Lesson 1: The Human Body organism, which represents the highest level of

structural organization, the organismal level.

ANATOMY
- Study of the structure and shape of the body, NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
body parts and their relationships to one another. 1. Maintaining Boundaries
- Derived from the Greek words ‘tomy’ which 2. Movement
means to cut and ‘ana’ which means apart. 3. Responsiveness
Gross Anatomy 4. Digestion
- Deals with the structure of organs and 5. Metabolism
tissues that are visible to the naked eye. 6. Excretion
Microscopic Anatomy 7. Reproduction
- Branch of anatomy that relies on the use 8. Growth
of microscopes to examine the smallest
structures of the body MAINTAINING BOUNDARIES
- Maintain separate internal and external
PHYSIOLOGY environments, or separate internal chemical
- Study of how the body and its parts work or environments.
function
- Derived from the Greek words ‘physio’ which MOVEMENT
means nature and ‘logos’ which means the study - includes all activities promoted by the muscular
of. system.
- allows the organism to travel through the
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION environment, and allows transport of molecules
within the organism.

RESPONSIVENESS (IRRITABILITY)
- Ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the
environment and then to react to them.

DIGESTION
- The process of breaking down ingested food into
simple molecules that can then be absorbed into
the blood for delivery to all body cells by the
cardiovascular system.

METABOLISM
- All chemical reactions that occur within body cells
Chemical Level: Atoms, tiny building blocks of - Depends on the Digestive and Respiratory
matter, combine to form molecules such as water, systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to
sugar and proteins. Molecules associate in specific the blood, and on the cardiovascular system to
ways to form microscopic cells, the smallest units distribute these substances throughout the body.
of all living things. - Regulated by hormones

Tissues consists of group of similar cells that have EXCRETION

a common function. - Process of removing excreta or wastes from the
body
Organ is a structure, composed of two or more
tissue types that perform a specific function for the REPRODUCTION
body. An organ system is a group of organs that - The production of an offspring, can occur on the
cooperate to accomplish a common purpose. In all, cellular and organismal level
11 organ systems make up the living body, or the - Cellular: original cell divides, producing two
identical daughter cells
- Organismal: when a sperm unites with an egg, a b. A negative feedback mechanism causes
fertilized egg forms, which then develops into an the variable to change in a way that
infant opposes the initial change.
GROWTH
- Increase in size in body parts or the whole c. Both the nervous system and the endocrine
organism system are important to the maintenance of
homeostasis.
SURVIVAL NEEDS d. The goal of negative feedback mechanisms is to
1. Nutrients are consumed chemical substances prevent sudden, severe changes in the body.
that are used for energy and cell building.
2. Oxygen is required by the chemical reactions 3. Positive Feedback Mechanisms
that release energy from foods. a. A positive feedback mechanism causes the
3. Water, the most abundant chemical substance variable to change in the same direction as the
in the body, provides an environment for chemical original change, resulting in a greater deviation
reactions and a fluid medium for secretions and from the set point.
excretions. b. Positive feedback mechanisms typically activate
4. Normal body temperature is required for the events that are self-perpetuating.
chemical reactions of the body to occur at the c. Most positive feedback mechanisms are not
proper rate. related to the maintenance of homeostasis.
5. Atmospheric pressure must be within an
appropriate range so that proper gas exchange 4. Homeostatic imbalance often results in
occurs in the lungs. disease.

HOMEOSTASIS ANATOMICAL POSITION

- The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable - The standard position in which the body is
internal conditions even though the outside world is standing with feet together, arms to the side, and
continuously changing head, eyes, and palms facing forward.
- literaly means ‘unchanging’ (homeo = same,
stasis = standing still)
- A dynamic state of equilibrium or balance in which
internal conditions change and vary, but always
within relatively narrow limits

HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS

1. Components
a. Variable: factor or event being regulated.
b. Receptor: structure that monitors and
responds to changes (stimuli) in the
environment and sends information to the
control center. (Afferent pathway- paloob)
c. Control center: structure that determines
the set point for a variable, analyzes input,
and coordinates an appropriate response.
d. Effector: structure that carries out the
response directed by the control center.
(Efferent Pathway- palabas)

