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Second Degree Function Notes

The document discusses second-degree (quadratic) polynomial functions and parabolas, including how the parameters a and b affect the graph by changing its scale, orientation, and location of the vertex. It also provides characteristics and properties of quadratic functions such as their domains, ranges, and the intervals over which they are increasing or decreasing depending on whether a is positive or negative.

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43 views18 pages

Second Degree Function Notes

The document discusses second-degree (quadratic) polynomial functions and parabolas, including how the parameters a and b affect the graph by changing its scale, orientation, and location of the vertex. It also provides characteristics and properties of quadratic functions such as their domains, ranges, and the intervals over which they are increasing or decreasing depending on whether a is positive or negative.

Uploaded by

welcometotheswamp
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Second-Degree Polynomial Functions

(a.k.a. Quadratic Functions, a.k.a. Parabolas)

y
1 - Basic Parabola:
f

f(x) = x2 x

x -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3
f(x) 9 4 1 0 1 4 9

2 - Transformed Parabola:
f(x) = a ( bx )2

=> compare to step function: f(x) = a [ bx ]

The effect of the parameters ( a & b ) is the same

Laws of exponents should be used to eliminate


parameter “b” for a transformed parabola

Example: f(x) = -5 ( 2x )2 a = -5 b = 2

Example: f(x) = -5 ( 2x )2
f(x) = -5 ( 22 x2 )

f(x) = -5 ● 4 x2

f(x) = -20 x2 a = -20

Practice: p. 29 #6
Effect of parameters

Vertical Scale Change ( “a” )

a>1

stretches graph
upwards
(away from x-axis)

Example: f(x) = 3x2


0<a<1

stretches graph
downwards
(towards x-axis)

Example: f(x) = 0.5x2


-1 < a < 0

flips graph and


stretches it upwards
(towards x-axis)

Example: f(x) = -0.1x2


a < -1

flips graph and


stretches it downwards
(away from x-axis)

Example: f(x) = -3x2


Summary of the effect of parameter "a"

Parabola "opens up" if a > 0 (+)

"a" number line

-¥ -1 0 1 ¥

Parabola "opens down" if a < 0 ( – )

Practice: p. 27 #1 A to D only, #2, #6


p. 28 #4

a) 1st deg. b) 2nd deg. c) 0 deg. d) 2nd deg.

p. 30 #10

a) dom: x Є IR ran: y Є [ 0 , ¥ [

variation: dec: x Є ] -¥ , 0 ] inc: x Є [ 0 , ¥ [

sign: neg: Æ pos: x Є IR

extrema: min: y = 0 max: Æ

ini. value: y = 0 zero: x = 0


c) dom: x Є IR ran: y Є ] -¥ , 0 ]

variation: inc: x Є ] -¥ , 0 ] dec: x Є [ 0 , ¥ [

sign: neg: x Є IR pos:Æ

extrema: min: Æ max: y = 0

ini. value: y = 0 zero: x = 0


3 - The VERTEX: the point where parabola changes
from decreasing to increasing or vice-versa

The vertex is located at


at the ORIGIN
4 - Characteristics of 2nd Degree Functions

Characteristic a>0 a<0


(upright) (inverted)
Domain (x)
Range(y)
Initial Value (y)
Zero (x)
Positive (x)
Negative (x)
Increasing (x)
Decreasing (x)
Minimum (y)
Maximum (y)
Characteristic a>0 a<0
(upright) (inverted)
Domain (x) x Є IR
Range(y) yЄ[0,¥[
Initial Value (y) y=0
Zero (x) x=0
Positive (x) x Є IR
Negative (x) Æ
Increasing (x) xЄ[0,¥[
Decreasing (x) x Є ] -¥ , 0 ]
Minimum (y) y=0
Maximum (y) Æ
Characteristic a>0 a<0
(upright) (inverted)
Domain (x) x Є IR x Є IR
Range(y) yЄ[0,¥[ y Є ] -¥ , 0 ]
Initial Value (y) y=0 y=0
Zero (x) x=0 x=0
Positive (x) x Є IR Æ
Negative (x) Æ x Є IR
Increasing (x) xЄ[0,¥[ x Є ] -¥ , 0 ]
Decreasing (x) x Є ] -¥ , 0 ] xЄ[0,¥[
Minimum (y) y=0 Æ
Maximum (y) Æ y=0
5 - Finding the RULE (of correspondence)

Example
x -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3
f(x) -27 -12 -3 0 -3 -12 -27
1) Pick a point other than the vertex

2) Substitute the coordinates of the chosen


point into the rule ( f(x) = a x2 )

-12 = a ( 2 )2

3) Solve for parameter a


a = -3
4) Write the rule of the function
f(x) = -3x2
5) Verify the rule.

Practice: p. 28 #8 a & d only

p. 30 #11 a)
6 – Word Problems Involving 2nd Degree Functions

Class: p. 30 # 14, 16,

Homework: p. 30 # 12, 15, 17

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