8.1 Transformer Protection advanced 8.

1 Transformer Protection advanced

POWER TRANSFORMERS POWER TRANSFORMERS
PROTECTION PROTECTION
Advanced module Advanced module
Ref : APP14 Ref : APP14

Issue B1 Issue B1
Last Release : March 2011 Last Release : March 2011

PROGRAM PROGRAM

Generality and Definitions Generality and Definitions

Introduction to transformer protections Introduction to transformer protections

Details of transformer protections and Details of transformer protections and

constraints constraints

Conclusion – Typical schemes Conclusion – Typical schemes

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 Generality and Definitions Generality and Definitions
Introduction to transformer protections Introduction to transformer protections

D t il off transformer
Details t f protections
t ti and
d constraints
t i t D t il off transformer
Details t f protections
t ti and
d constraints
t i t

Conclusion – Typical
yp schemes Conclusion – Typical
yp schemes

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THE TRANSFORMER : Whyy ? THE TRANSFORMER : Why

y?
Distance between generation places and consumers Distance between generation places and consumers

Need to transfer the Energy Need to transfer the Energy

Generattion Generattion
center center

Need to reduce looses and conductor Need to reduce looses and conductor
sizes
i Industrial Consumer Résidential,... sizes
i Industrial Consumer Résidential,...

Need to transform the energy : Need to transform the energy :

Then, increase the voltage in order to reduce the current Then, increase the voltage in order to reduce the current

Exemple : thermal power plant 660 MVA 20kV/225kV Cable overheating consideration Exemple : thermal power plant 660 MVA 20kV/225kV Cable overheating consideration
Without transf. P=UI3 => 660000 = 20. I. 3 => I = 19000 A Cross Section = 17800mm²  =150mm Without transf. P=UI3 => 660000 = 20. I. 3 => I = 19000 A Cross Section = 17800mm²  =150mm
With transf.
transf 225. II. 3 => I = 1690 A
P=UI3 => 660000 = 225 Cross Section = 1500mm²
1500mm  =44mm With transf.
transf 225. II. 3 => I = 1690 A
P=UI3 => 660000 = 225 Cross Section = 1500mm²
1500mm  =44mm

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 TRANSFORMER: Theory TRANSFORMER: Theory
An alternative current will create an electromotive force and therefore an alternative flux An alternative current will create an electromotive force and therefore an alternative flux
into the transformer core into the transformer core
Similarly, this alternative flux will generate an induction voltage accross the secondary Similarly, this alternative flux will generate an induction voltage accross the secondary
winding. If the circuit is closed, this induced voltage will generate an induced current with winding. If the circuit is closed, this induced voltage will generate an induced current with
opposite sense (Lenz law) opposite sense (Lenz law)
I1 I2 I1 I2
Ø Ø

V1 Ep n1 n2 Es V2 V1 Ep n1 n2 Es V2

Practically, primary and secondary windings are placed together arround the same Practically, primary and secondary windings are placed together arround the same
magnetic core, in order to reduce magnetic loses magnetic core, in order to reduce magnetic loses

I1 generates a flux Ø = BS with B= 4 10-7 nI (Weber) I1 generates a flux Ø = BS with B= 4 10-7 nI (Weber)
I1/I2 = V2/V1 = n1/n2 I1/I2 = V2/V1 = n1/n2

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TRANSFORMER: Connections TRANSFORMER: Connections

The required transformer will be manufactured depending on the winding terminal The required transformer will be manufactured depending on the winding terminal
connections at primary and secondary sides connections at primary and secondary sides

A a A a
A2 A1 a1 a2 A2 A1 a1 a2
Example : Example :
Transformer : Dy11 Transformer : Dy11
B b B b
B2 B1 b1 b2 B2 B1 b1 b2
HV Winding HV Winding

MV Winding MV Winding
C c C c
Vector Group C2 C1 c1 c2 Vector Group C2 C1 c1 c2
A a a2 A a a2
The secondary winding is C1 A2 The secondary winding is C1 A2
30° leading with the a1 30° leading with the a1
primary winding c1 b primary winding c1 b
A1 b1 b2 A1 b1 b2
C2 C2
C B1 B2 B c2 C B1 B2 B c2
c c
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 Vector group Vector group
Ho to find back the terminals connection
How Ho to find back the terminals connection
How

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Transformer Vector Groups

p Transformer Vector Groups
p

Group 1 Yy0 Group 1 Yy0

Dd0 Dd0
0 Phase displacement Zd0 0 Phase displacement Zd0
Group 2 Yy6 Group 2 Yy6
Dd6 Dd6
180 Ph
Phase di
displacement
l t Dz6 180 Ph
Phase di
displacement
l t Dz6
Group 3 Yd Group 3 Yd
1 1
30 Lag phase displacement Dy 30 Lag phase displacement Dy
1
Yd11 1
Yd11
Group 4
G Yz Group 4
G Yz
Dy11 Dy11
30 Lead phase displacement Yz11
1 30 Lead phase displacement Yz11
1

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 Construction and different types Construction and different types
Yd11(+30°) Yd11(+30°)

Without oil Transformer (P<2.5MVA) Without oil Transformer (P<2.5MVA)

Magnetic circuit Magnetic circuit

Connection terminals Connection terminals

Winding Winding

Insulation Insulation

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Construction and different types Construction and different types

In Oil Transformer In Oil Transformer

Connection terminals Connection terminals MV Connection terminals Connection terminals MV

HV side Bushing side Bushing HV side Bushing side Bushing

Oil conservator Cooling Oil conservator Cooling

System System

Oil Case Oil Case

Oil Circulator Oil Circulator

e as
LV Terminals e as
LV Terminals

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 Construction and different types Construction and different types
Three phases Transformer Single phaseTransformer Three phases Transformer Single phaseTransformer

In air Primary side In air Primary side

GIS Secondary GIS Secondary
side side

Fire Fire
Protection Protection

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Manufacturer Design Information Manufacturer Design Information

Example 1 Example 1
400MVA 400MVA
(Hyundai) (Hyundai)