2. Negative Feedback Mechanisms

a. Most homeostatic control mechanisms
are negative feedback mechanisms.
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
REGIONAL TERMS
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
BODY CAVITIES
- Any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism.
– Usually refers to the space where internal organs - It is lined by two types of mesothelium, a
develop, located between the skin and the outer type of membrane tissue that lines the
lining of the gut cavity. ventral cavity: the pleura lining of the lungs,
- Most cavities provide room for the organs to and the pericardium lining of the heart
adjust to changes in the organism’s position. They 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
usually contains protective membranes and - The posterior ventral body cavity found
sometimes bones that protect the organs. beneath the thoracic cavity and diaphragm.
It is generally divided into the abdominal
”THE HUMAN BODY CAVITY” and pelvic cavities.
- Normally refers to the ventral body cavity - The Abdominopelvic cavity is lined by a
because it is by far the largest one in volume. Blood type of mesothelium called the peritoneum.
vessels are not considered cavities but may be held Divisions:
within cavities. 1. Abdominal Cavity
- The cavity inferior to the diaphragm
DORSAL BODY CAVITY - Not contained within bone and
- A continuous cavity located on the dorsal side of houses many organs of the digestive
the body. and renal systems, as well as some
- Houses the organs of the upper central nervous organs of the endocrine system,
system, including the brain and the spinal cord. such as the adrenal glands.
- Meninges - a multi-layered membrane within the 2. Pelvic Cavity
dorsal cavity that envelops and protects the brain - Inferior to Abdominal Cavity
and spinal cord. - Contained within the pelvis and
Two subdivisions: houses the bladder and reproductive
1. Cranial Cavity system
- Anterior portion of the dorsal cavity
consisting of the space inside the skull. ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
- Contains the brain, the meninges of the
brain, and cerebrospinal fluid.
2. Spinal Cavity
- extends from cranial cavity nearly to the
end of the vertebral column
- Spinal cord, which is a continuation of
brain, is protected by the vertebrae, which
surround the spinal cavity.

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY

- The interior space in the front of the body,
contains many different organ systems. The organs
within the ventral cavity are also called viscera.
- The ventral cavity has anterior and posterior
portions divided by the diaphragm; a sheet of
skeletal muscle found beneath the lungs.
Two subdivisions:
1. Thoracic Cavity
- The anterior ventral body cavity found ABDOMINAL FOUR QUADRANTS
within the rib cage in the torso. - The Abdominopelvic region can be divided into
- Houses the primary organs of the four quadrants. These quadrants are defined by the
cardiovascular and respiratory systems, intersection of the sagittal plane with the umbilical
such as the heart and lungs, but also plane (the transverse plane through the navel).
includes organs from other systems, such Clinicians use these regions to determine the
as the esophagus and the thymus gland. organs and tissues that may be causing pain or
discomfort in that region.
1. Right Upper Quadrant - The left hypochondriac region contains part of the
- The right upper quadrant contains the right portion spleen, the left kidney, part of the stomach, the
of the liver, the gallbladder, right kidney, a small pancreas, and parts of the colon.
portion of the stomach, the duodenum, and the 3. Epigastric
head of the pancreas, portions of the ascending - The epigastric (above stomach) region contains
and transverse colon, and parts of small intestine. the majority of the stomach, part of the liver,
Pain in this region is associated with infection and part of the pancreas, part of the duodenum, part
inflammation in the gallbladder and liver or of the spleen, and the adrenal glands. This region
peptic ulcers in the stomach. pushes out when the diaphragm contracts during
2. Left Upper Quadrant breathing.
- The left upper quadrant is the location of the left 4. Right Lumbar
portion of the liver, part of the stomach, the - The right lumbar region consists of the
pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the gallbladder, the left kidney, part of the liver, and
transverse and descending colon, and parts of the the ascending colon.
small intestine. Pain in this region is associated 5. Left Lumbar
with malrotation of the intestine and colon. - The left lumbar region consists of the descending
3. Right Lower Quadrant colon, the left kidney, and part of the spleen.
- In the right lower quadrant sits the cecum, 6. Umbilical
appendix, part of the small intestines, the right half - The umbilical region contains the umbilicus
of the female reproductive system, and the right (navel), and many parts of the small intestine,
ureter. Pain in this region is most commonly such as part of the duodenum, the jejunum, and
associated with appendicitis. the ileum. It also contains the transverse colon
4. Left Lower Quadrant (the section between the ascending and
- The left lower quadrant houses the majority of descending colons) and the bottom portions of both
the small intestine, some of the large intestine, the left and right kidney.
the left half of the female reproductive system, and 7. Right Iliac
the left ureter. Pain in this region is generally - The right iliac region contains the appendix,
associated with colitis (inflammation of the large cecum, and the right iliac fossa. It is also
intestine) as well as pelvic inflammatory disease commonly referred to as the right inguinal region.
and ovarian cysts in females. Pain in this area is generally associated with
appendicitis.
ABDOMINAL NINE DIVISIONS 8. Left Iliac
- The nine divisions of the Abdominopelvic region - The left iliac region contains part of the
are smaller than the four quadrants, allowing for a descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the
more detailed discussion. These divisions are left iliac fossa. It is also commonly called the left
marked by two parasagittal and two transverse inguinal region.
planes centered around the navel. Most organs are 9. Hypogastric
part of multiple regions, including the gallbladder, - The hypogastric region (below the stomach)
duodenum, stomach, kidneys, spleen, small contains the organs around the pubic bone. These
intestine and colon. The perineum (the area include bladder, part of the sigmoid colon, the
beneath the hypogastric region at the bottom of the anus, and many organs of the reproductive system,
pelvic cavity) is sometimes considered to be a tenth such as the uterus and ovaries in females and the
division in this system. prostate in males.
1. Right Hypochondriac
- The right hypochondriac region contains the right
portion of the liver, the gallbladder, the right
kidney, and parts of the small intestine.

2. Left Hypochondriac