 How to build & maintain binary


trees?
 Insertion
 Deletion
 Maintain key property
 Smaller values in left subtree
 Larger values in right subtree

10-18
Declaration BT
 A node consists of three fields such as :
• Left Child (LChild)
• Information of the Node (Info)
• Right Child (RChild)
 struct node {
int info;
struct node *left;
struct node *right;
};
19
Binary Search Tree – Insertion

1. Perform comparison for value X


2. Comparison will end at node Y (if X not in
tree)
3. If X < Y, insert new leaf X as new left
subtree for Y
4. If X > Y, insert new leaf X as new right
subtree for Y

10-20
Insertion- Examples
5
10 10
2 45
5 30 5 45
30
2 25 45 2 25 30
10

25

Binary search Not a binary


trees search tree
10-21
Insertion- Example
 Insert ( 20 )
10 20 >10, right
20 < 30, left
5 30
20 < 25, left
2 25 45 Insert 20 as left leaf

20

10-22
Binary Search Tree
Given the following sequence of numbers,

14, 15, 4, 9, 7, 18, 3, 5, 16, 4, 20, 17, 9, 14, 5

The following binary search tree can be constructed.


14, 15, 4, 9, 7, 18, 3, 5, 16, 4, 20, 17, 9, 14, 5 and 14 is the root
Algorithm for insert node in BST
Steps processing (by Recursion)
1.check if tree not contain any node
if Root = NULL
create node in tree
2.Else
if x< Root  Inf
Add the new value in the left subtree
Rootleft = insert(Rootleft, x);
3.Else
Add the new value in the right subtree
Rootright = insert(Rootright, x);
25
Insertion of node in BST
node * Insert(node *p, int x)
{
if(p==NULL) {
p=make(x);
return p; }
else {
if(x<p->inf)
p->left=Insert(p->left, x);
else
p->right=Insert(p->right,x);
return p;
}}

10-26
Traversing :
 Means visiting all the nodes of the tree, in
some specific order for processing.
 There are THREE ways of Traversing a
Tree
1. Preoder Traversal
2. Inorder Traversal
3. Postorder Traversal
4. Levelorder Traversal
Preorder Traversal Method

Traversing a binary tree in preorder


(Root – Left – Right)
1. Visit the root.
2. Traverse the left subtree in
preorder.
3. Traverse the right subtree in
preorder.
Preorder Traversal Method
void PreOrder(node *&h)
{
if (h!=NULL)
{
cout<<h->inf;
PreOrder(h->left);
PreOrder(h->right);
}}

10-30
Inorder Traversal Method

Traversing a binary tree in inorder


(Left – Root – Right)
1. Traverse the left subtree in
inorder.
2. Visit the root.
3. Traverse the right subtree in
inorder
Inorder Traversal Method
int InOrder(node *&h)
{
if (h!=NULL)
{
InOrder(h->left);
cout<<h->inf;
InOrder(h->right);
}}

10-32
Postorder Traversal Method

Traversing a binary tree in postorder


(Left – Right – Root)
1. Traverse the left subtree in
postorder.
2. Traverse the right subtree in
postorder.
3. Visit the root postorder
Postorder Traversal Method
int PostOrder(node *&h)
{
if (h!=NULL)
{
PostOrder(h->left);
PostOrder(h->right);
cout<<h->inf;

}}

10-36
Levelorder Traversal Method

 levelorder Example (Visit = print)


 Travers tree level by level
Traversals: Example

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