Example 2 Example 2
650MVA 650MVA
(ABB) (ABB)

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 Manufacturer Design Information Manufacturer Design Information
Typical Values Typical Values

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Manufacturer Design Information Manufacturer Design Information

Typical values and definitions (continued) Typical values and definitions (continued)

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 AUTOTRANSFORMER PRINCIPE AUTOTRANSFORMER PRINCIPE
TYPICAL SCHEME : TYPICAL SCHEME :
S1 S1 S1 S1

I1 I2 I1 I2
P1 P1 P1 P1
U2 U2
I2 U2 I2 U2
U1 I1 U1 I1
U1 I1- I2 U1 I1- I2
P2 S2 P2 S2 P2 S2 P2 S2

TRANSFORMER AUTOTRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER AUTOTRANSFORMER

Autotransformer Principle Autotransformer Principle

Primary winding is seeing a current eqal to (I1-I2), Primary winding is seeing a current eqal to (I1-I2),
R
Remaining
i i winding
i di iis seeing
i I2 (l
(lower th
than I1) R
Remaining
i i winding
i di iis seeing
i I2 (l
(lower th
than I1)

Advantage Advantage
Reduction of Magnetic circuit and size Reduction of Magnetic circuit and size
> Cost
=> C t reduction,
d ti ffor th i l t power
the same equivalent > Cost
=> C t reduction,
d ti ffor th i l t power
the same equivalent

Disadvantage Disadvantage
No perfect insulation between primary and secondary winding No perfect insulation between primary and secondary winding
> Overvoltages
=> bet een primary
O er oltages can be transferred between primar and secondar
secondary. > Overvoltages
=> bet een primary
O er oltages can be transferred between primar and secondar
secondary.

Use Use
=> Mainly used when voltages at HV and MV sides are similar => Mainly used when voltages at HV and MV sides are similar
(400 / 225 kV in France and up to 765 kV in other countries (400 / 225 kV in France and up to 765 kV in other countries

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DIFFERENT TYPES of TRANSFORMER DIFFERENT TYPES of TRANSFORMER

and
d AUTOTRANSFORMER and
d AUTOTRANSFORMER
- Up to 225 kV, Primary side can have a delta connection - Up to 225 kV, Primary side can have a delta connection
- For 400 kV and above, pprimary y with star connection,
y side is always - For 400 kV and above, pprimary y with star connection,
y side is always
(where the voltage at primary side is less important than in delta connection) (where the voltage at primary side is less important than in delta connection)

TYPICAL SCHEMES TYPICAL SCHEMES

HT B HT B
400Kv 400Kv

TSA TSA
TSA TSA

RPN RPN

HT B ou HT A HT B ou HT A
HT B HT B
225 Kv 225 Kv
HT B HT B

TPN TSA TSA TPN TSA TSA

BPN BPN

40  HT A 40  HT A

HT A HT A

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 Generality and Definitions Generality and Definitions

Introduction to transformer protections Introduction to transformer protections

Details of transformer protections and constraints Details of transformer protections and constraints

Conclusion – Typical schemes Conclusion – Typical schemes

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Transformer Fault consequences Transformer Fault consequences

Transformer faults are rare Transformer faults are rare

Failure rate below than most of other Failure rate below than most of other
components components

but but
Transformer faults not cleared Transformer faults not cleared
cause large damage with long cause large damage with long
repair time repair time

Average outage time for

f repair higher than most off other components Average outage time for
f repair higher than most off other components

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 Transformer Fault Category Transformer Fault Category

Insulation faults Insulation faults

Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc.. Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc..
Deterioration with overheating Deterioration with overheating
Voltages surges (operation, lightning,…) Voltages surges (operation, lightning,…)
Mechanical stress (through fault current) Mechanical stress (through fault current)

Winding failures (most frequent) Winding failures (most frequent)

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Means to protect Means to protect

Insulation faults Insulation faults

Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc.. Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc..
Deterioration with overheating Deterioration with overheating
Voltages surges (operation, lightning,…) Voltages surges (operation, lightning,…)
Mechanical stress (through fault current) Mechanical stress (through fault current)

Winding failures (most frequent) Winding failures (most frequent)

Bucholz + Gas analysis Bucholz + Gas analysis

May allow repair before any May allow repair before any
winding failure winding failure

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 Means to protect Means to protect

Terminals failures Terminals failures

Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc.. Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc..
Deterioration with overheating Deterioration with overheating
Voltages surges Voltages surges
Mechanical stress (through fault current) Mechanical stress (through fault current)

Winding failures (most frequent) Winding failures (most frequent)

Thermal Overload Protection Thermal Overload Protection

May allow shutdown before May allow shutdown before

any winding
i di failure
f il any winding
i di failure
f il
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Means to protect Means to protect

Terminals failures Terminals failures

Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc.. Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc..
Deterioration with overheating Deterioration with overheating
Voltages surges Voltages surges
Mechanical stress (through fault current) Mechanical stress (through fault current)

Winding failures (most frequent) Winding failures (most frequent)

Overfluxing
g Protection Overfluxing
g Protection

May allow shutdown before May allow shutdown before

any winding
i di failure
f il any winding
i di failure
f il
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 Means to protect Means to protect

Terminals failures Terminals failures

Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc.. Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc..
Deterioration with overheating Deterioration with overheating
Voltages surges Voltages surges
Mechanical stress (through fault current) Mechanical stress (through fault current)

Winding failures (most frequent) Winding failures (most frequent)

Surge
g Arrestors Surge
g Arrestors

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Means to protect Means to protect

Terminals failures Terminals failures

Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc.. Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc..
Deterioration with overheating Deterioration with overheating
Voltages surges Voltages surges
Mechanical stress (through fault current) Mechanical stress (through fault current)

Winding failures (most frequent) Winding failures (most frequent)

Phase and Earth Phase and Earth

Overcurrent Protection Overcurrent Protection
Or Fuses Or Fuses
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 Means to protect Means to protect

