Biomass is plant and animal matter that can be converted into bioenergy sources like electricity, heat, and fuels through combustion or other conversion processes. It is a renewable energy source that has significant potential to meet worldwide energy demands. Examples of biomass include wood, crops, manure, garbage, and other organic wastes. Biomass can be directly burned to produce heat and steam or converted into fuels like methane gas, ethanol, and biodiesel. The document then describes various types of biomass resources and ways to generate electricity from biomass, including direct combustion in steam boilers and co-firing biomass with coal.
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Biomass is plant and animal matter that can be converted into bioenergy sources like electricity, heat, and fuels through combustion or other conversion processes. It is a renewable energy source that has significant potential to meet worldwide energy demands. Examples of biomass include wood, crops, manure, garbage, and other organic wastes. Biomass can be directly burned to produce heat and steam or converted into fuels like methane gas, ethanol, and biodiesel. The document then describes various types of biomass resources and ways to generate electricity from biomass, including direct combustion in steam boilers and co-firing biomass with coal.
Biomass is plant and animal matter that can be converted into bioenergy sources like electricity, heat, and fuels through combustion or other conversion processes. It is a renewable energy source that has significant potential to meet worldwide energy demands. Examples of biomass include wood, crops, manure, garbage, and other organic wastes. Biomass can be directly burned to produce heat and steam or converted into fuels like methane gas, ethanol, and biodiesel. The document then describes various types of biomass resources and ways to generate electricity from biomass, including direct combustion in steam boilers and co-firing biomass with coal.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Biomass is plant and animal matter that can be converted into bioenergy sources like electricity, heat, and fuels through combustion or other conversion processes. It is a renewable energy source that has significant potential to meet worldwide energy demands. Examples of biomass include wood, crops, manure, garbage, and other organic wastes. Biomass can be directly burned to produce heat and steam or converted into fuels like methane gas, ethanol, and biodiesel. The document then describes various types of biomass resources and ways to generate electricity from biomass, including direct combustion in steam boilers and co-firing biomass with coal.
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BIO ENERGY to provide heat to industries and Abstract homes. Burning biomass is not the Biomass is plant matter and animal waste only way to release that can be harvested to create bioenergy in its energy. Biomass the form of electricity, heat, steam and fuels. can be converted to Biomass has great potential to contribute other usable forms considerably more to the renewable energy of energy like sector. It has potential to generate power to methane gas or the extent of more than 50% of the country’s transportation fuels like ethanol and requirements. These sources are pollution Biodiesel. Methane gas is the main free and hence clean energy apart from being ingredient of natural gas also called "landfill unlimited /inexhaustible. Biomass can be gas" or "biogas." converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like 2. Types of biomass ethanol and Biodiesel. Domestic 1. Introduction biomass resources Biomass is organic material made from include pulp and plants and animals. Biomass contains stored paper, energy from the sun. Plants absorb the sun's agricultural and energy in a process called photosynthesis. forestry wastes, The chemical energy in plants gets passed on urban wood to animals wastes, and people municipal solid that eat wastes and landfill gas, animal wastes and them. terrestrial and aquatic crops grown solely for Biomass is energy purposes, known as energy crops. a renewable 2.1. Animal Wastes energy source Such as cattle, chicken because and pig manure, can be we can always grow more trees and crops, converted to gas or and waste will always exist. Some examples burned directly for heat of biomass fuels are wood, crops, manure, and power generation. and some garbage. When burned, the Furthermore, most animal wastes contain Chemical energy in biomass is released as high levels of methane. Utilizing the manure heat. Wood waste or garbage can be burned to produce energy properly lowers the to produce steam for making electricity, or environmental and health impacts. These
wastes can be used to make many products the plant composition, requiring only and generate electricity through methane extraction and purification of the product. recovery methods and anaerobic digestion.
2.2. Municipal Solid Wastes b) Agricultural Crops
These feed stocks include the currently Residential, commercial, and institutional available commodity products such as post-consumer wastes contain a significant cornstarch and corn oil; soybean oil and proportion of plant derived organic material meal; wheat starch, other vegetable oils, and that constitutes a any newly developed renewable energy component of future resource. Waste commodity crops. paper, cardboard, They generally yield wood waste and sugars, oils, and yard wastes are extractives, although examples of they can also be used biomass resources to produce plastics in municipal and other chemicals and products. wastes.
