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    Basic Terminology

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    khairunnisa1975
    The document provides definitions and descriptions of key anatomical terminology used to describe the structure and organization of the human body. It defines anatomy, physiology, anatomical position, median plane, and other positional terms. It then describes the major body systems including the locomotor, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, endocrine, urogenital, and nervous systems. It also covers the levels of organization of the human body from cells to tissues to organs and systems. Finally, it provides overviews of specific body systems including the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and circulatory systems as well as the skeletal system and main body cavities.

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    Basic Terminology

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    khairunnisa1975
    45 views8 pages
    The document provides definitions and descriptions of key anatomical terminology used to describe the structure and organization of the human body. It defines anatomy, physiology, anatomical position, median plane, and other positional terms. It then describes the major body systems including the locomotor, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, endocrine, urogenital, and nervous systems. It also covers the levels of organization of the human body from cells to tissues to organs and systems. Finally, it provides overviews of specific body systems including the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and circulatory systems as well as the skeletal system and main body cavities.

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    BASIC TERMINOLOGY

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    The document provides definitions and descriptions of key anatomical terminology used to describe the structure and organization of the human body. It defines anatomy, physiology, anatomical position, median plane, and other positional terms. It then describes the major body systems including the locomotor, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, endocrine, urogenital, and nervous systems. It also covers the levels of organization of the human body from cells to tissues to organs and systems. Finally, it provides overviews of specific body systems including the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and circulatory systems as well as the skeletal system and main body cavities.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    45 views8 pages

    Basic Terminology

    Uploaded by

    khairunnisa1975
    The document provides definitions and descriptions of key anatomical terminology used to describe the structure and organization of the human body. It defines anatomy, physiology, anatomical position, median plane, and other positional terms. It then describes the major body systems including the locomotor, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, endocrine, urogenital, and nervous systems. It also covers the levels of organization of the human body from cells to tissues to organs and systems. Finally, it provides overviews of specific body systems including the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and circulatory systems as well as the skeletal system and main body cavities.

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    of 8

    Barooz Khan/USON Khi 1

    BASIC TERMINOLOGY
    Anatomy:
    Anatomy is the study of structure of body and of the relationship of its constituent
    parts to each other.

    Physiology:
    Physiology is the study of the functions of the normal human body.

    Anatomical position:
    The human body is studied from the erect position with the arms by the sides and
    the palms of the hands facing forwards, the head erect and eyes looking straight in front.
    This is described as the anatomical position.

    Median plane:
    The various parts of the body are described in relation of certain imaginary lines
    or planes. The median plane runs through the centre of the body.

    Medial & Lateral:


    Any structure which lies nearer to the median plane of the body than another is
    called medial. Any structure which lies away from the median plane of the body than
    another is called lateral. E.g., the inner side of the thigh is the medial aspect and the outer
    as the lateral aspect.

    Internal & external:


    The terms internal and external are used to describe the relative distance of an
    organ or structure from the centre of a cavity (or a hollow organ). If a structure is
    relatively near is called internal and if a structure is on the outer side is said to be
    external, e.g., internal and external surfaces of a rib.

    Superficial & Deep:


    The terms superficial and deep are used to denote relative distance form the surface of
    the body. Superficial is a term used for an organ or structure which is pertaining to or
    situated near the surface. Deep is a term used for an organ or structure which is situated
    on relatively greater distance from the surface.

    Superior and inferior:


    The terms superior and inferior denote positions relatively high or low. Superior is used
    for a structure or organ which is situated above or directed upward. Inferior is used for a
    structure or organ which is situated below or directed downward.

    Anterior and posterior:

    Barooz Khan/USON Khi 2


    The term anterior is used for an organ or structure situated in front in relation to
    another. The term posterior is used for an organ or structure situated at back in relation
    to another.
    In describing the hand the terms palmar and dorsal are used instead of anterior and
    posterior, and in describing the foot the terms plantar and dorsal are similarly employed.

    Proximal and distal:


    The terms proximal or distal are employed to describe nearness to, or distance from a
    given point. Proximal is used for a structure nearer and the distal is used for a structure
    away from the reference point.

    Osteology: is the study of bones


    Arthrology: is the study of joints.
    Mycology: is the study of muscles.
    Splanchnology: is the study of organs or viscera.
    Neurology: is the study of nerves and nerve structure.
    Cytology: is the study of cells
    Histology: is the study of tissues.

    THE SYSTEMS OF THE BODY:

    The locomotor system:


    This includes the parts concerned in the movements of the body: the skeletal system
    which is composed of the bones, the articulartory system which deals with the joints or
    articulations and the muscular system which includes muscles.

    The blood-vascular system:


    The blood-vascular system includes the circulatory systems and lymphatic system. Blood
    is the principal transport system; it is pumped round the body by the heart, oxygen is
    brought from the lungs and carbon dioxide collected from the tissues. Food passes to the
    liver and thence to the general circulation. Waste products are passed to the kidneys.

    The digestive system:


    The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and the glands and organs
    associated with it. Food is broken down by enzymes in the digestive tract and taken by
    the blood to the liver and finally to the tissues.