Terminals failures Terminals failures

Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc.. Deterioration with ageing / oil quality, etc..
Deterioration with overheating Deterioration with overheating
Voltages surges Voltages surges
Mechanical stress (through fault current) Mechanical stress (through fault current)

Winding failures (most frequent) Winding failures (most frequent)

Differential Protection Differential Protection

Or Or
Tank protection Tank protection
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Generality and Definitions Generality and Definitions

Introduction to transformer protections Introduction to transformer protections

Details of transformer protections and Details of transformer protections and

constraints constraints
Conclusion – Typical schemes Conclusion – Typical schemes

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 Thermal Overload Protection Thermal Overload Protection
Overfluxing Protection Overfluxing Protection
Differential Protection Differential Protection
Phase Overcurrent Protection Phase Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection
B hh l
Buchholz B hh l
Buchholz

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Effect of Overload on Transformer Insulation Life Effect of Overload on Transformer Insulation Life
Relative rate Relative rate
of using life of using life

100 100
With ambient of 20 C. With ambient of 20 C.
H t spott rise
Hot i off 78 iis H t spott rise
Hot i off 78 iis
design normal. design normal.
A further rise of 6 C A further rise of 6 C
10 d bl rate
doubles t off 10 d bl rate
doubles t off
using life. using life.

1.0 1.0

98 Hot spot temp C 98 Hot spot temp C

0.1 0.1
80 90 100 110 120 130 140 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
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 Overheating Protection Overheating Protection

Trip Trip
I load I load
Alarm Alarm
TD TD
setting setting
On On
Top oil of I load Fan Top oil of I load Fan
power control power control
transformer Off transformer Off

On On
Pump Pump
control control
Off Off
Heater Temp. indication Heater Temp. indication
Local Local
Thermal p
Temperature Remote Thermal p
Temperature Remote
replica sensing resistor replica sensing resistor
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Overheating Protection Overheating Protection

Estimation through the thermal constant Estimation through the thermal constant
2 2
knowledge I knowledge I
I22 T2 I22 T2
I12 T1 I12 T1
I R2 TMAX I R2 TMAX

Ti
Time ((s)) Ti
Time ((s))
t2 t1 t2 t1
Time (s) Time (s)

t1 t1
t2 Thermal withsatnd t2 Thermal withsatnd

Current Current
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 Thermal Overload Protection Thermal Overload Protection
Overfluxing Protection Overfluxing Protection
Differential Protection Differential Protection
Phase Overcurrent Protection Phase Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection
B hh l
Buchholz B hh l
Buchholz

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Overfluxing Overfluxing
 Definition : overfluxing = excessive magnetic flux = saturation of magnetic circuit  Definition : overfluxing = excessive magnetic flux = saturation of magnetic circuit

 Application
A li i : High Power Plant Step-up Transformer  Application
A li i : High Power Plant Step-up Transformer

 Origin :  Origin :

 Overvoltage situation (ex : loss of an important load in the network)  Overvoltage situation (ex : loss of an important load in the network)
 Under-frequency situation (ex : generator excitation at low speed when  Under-frequency situation (ex : generator excitation at low speed when
start up with AVR in service)
start-up start up with AVR in service)
start-up

 Consequences :  Consequences :

 Increase of magnetising current  Increase of magnetising current

 Overheating of laminations and  Overheating of laminations and
metal parts metal parts
 Increase of noise and vibrations  Increase of noise and vibrations
 Thermal over-aging or destruction of  Thermal over-aging or destruction of
insulation parts insulation parts

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 Overfluxing Overfluxing
How to detect : How to detect :
 magnetizing current is depending of Voltage / frequency ratio  magnetizing current is depending of Voltage / frequency ratio
 Boucherot
B h t Formula
F Fl = {V * 2 / (2 *  * N * F)} * cos ((wtt - /2) with
l : Flux ith  Boucherot
B h t Formula
F Fl = {V * 2 / (2 *  * N * F)} * cos ((wtt - /2) with
l : Flux ith
N = number of turns N = number of turns
 magnetizing current is detected as a fault current by the differential  magnetizing current is detected as a fault current by the differential
protection => need for a detection and a blocking system protection => need for a detection and a blocking system

 How to protect :  How to protect :

 Calculation of [V/F] ratio,
ratio alarm or trip depending on the reached value  Calculation of [V/F] ratio,
ratio alarm or trip depending on the reached value
 Settings :  Settings :
 criteria : no pick-up for magnetizing current corresponding to a voltage of 110%  criteria : no pick-up for magnetizing current corresponding to a voltage of 110%
on Vn, under nominal frequency on Vn, under nominal frequency
 1 independant time alarm threshold set at 1.05*Vn/Fn - 10s  1 independant time alarm threshold set at 1.05*Vn/Fn - 10s
 1 dependent time tripping threshold set at 1.1*Vn/Fn, with a tripping curve  1 dependent time tripping threshold set at 1.1*Vn/Fn, with a tripping curve
lower than the overexcitation withstand curve given by the manufacturer lower than the overexcitation withstand curve given by the manufacturer

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Overfluxing Typical data from Overfluxing Typical data from

M
Manufacturer
f t (Source
(S ABB) M
Manufacturer
f t (Source
(S ABB)

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 Thermal Overload Protection Thermal Overload Protection
Overfluxing Protection Overfluxing Protection
Differential Protection Differential Protection
Phase Overcurrent Protection Phase Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection
B hh l
Buchholz B hh l
Buchholz

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Differential Protection Differential Protection

•Objective : internal fault detection •Objective : internal fault detection

•Principe
P i i : comparaison i phase
h b
by phase
h off entering
t i andd •Principe
P i i : comparaison i phase
h b
by phase
h off entering
t i andd
leaving currents in the power transformer (vector sum) leaving currents in the power transformer (vector sum)

Transformer safe or external fault: Transformer safe or external fault:

The current inside R is nil The current inside R is nil

Transformer with internal fault: Transformer with internal fault:

Th currentt inside
The i id R iis a Th currentt inside
The i id R iis a
function of the fault current function of the fault current