2.3. Landfill Gases c) Aquatic Crops
a wide variety of aquatic biomass resources The natural byproduct of bacterial digestion exist such as algae, giant kelp, other of organic garbage contains vast amounts of seaweed, and marine micro flora. methane which can be captured, converted Commercial and used to create energy most often through examples include anaerobic digestion (AD). giant kelp extracts for thickeners and 2.4. Energy Crops food additives, algal dyes, and novel biocatalysts for use in a) Industrial Crops bioprocessing under extreme environments. Industrial crops are being developed and d) Wood Energy Crops grown to produce specific industrial Short-rotation chemicals or woody crops are materials. fast growing Examples include hardwood trees kenaf and straws harvested within for fiber, and five to eight castor for years after ricinoleic acid. planting. These New transgenic crops are being developed include hybrid poplar, hybrid willow, silver that produce the desired chemicals as part of 2 http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com
maple, eastern cottonwood, green ash, black methods lie within the boiler or furnace walnut, sweet gum, and sycamore. structure. In a direct-fired system, biomass is loaded in from the bottom of the boiler and 2.5. Forest Residues air is supplied at the base. In a conventional steam This includes wood boiler, the and wood wastes draft is like bark, sawdust, forced in wood chips, wood through the scrap; dead and top but the dying trees, dried biomass is leafs etc... also bottom loaded. Hot combustion gases are passed through a heat exchanger in which water is boiled to create steam. This 2.6. Agricultural or Crop Residues steam is usually captured by a turbine, causing the turbine blades to rotate. The These are the leftovers of harvesting. They rotation is attached to an electrical generator, can be collected with conventional which then creates electricity. harvesting equipment while harvesting the primary crop or afterwards into pellets, chips, stacks or 3.2. Co-Firing bales. Agriculture crop Co-firing, combining biomass with coal to residues include generate energy, is probably the most corn Stover compatable way to use biomass with the (stalks and current fossil leaves), wheat fuel dependent straw, and rice system. straw and Biomass is processing residues such as nut hulls. placed into the boilers and burned, as coal would be. Often the only 3. Ways to Generate Electricity cost associated with upgrading the system to burn both fuels 3.1 Direct-Fired or Conventional Steam is to purchase a boiler capable of doing so, Boiler and retrofitting it into the system, which is a whole lot cheaper than building a whole Most of the biopower plants in the world use other plant. There are several environmental a direct-fired system or a conventional steam benefits of adding biomass to coal, including boiler. Both systems burn bioenergy decreases in nitrogen and sulphur oxides, the feedstock’s directly to produce steam which causes of smog, acid rain and ozone in turn creates electricity. Differences in the 3 http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com
pollution. Also, the amount of carbon converted into a gaseous form, known as dioxide released is also considerably less. syngas. The gas can then run through “combined-cycle” gas turbine. Biomass gasifiers operate by heating biomass in an environment where the solid biomass breaks 3.3 Pyrolysis down to form a flammable gas. This offers advantages over directly burning the Pyrolysis is a process where biomass is biomass. The biogas can be cleaned and combusted at high temperatures and filtered to remove problem chemical decomposed in the absence of oxygen. compounds. The gas can be used in more However, some difficulties arises when efficient power generation systems called trying to create a totally oxygen free combined-cycles, which combine gas turbines and steam turbines to produce electricity. The efficiency of these systems can reach 60%.
atmosphere. Often a little oxidation does 3.5 Anaerobic digestion
occur which may create undesirable byproducts and also it is highly energy is a biological process, where the methane intensive and expensive at the moment. The released burning creates pyrolysis oil, char or syngas by the which can then be used like petroleum to synergistic generate electricity. It does not create ash or actions energy directly. Instead it morphs the between biomass into higher quality fuel. The process bacteria begins with a drying process in order to and maximize burning potential from the archaea biomass, similar to the direct combustion are process above. When cooled, the brown contained liquidy pyrolysis oil can be used in a and used gasifier. to create energy. Anaerobic Digestion uses biowaste such as manure and municipal solid waste (MSW) as a feedstock. The 3.4 Biomass Gasification manure or waste is bagged and broken down by using bacteria and water. This process Solid biomass releases the methane in the bag, and it is can be 4 http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com
siphoned off into another holding bag. From regions, representing a $15 billion there, the gas is used to power turbines investment and 66,000 jobs. Most states are which generate electricity. generating at least some of their energy from biomass. 3.6 Modular Systems Bioenergy is currently used worldwide. Modular systems employ some of the same According to the International Energy technologies mentioned above, but on a Agency (IEA), the world derives 11% of its smaller scale that is more applicable to energy from biomass. However, developing villages, nations use closer to 35% biomass for farms, and power. This percentage is higher still for the small poorest nations which depend on burning industry. biomass for their cooking, heating and These fueling. systems are now 5. Advantages under • The conversion biomass into electricity does not contribute to global warming, development and could be most useful in or the greenhouse effect. This is remote areas where biomass is abundant and because the amount of carbon dioxide electricity is scarce. released by the biomass is the same as the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the biomass material during its
4. Current use
The United States is currently the largest
biopower (that is biomass for electricity) generator, with over half of the world's installed capacity. Biomass represents 1.5% of the total electricity supply. There are about 7,800 MW of biomass power capacity installed at more than 350 locations in the U.S., representing 1% of total U.S. growth. electricity generation capacity. The U.S. biomass power • Biomass fuels have negligible sulphur industry is content and therefore do not contribute primarily located to sulphur dioxide emissions which in the Northeast, cause acid rain. Southeast, and West Coast
• The combustion of biomass generally transport, to further improve the energy
produces less ash than coal ratio, future development should optimize combustion. Unlike coal ash, the harvest and transport logistics and improve “biomass ash” can be used as a soil machinery fuel efficiency. additive on farm land to recycle material such as phosphorous and 7. References potassium. 1. www.wikipedia.com • The use of agricultural and forestry residues and other waste materials for 2. www.eia.doe.gov energy production is helping to reduce the significant problem of waste 3. Bio renewable Resources Engineering by disposal. RobertC.Brown • Biomass is a domestic resource which 4. Renewable Energy by Alan Douglas is not subject to world price Poole fluctuations. In developing countries, the use of liquid biofuels, such as ethanol, reduces the economic pressures of importing petroleum products.
• The growth of perennial “energy
crops” (such as grasses and trees that are processed for energy use) has a lower environmental impact than conventional agricultural crops.
6. Conclusion
Markets for biomass crops have been slow to
develop. Electric utilities are interested in co-firing biomass as a way to meet the renewable energy mandate. In addition, there are air quality benefits from biomass fuels. Since biomass fuels are low in sulfur and nitrogen, SOx which causes acid rain and NOx which contributes to smog is lower in smokestack emissions when biomass fuels are burned with coal. Presently, ethanol is in demand for use with gasoline to make gasohol. As almost 80% of energy consumption is due to biomass harvest and 6 http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com http://www.fullinterview.com http://www.1000projects.com