    The respiratory system:


    The respiratory system contains the passages and organs concerned with breathing.
    Oxygen from the air is taken into the blood and carried to the tissues; the waste product,
    carbon dioxide is carried by the blood from the body tissues to the lungs and breathed out
    in the expired air.

    The endocrine system:


    It is also known as system of the ductless glands, their principal secretions are known as
    hormones.

    Barooz Khan/USON Khi 3


    The urogential system:
    The urogenital system consists of urinary system and reproductive systems.

    The nervous system:


    The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system which includes brain and
    spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system consisting of the nerves.

    Human Body: Levels of Organization

    CELL:

    Barooz Khan/USON Khi 4


    Cell is the structural and functional unit of living organism, consists of cell membrane,
    cytoplasm and nucleus. It possesses the qualities of all living matter.

    Tissues:
    The tissues of the body consist of large number of cells & perform specialized functions.

    DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
    The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal, some accessory organs and a
    variety of digestive processes, which take place in the alimentary canal.

    DIGESTION:
    “Digestion is a process in which the complex and unabsorbable food is broken down
    (changed) into simple and absorbable food particle with the help of enzymes.”

    ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

    ALIMENTARY TRACT:
    Alimentary tract is a long tube through which food passes, and the process of
    digestion take place in it. It is consists of:
     Mouth
     Pharynx
     Oesophagus
     Stomach
     Small intestine
    i. Duodenum
    ii. Jejunum
    iii. Ileum
     Large intestine
    i. Caecum
    ii. Ascending colon
    iii. Transverse colon
    iv. Descending colon
    v. Sigmoid colon
     Rectum and anal canal

    ACCESSORY ORGANS:
    The glands which are situated outside the digestive tract and they pour
    their secretion into the digestive tract are k/a Accessory organs (glands). Their secretions
    pass through ducts to enter the tract.
     3 pairs of salivary glands
    1. Parotid salivary glands
    2. Sub mandibular salivary glands
    3. Sublingual salivary glands
     Pancreas

    Barooz Khan/USON Khi 5


     Liver and the biliary tract

    RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

    We all need energy to survive and to do work, this energy is obtain from the combustion
    (or oxidation) of nutrient in the cells, these chemical reactions take place only in the
    presence of oxygen, and the main waste product of these reactions is carbon dioxide.

    RESPIRATION:
    Respiration is a process of entrance of oxygen present in atmospheric air into the lungs,
    excretion of carbon dioxide from the lungs into the atmosphere, and gaseous exchange
    (of O2 & CO2) between atmosphere and blood and between blood and tissues.
    INHALATION or INSPIRATION:
    Act of breathing in. (Entrance of air from the atmosphere into the lungs)
    EXHALATION or EXPIRATION:
    Act of breathing out. (Excretion of air from the lungs into the atmosphere)

    ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:


    The respiratory system provides the route by which the supply of oxygen gains entry to
    the body and it provides the rout of excretion of carbon dioxide.
    Organs of the respiratory system:
    The respiratory system consists of the following organs,
     Nose
     Pharynx
     Larynx
     Trachea
     Two main bronchi.(one bronchus to each lungs)
     Smaller bronchi. (divisions of both bronchus)
     Bronchioles and smaller air passages
     Two lungs
     Pleura (covering of the lungs)
     Muscles of respiration (the intercostals muscles and the diaphragm)
    Blood provides the transport system for the gases between the lungs and the cells of the
    body.

    THE URINARY SYSTEM

    The urinary system is one of excretory system of the body. It consists of kidneys, ureters,
    urinary bladder and urethra.
    ORGANS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM:
    The urinary system consists of the following organs.
     2 kidneys which secret urine.
     2 ureters which convey the urine from the kidneys.
     1 urinary bladder where urine collects and is temporarily stored.

    Barooz Khan/USON Khi 6


     1 urethra through which the urine is discharged from the urinary bladder to the
    exterior.

    THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

    The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatics.
    THE HEART: Heart is the great pumping organ maintaining the circulation throughout
    the body.
    ARTERIES: carrying blood from the heart.
    VEINS: carrying blood to the heart.
    CAPILLARIES: Capillaries are very fine thin blood vessels; they unite the arteries and
    veins and all the exchange of substances b/w the tissues and blood vessels take place
    through them.
    LYMPHATICS: the lymphatics collect, filter, and pass back to the blood stream the
    lymph which has exuded through the minute capillary walls.

    THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:

    Barooz Khan/USON Khi 7


    Main cavities of the body:

    Cranial cavity or cranium which contains brain

    Thoracic cavity or thorax which contains lungs, heart, oesophagus, Trachea, bronchi
    and great blood vessels
    Abdominal cavity or abdomen which contains, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas,
    spleen, kidneys, ureters etc.

    Pelvic cavity or pelvis which contains, urinary bladder, rectum, and internal female
    reproductive organs (uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes)

    Abdominal Regions:

    The abdomen is divided into 9 different regions.

    1 2 3
    1. Right Hypochondriac Region
    2. Epigastric Region
    3. Left Hypochondriac Region
    4. Right Lumbar Region
    5. umbilical Region
    6. left Lumbar Region 4 5 6
    7. Right Iliac Region
    8. Hypogastric Region
    9. Left Iliac Region

    7 8 9

    Barooz Khan/USON Khi 8

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