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 Differential Protection Differential Protection
PROTECTED PROTECTED
ZONE ZONE
HV LV HV LV

R R

Correct application
pp of differential protection
p requires
q CT ratio and Correct application
pp of differential protection
p requires
q CT ratio and
winding connections to match those of transformer. winding connections to match those of transformer.
CT secondary circuit should be a “replica” of primary system. CT secondary circuit should be a “replica” of primary system.
Consider : Consider :
(1) Difference in current magnitude (Main Transformer + CT), (1) Difference in current magnitude (Main Transformer + CT),
(2) Phase shift, (2) Phase shift,
(3) Zero sequence currents, caused by an external fault, (3) Zero sequence currents, caused by an external fault,
(4) The influence of the tap changer if any. (4) The influence of the tap changer if any.
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Differential
ff Protection Application Differential
ff Protection Application

CT Ratio correction CT Ratio correction

Vector Group p correction Vector Group p correction
Differential element Differential element
Inrush current Inrush current

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 Magnitude correction Magnitude correction
 correct operation = on Load condition or with through fault current,  correct operation = on Load condition or with through fault current,
the differential current must be zero the differential current must be zero
 application case :  application case :
 transformer = 33/11kV - 10MVA - 13% - Ynd11  transformer = 33/11kV - 10MVA - 13% - Ynd11
 CT33kV = 200/1A - CT11kV = 400/1A  CT33kV = 200/1A - CT11kV = 400/1A

I L= 175A 10 MVA I L= 175A 10 MVA

200/1 I = 525A 400/1 200/1 I = 525A 400/1
L L
11kV 11kV
33kV 33kV

0.875A 1.31 Amps 0.875A 1.31 Amps

1A 1A 1A 1A
1.14 0.76 1.14 0.76
87 87

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Differential Protection Application Differential Protection Application

CT Ratio correction CT Ratio correction

Vector Group p correction Vector Group p correction
Differential element Differential element
Inrush current Inrush current

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 Vector Group Correction - Static Relays Vector Group Correction - Static Relays

Yd11
d Yd11
d

D 1( 30 )
Dy1(-30 R D 1( 30 )
Dy1(-30 R
R R
R R

Vector and Ratio correction by interposing CT Vector and Ratio correction by interposing CT
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Vector Group Correction - Static Relays Vector Group Correction - Static Relays

Yd11
d Yd11
d

R R
R R
R R

Vector and Ratio correction by CT Connection Vector and Ratio correction by CT Connection
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 Vector Group Correction - Numerical Relays Vector Group Correction - Numerical Relays
Example Example

Vector Group Correction : Transformer Yd5 (MiCOM P63x algorithm) Vector Group Correction : Transformer Yd5 (MiCOM P63x algorithm)

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Synthesis – Numerical relays Synthesis – Numerical relays

Dy1 (-30 ) Dy1 (-30 )

-I0 -I0
87 87

Vector and Ratio Vector and Ratio Vector and Ratio Vector and Ratio
correction correction correction correction
Zero sequence current compensation Zero sequence current compensation
(stability for external single phase faults) (stability for external single phase faults)

Phase, TC ratio and zero sequence current corrections by Software Phase, TC ratio and zero sequence current corrections by Software
(no added Hardware and no Interposing CTs) (no added Hardware and no Interposing CTs)

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 Differential Protection Application Differential Protection Application

CT Ratio correction CT Ratio correction

Vector Group p correction Vector Group p correction
Differential element Differential element
Inrush current Inrush current

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Biased Differential Scheme Biased Differential Scheme

Differential
Diff ti l Differential
Diff ti l
Current I1 - I2 Current I1 - I2

I1 BIAS BIAS I I1 BIAS BIAS I

2 Trip 2 Trip
I1 - I2 I1 - I2

OPERATE OPERATE
no
o Trip
p no
o Trip
p

Mean Through Mean Through

Current Current
I1 + I2 I1 + I2
2 2

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 Biased Differential Scheme Biased Differential Scheme

Differential
Diff ti l Differential
Diff ti l
Current I1 - I2 Current I1 - I2

I1 BIAS BIAS I I1 BIAS BIAS I

2 2
Ti
Trip Ti
Trip
I1 - I2 I1 - I2

OPERATE OPERATE
no
o Trip
p no
o Trip
p

Mean Through Mean Through

Current Current
I1 + I2 I1 + I2
Possible errors due to CT class and tap 2 Possible errors due to CT class and tap 2
changer
h position
iti changer
h position
iti

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Biased Differential Scheme Biased Differential Scheme

Differential
Diff ti l Differential
Diff ti l
Current I1 - I2 Current I1 - I2

I1 BIAS BIAS I I1 BIAS BIAS I

2 2
Ti
Trip Ti
Trip

OPERATE OPERATE
no
o Trip
p no
o Trip
p

Mean Through Mean Through

Current Current
Differential Current I1 + I2 I1 + I2 Differential Current I1 + I2 I1 + I2
Theorical line : Id = 2 * Ir 2 Theorical line : Id = 2 * Ir 2
Bias Current I1 + I2 Bias Current I1 + I2
2 2
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 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
operating elements operating elements
 Objective of the bias characteristic :  Objective of the bias characteristic :
• Increase the protection stability for external faults (CTs errors) • Increase the protection stability for external faults (CTs errors)
• Provide sufficient sensitivity for in zone faults 3
• Provide sufficient sensitivity for in zone faults 3

current(x In)

current(x In)
 Bias characteristic Principe :  Bias characteristic Principe :
Operate Operate
• sensibility = Starting element • sensibility = Starting element

 Vectoriall somme

 Vectoriall somme
Id = | I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 |

Id = | I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 |
2 2
• 1st slope : 30% from 0 up to In_max • 1st slope : 30% from 0 up to In_max
 Gives a correct sensitivityy for  Gives a correct sensitivityy for

Différentiel

Différentiel
in zone faults up to the max 1 in zone faults up to the max 1
permanent load current Block permanent load current Block
 Compensation of errors due to  Compensation of errors due to
extreme position of the tap extreme position of the tap

D
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
changer (15%) and CT (5%) changer (15%) and CT (5%)
Bias current (x In) Bias current (x In)
p : 80% after In_max
• 2nd slope _ p : 80% after In_max
• 2nd slope _
Ib = ( I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 ) / 2 Ib = ( I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 ) / 2
 insure the stability is case of through fault current  insure the stability is case of through fault current
(with CT saturation)  Magnitude sum (with CT saturation)  Magnitude sum

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Differential Protection Application Differential Protection Application

CT Ratio correction CT Ratio correction

Vector Group p correction Vector Group p correction
Differential element Differential element
Inrush current Inrush current

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 Transformer Differential Protection Transformer Differential Protection
Effect of magnetising current Effect of magnetising current

● Appears on one side of transformer only ● Appears on one side of transformer only

- Seen as fault by differential relay - Seen as fault by differential relay

- Transient magnetising inrush could cause relay to operate - Transient magnetising inrush could cause relay to operate

● Makes CT transient saturation ● Makes CT transient saturation

- Can make maloperation of Zero sequence relay at primary - Can make maloperation of Zero sequence relay at primary

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Transformer Magnetising Characteristic Transformer Magnetising Characteristic

Twice Twice
Normal Normal
Flux Flux

Normal Normal
Flux Flux

Normal Normal
No Load Current No Load Current

No Load Current No Load Current

at Twice Normal at Twice Normal
Flux Flux
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IR IR
P1 P2 P1 P2
IS S1 S2 IS S1 S2
P1 P2 P1 P2
IT S1 S2 IT S1 S2
P1 P2 P1 P2
S1 S2 S1 S2

IR + IS + IT = 3Io = 0 IR + IS + IT = 3Io = 0
Schneider Electric 54 Schneider Electric 54
Exemple of Transformer Magnetizing curve Exemple of Transformer Magnetizing curve
Autotransformer 275/400 kV 650 MVA (ABB) Autotransformer 275/400 kV 650 MVA (ABB)

Schneider Electric 55 Schneider Electric 55

Exemple of Transformer Magnetizing Exemple of Transformer Magnetizing

curve curve

Effect of magnetizing
g g current Effect of magnetizing
g g current

Disturbance recorder exemple Disturbance recorder exemple

Schneider Electric 56 Schneider Electric 56

 Inrush current value Inrush current value
Typical values Typical values

Schneider Electric 57 Schneider Electric 57

Tripping characteristic Tripping characteristic

Id/IB Id,y  Is,y,a  Is,y,b Id/IB Id,y  Is,y,a  Is,y,b

8 8
Tripping area IR,y  0,5  Is,y,a  Is,y,b Tripping area IR,y  0,5  Is,y,a  Is,y,b

6 Fault current 6 Fault current

characteristic characteristic
for single-side
Tripping threshold settings : for single-side
Tripping threshold settings :
4
feed ● General case when starting : 4
feed ● General case when starting :
m2 = 0,7 - Calculation of Id et Ir m2 = 0,7 - Calculation of Id et Ir
- H2 ou H5 calculation - H2 ou H5 calculation
Blocking area - Decision (tripping or blocking) Blocking area - Decision (tripping or blocking)
2 2
m1 = 0,3 ● Tripping time reduction if Id > “Idiff>>” : m1 = 0,3 ● Tripping time reduction if Id > “Idiff>>” :
IR,m2/IB = 4
4,0
0 - This cannot be an inrush current => no IR,m2/IB = 4
4,0
0 - This cannot be an inrush current => no
Id>/IB = 0,2 calculation of H2 ou H5 Id>/IB = 0,2 calculation of H2 ou H5
0 2 4 6 8 - Decision (tripping or blocking) 0 2 4 6 8 - Decision (tripping or blocking)
I II III ● Tripping time reduction if Id > “Idiff>>>” : I II III ● Tripping time reduction if Id > “Idiff>>>” :
IR/IB - This cannot be an external fault at IR/IB - This cannot be an external fault at
secondary side secondary side
- Trip - Trip

Schneider Electric 58 Schneider Electric 58

 Thermal Overload Protection Thermal Overload Protection
Overfluxing Protection Overfluxing Protection
Differential Protection Differential Protection
Phase Overcurrent Protection Phase Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection
B hh l
Buchholz B hh l
Buchholz

Schneider Electric 59 Schneider Electric 59

Phase Overcurrent Protection Phase Overcurrent Protection

Requirements Requirements
● Fast operation for primary short circuits ● Fast operation for primary short circuits
● Discrimination with downstream protections ● Discrimination with downstream protections
● Operation within transformer withstand ● Operation within transformer withstand
● Non-operation for short or long term overloads ● Non-operation for short or long term overloads
● Non-operation for magnetising inrush ● Non-operation for magnetising inrush

Schneider Electric 60 Schneider Electric 60

 Phase Overcurrent Protection Phase Overcurrent Protection

HV HV
Source LV Source LV

50 50

51 51

50 set to 1.2 - 1.3 x through fault level 50 set to 1.2 - 1.3 x through fault level
Schneider Electric 61 Schneider Electric 61

Thermal Overload Protection Thermal Overload Protection

Overfluxing Protection Overfluxing Protection
Differential Protection Differential Protection
Phase Overcurrent Protection Phase Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection
B hh l
Buchholz B hh l
Buchholz

Schneider Electric 62 Schneider Electric 62

 Differential Protection Application
pp Differential Protection Application
pp

Tank protection Tank protection

Restricted earth fault Differential Restricted earth fault Differential
protection (REF) protection (REF)

Schneider Electric 63 Schneider Electric 63

Tank protection
p Tank protection
p

 Protection will only operate in case of  Protection will only operate in case of
Internal earth fault with tank Internal earth fault with tank
=> Network must be solidely grounded => Network must be solidely grounded

 Objective : protect the transformer against:  Objective : protect the transformer against:

 internal insulation faults between windingg and tank  internal insulation faults between windingg and tank
 Bushing insulation fault (fault not detected by Buccholz relay)  Bushing insulation fault (fault not detected by Buccholz relay)

 Principle : use of a neutral core CT between tank and ground  Principle : use of a neutral core CT between tank and ground
=> in
i case off iinsulation
l ti fault
f lt (at
( t primary
i or secondary
d side),
id ) the
th fault
f lt currentt will
ill => in
i case off iinsulation
l ti fault
f lt (at
( t primary
i or secondary
d side),
id ) the
th fault
f lt currentt will
ill
flow through the earth cable flow through the earth cable

 Relay familly : single phase over current relay  Relay familly : single phase over current relay

Schneider Electric 64 Schneider Electric 64

Tank p
protection Tank p
protection
Advantage : Advantage :

 instantaneous protection  instantaneous protection

 Disadvantage
g :  Disadvantage
g :

 to incease its sensitivity and selectivity, the tank and all accessories (LV control  to incease its sensitivity and selectivity, the tank and all accessories (LV control
box,…) must be isolated from ground (basement with concrete or wood) box,…) must be isolated from ground (basement with concrete or wood)

 the relay must not operate for an external earth fault => relay with low  the relay must not operate for an external earth fault => relay with low
sensitivity sensitivity

 Special Application: when the distance between the transformer and the busbar is  Special Application: when the distance between the transformer and the busbar is
very short, using unipolar cables, very short, using unipolar cables,

 principle : the cable screen is isolated at one side and connected to the tank at the  principle : the cable screen is isolated at one side and connected to the tank at the
other side other side

 advantage : instantaneous protection  advantage : instantaneous protection

Schneider Electric 65 Schneider Electric 65

Differential Protection Application

pp Differential Protection Application
pp

Tank protection Tank protection

Restricted earth fault Differential Restricted earth fault Differential
protection (REF) protection (REF)

Schneider Electric 66 Schneider Electric 66

REF Sensitivityy versus differential p
protection REF Sensitivity
y versus differential p
protection
REF  DIFF: In-Zone fault inside the transformer Y(d)yn REF  DIFF: In-Zone fault inside the transformer Y(d)yn
Na Nb Na Nb
C C C C

B B B B

A A A A
IA,a 0 k 1 IA,a 0 k 1

2 k  Nb 2 k  Nb IY,b 2 k  Nb 2 k  Nb IY,b
I A, a =   I Y, b =   k  I G/F, max I A, a =   I Y, b =   k  I G/F, max
3 Na 3 Na 3 Na 3 Na
Na Na
and with  1: and with  1:
Nb Nb
2 2 2 2
I A, a =  k  I G/F, max I A, a =  k  I G/F, max
3 3
2 Id,G = I Y,b = k  IG/F, max 2 Id,G = I Y,b = k  IG/F, max
I d = I A, a =  k 2  I G/F, max I d = I A, a =  k 2  I G/F, max
3 3

Schneider Electric 67 Schneider Electric 67

REF Sensitivityy versus differential p

protection REF Sensitivity
y versus differential p
protection
REF  DIFF: In-Zone fault inside the transformer YNd REF  DIFF: In-Zone fault inside the transformer YNd
Na Nb Na Nb
C C C C

B B B B

A A A A
IA,a 0 k 1 IA,a 0 k 1
Na N Na N
I A,b = k  I = k  a  k  I G/F, max I A,b = k  I = k  a  k  I G/F, max
N b Y, a Nb IY,b N b Y, a Nb IY,b
Na 1 Na 1
and with  : and with  :
Nb 3 Nb 3
1 1
I A,b =  k 2  I G/F, max I A,b =  k 2  I G/F, max
3 3
 1   1 
2    k 2  I G/F, max  2    k 2  I G/F, max 
I C,b  IB, b 2  I A,b  3  = 2 k2  I I C,b  IB, b 2  I A,b  3  = 2 k2  I
Id = = = G/F max
G/F, Y a = k  I G/F,
Id,G = I Y, G/F max Id = = = G/F max
G/F, Y a = k  I G/F,
Id,G = I Y, G/F max
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Schneider Electric 68 Schneider Electric 68

Earth fault Overcurrent Protection Earth fault Overcurrent Protection
I as multiple I as multiple
of Max fault Current of Max fault Current

1.0 1.0

x
0.9 Star Side x
0.9 Star Side
0.8 0.8
Delta Side Delta Side
0.7 0.7

06
0.6 06
0.6
Phase R Phase R
Overcurrent 0.5 Overcurrent 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

01
0.1 01
0.1
 p.u..  p.u..
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Schneider Electric 69 Schneider Electric 69

Earth fault Overcurrent Protection Earth fault Overcurrent Protection

I as multiple I as multiple
of Max fault Current of Max fault Current

1.0 1.0

x
0.9 Star Side x
0.9 Star Side
0.8 0.8
Delta Side Delta Side
0.7 0.7

06
0.6 06
0.6
Phase R Phase R
Overcurrent 0.5 Overcurrent 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

The star Winding fault 0.2 The star Winding fault 0.2
cannot be detected by 01
0.1 cannot be detected by 01
0.1
Phase overcurrent at the  p.u.. Phase overcurrent at the  p.u..
primary (Delta) side primary (Delta) side
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Schneider Electric 70 Schneider Electric 70

Earth fault Overcurrent Protection Earth fault Overcurrent Protection
I as multiple I as multiple
of Max fault Current of Max fault Current

1.0 1.0

0.9 0.9
x x
0.8 0.8
Star Side Star Side
0.7 0.7

06
0.6 Delta Side 06
0.6 Delta Side
Phase R Phase R
Overcurrent 0.5 Overcurrent 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

01
0.1 01
0.1
 p.u..  p.u..
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Schneider Electric 71 Schneider Electric 71

Earth fault Overcurrent Protection Earth fault Overcurrent Protection

I as multiple I as multiple
of Max fault Current of Max fault Current

1.0 1.0

0.9 0.9
x x
0.8 0.8
Star Side Star Side
0.7 0.7

06
0.6 Delta Side 06
0.6 Delta Side
Phase R Phase R
Overcurrent 0.5 Overcurrent 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

The star Winding fault 0.2 The star Winding fault 0.2
cannot be detected byy 01
0.1 cannot be detected byy 01
0.1
Phase overcurrent at the  p.u.. Phase overcurrent at the  p.u..
primary (Delta) side primary (Delta) side
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Schneider Electric 72 Schneider Electric 72

Earth fault Overcurrent Protection Earth fault Overcurrent Protection
Differential Protection Differential Protection

The fault at secondary The fault at secondary

star connection side may star connection side may
x x
not be detected by the not be detected by the
differential protection differential protection

IF IF

Differential Protection Setting % of Star Winding Protected Differential Protection Setting % of Star Winding Protected

10% 58% 10% 58%

20% 41% 59% of winding unprotected 20% 41% 59% of winding unprotected
30% 28% 30% 28%
40% 17% 40% 17%
50% 7% 50% 7%
Schneider Electric 73 Schneider Electric 73

Earth fault Overcurrent Protection Earth fault Overcurrent Protection

x x

Phase Phase
Overcurrent Overcurrent

Overcurrent Protection on Overcurrent Protection on

the Star Earthing point the Star Earthing point

Schneider Electric 74 Schneider Electric 74

Earth fault Overcurrent Protection Earth fault Overcurrent Protection

Phase Phase
Overcurrent Overcurrent

Overcurrent Protection on Overcurrent Protection on

the Star Earthing point the Star Earthing point

But this relay is also But this relay is also

Must be time delayed ! Must be time delayed !
sensitive to external faults sensitive to external faults
Schneider Electric 75 Schneider Electric 75

Earth fault Overcurrent Protection Earth fault Overcurrent Protection

Phase Phase
Overcurrent Overcurrent

Restricted Earth Fault Restricted Earth Fault

Protection Protection

No Trip for external faults No Trip for external faults

Instantaneous Trip for internal faults Instantaneous Trip for internal faults
Schneider Electric 76 Schneider Electric 76
 Use of high impedance earth fault principle Use of high impedance earth fault principle
Stability level : usually maximum through Stability level : usually maximum through
fault level of transformer fault level of transformer
P1 P2 P1 P2
S1 S2 S1 S2
P1 P2 P1 P2
S1 S2 S1 S2
P1 P2 P1 P2
S1 S2 S1 S2

P1 S1 P1 S1

P2 S2 P2 S2

Schneider Electric 77 Schneider Electric 77

Use of high
g impedance
p earth fault p
principle
p Use of high
g impedance
p earth fault p
principle
p

Schneider Electric 78 Schneider Electric 78

Use of high
g impedance
p earth fault p
principle
p Use of high
g impedance
p earth fault p
principle
p

Schneider Electric 79 Schneider Electric 79

Restricted E/F Protection Restricted E/F Protection

Low Voltage Windings Low Voltage Windings

A B C N A B C N

LV restricted E/F protection trips both HV and LV breaker LV restricted E/F protection trips both HV and LV breaker
Recommended setting : 10% rated Recommended setting : 10% rated
pp
Attention : Not applicable when grounding
g g system
y is earthed pp
Attention : Not applicable when grounding
g g system
y is earthed

Schneider Electric 83 Schneider Electric 83

 Thermal Overload Protection Thermal Overload Protection
Overfluxing Protection Overfluxing Protection
Differential Protection Differential Protection
Phase Overcurrent Protection Phase Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection
B hh l
Buchholz B hh l
Buchholz

Schneider Electric 84 Schneider Electric 84

Bucholtz Protection Application

pp Bucholtz Protection Application
pp

Accumulation of gaz Accumulation of gaz

Oil Leakage Oil Leakage
Interturn faults Interturn faults

Schneider Electric 85 Schneider Electric 85

Bucholtz Protection Installation Bucholtz Protection Installation
Oil conservator Oil conservator

Bucholz Relay Bucholz Relay

Schneider Electric 86 Schneider Electric 86

Bucholtz Protection Installation Bucholtz Protection Installation

3 x internal pipe To oil conservator 3 x internal pipe To oil conservator

diameter (minimum) diameter (minimum)
5 x internal pipe 5 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum) diameter (minimum)

76 mm typical 76 mm typical

Transformer Transformer

Schneider Electric 87 Schneider Electric 87

Buchholz Relay
y Buchholz Relayy

P t
Petcock
k P t
Petcock
k
Alarm bucket Alarm bucket

Mercury switch Mercury switch

To oil To oil
conservat conservat
or or
From From
transformer Trip bucket transformer Trip bucket

Deflector plate Drain plug Deflector plate Drain plug

Schneider Electric 88 Schneider Electric 88

Buchholz Relay
y Buchholz Relayy

Effects of Oil Maintenance Effects of Oil Maintenance

● After oil maintenance,

maintenance false tripping may
ma occur
occ r because
beca se Oil aeration ● After oil maintenance,
maintenance false tripping may
ma occur
occ r because
beca se Oil aeration

Bucholz relay tripping inhibited during suitable Bucholz relay tripping inhibited during suitable
period period

Need of electrical protection Need of electrical protection

Schneider Electric 89 Schneider Electric 89

 Bucholtz Protection Application
pp Bucholtz Protection Application
pp

Accumulation of gaz Accumulation of gaz

Oil Leakage Oil Leakage
Interturn faults Interturn faults

Schneider Electric 90 Schneider Electric 90

Inter-Turn Fault Inter-Turn Fault

CT CT
E E
Shorted Load Shorted Load
turn turn

Nominal turns ratio : 11,000 / 240 Nominal turns ratio : 11,000 / 240

Fault turns ratio : 11

11,000
000 / 1 Fault turns ratio : 11
11,000
000 / 1
Current ratio :1 / 11,000 Current ratio :1 / 11,000
Primary Secondary Primary Secondary
Schneider Electric 91 Schneider Electric 91
 Inter-Turn Fault Inter-Turn Fault

CT CT
E E
Shorted Shorted
turn turn

Nominal turns ratio : 11,000 / 240 Nominal turns ratio : 11,000 / 240

Fault turns ratio : 11

11,000
000 / 1 Fault turns ratio : 11
11,000
000 / 1
Current ratio :1 / 11,000 Current ratio :1 / 11,000
Primary Secondary Primary Secondary
Schneider Electric 92 Schneider Electric 92

Interturn Fault Current / Number of Interturn Fault Current / Number of

Turns Short Circuited Turns Short Circuited
Primary current Primary current
(multiples of (multiples of
rated current) rated current)
100 100

Fault current Fault current

(multiples of (multiples of
80 rated current) 80 rated current)

60 60

40 40

20 20

Turn short
short- Turn short
short-
circuited circuited
5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25
(percentage of (percentage of
Schneider Electric Schneider Electric
winding) 93
winding) 93
 Interturn Fault Current / Number of Interturn Fault Current / Number of
Turns Short Circuited Turns Short Circuited
Primary current Primary current
(multiples of (multiples of
rated current) rated current)
100 100

Fault current Fault current

(multiples of (multiples of
80 rated current) 80 rated current)

60 Fault current very high 60 Fault current very high

40 Detected by Bucholz relay 40 Detected by Bucholz relay

20 20
Primary phase current very low Primary phase current very low

5 10 15 20 25
Not detected by 5 10 15 20 25
Not detected by
Schneider Electric
current operated 94 Schneider Electric
current operated 94
relays relays

Generality and Definitions Generality and Definitions

Introduction to transformer protections Introduction to transformer protections

Details of transformer protections and constraints Details of transformer protections and constraints

Conclusion – Typical
yp schemes Conclusion – Typical
yp schemes

Schneider Electric 95 Schneider Electric 95

 Up to 1MVA Up to 1MVA
3.3kV 3.3kV

51 50 51 50
200/5 51 50 N N 200/5 51 50 N N

1MVA 1MVA
1500/5 1500/5
3.3/0.44kV 3.3/0.44kV

51 51
N N

64 1500/5 64 1500/5

Schneider Electric 96 Schneider Electric 96

1 - 5MVA 1 - 5MVA
11kV 11kV

51 50 P121 51 50 P121

64 64

5MVA 5MVA
1000/5 1000/5
11/3.3kV 11/3.3kV

51 51
N N

64 1000/5 64 1000/5

Schneider Electric
3.3kV 97 Schneider Electric
3.3kV 97
Above 5MVA Above 5MVA

Schneider Electric 98 Schneider Electric 98

Phase faults : case study with Phase faults : case study with
overcurrent relays
y overcurrent relays
y
 Setting criteria :  Setting criteria :
Radial transformer  Coordination
C di ti b between
t primary
i and
d Radial transformer  Coordination
C di ti b between
t primary
i and
d
secondary faults secondary faults
 insensibility to inrush current  insensibility to inrush current

PROTECTION TRANSFORMATEUR - CRITERES DE REGLAGES & SELECTIVITE PROTECTION TRANSFORMATEUR - CRITERES DE REGLAGES & SELECTIVITE

100
IEC extremely inverse 100
IEC extremely inverse

<80% Iccbi (the smallest at D1 <80% Iccbi (the smallest at D1

but > I_inrush, 700 to 800 ms but > I_inrush, 700 to 800 ms
1 protection secondaire transformateur 1 protection secondaire transformateur
10 10
2-2b protection primaire transformateur 2-2b protection primaire transformateur
3 protection arrivée jeu de barres 5.5kV 3 protection arrivée jeu de barres 5.5kV
Courant d'enclenchement transformateur Courant d'enclenchement transformateur
t (en s)

t (en s)
Tenue thermique transformateur Tenue thermique transformateur
1 1
Icc tri D1 Icc tri D1
Icc bi D1 Icc bi D1
Icc tri D2 Icc tri D2
Icc bi D2 Icc bi D2
0.1 0.1
In transformateur In transformateur

120% of Icc_tri_max at D1, 100 ms 120% of Icc_tri_max at D1, 100 ms

0.01 or 150% of Icc_tri_max, 0 sec. 0.01 or 150% of Icc_tri_max, 0 sec.
100 1000 10000 100000 100 1000 10000 100000
I (en A) I (en A)

Schneider Electric 99 Schneider Electric 99

 Phase faults : case study with Phase faults : case study with
fuse disconnectors fuse disconnectors

 Criteria for fuse selection :  Criteria for fuse selection :

 Nominal apparent power of the transformer  Nominal apparent power of the transformer
 Inrush Current  Inrush Current

 Advantage : Low cost solution (no circuit breaker)  Advantage : Low cost solution (no circuit breaker)

 Disadvantage :  Disadvantage :

 tripping characteristic must not operate for inrush current => high set  tripping characteristic must not operate for inrush current => high set
 no overload protection  no overload protection
 not sensible to resistant faults occuring at secondary side (common for LV  not sensible to resistant faults occuring at secondary side (common for LV
sides) sides)
 selectivity with upstream relay = high set overcurrent setting on the upstream  selectivity with upstream relay = high set overcurrent setting on the upstream
relay relay

Schneider Electric 100 Schneider Electric 100

11kV Distribution Transformers Typical 11kV Distribution Transformers Typical

Fuse Ratings Fuse Ratings

Transformer rating Fuse Transformer rating Fuse

Full load Rated Operating time at Full load Rated Operating time at
kVA kVA
current (A) current (A) 3 x rating(s) current (A) current (A) 3 x rating(s)

100 5.25 16 3.0 100 5.25 16 3.0

200 10.5 25 3.0 200 10.5 25 3.0
300 15.8 36 10.0 300 15.8 36 10.0
500 26 2
26.2 50 20 0
20.0 500 26 2
26.2 50 20 0
20.0
1000 52.5 90 30.0 1000 52.5 90 30.0

Schneider Electric 101 Schneider Electric 101

8.2 Additional Notes_Part1 8.2 Additional Notes_Part1
8.3 Additional Notes_Part2 8.3 Additional Notes_Part2