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P P P P: ( (P - P) / P) % 0.665 % We Can Neglect The K.E. Term in This Problem

This document presents equations for calculating pressure and flow rate of an ideal gas flowing through a horizontal pipe under adiabatic conditions. It derives the equation relating initial and final pressure and specific volume. This equation is then integrated to relate the initial and final pressures and specific volumes for an adiabatic flow. It also presents the general energy equation applied to compressible fluid flow in a horizontal pipe with no shaft work.

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50 views

P P P P: ( (P - P) / P) % 0.665 % We Can Neglect The K.E. Term in This Problem

This document presents equations for calculating pressure and flow rate of an ideal gas flowing through a horizontal pipe under adiabatic conditions. It derives the equation relating initial and final pressure and specific volume. This equation is then integrated to relate the initial and final pressures and specific volumes for an adiabatic flow. It also presents the general energy equation applied to compressible fluid flow in a horizontal pipe with no shaft work.

Uploaded by

AramNawzad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8314 (Pa.m 3 /kmol.

K) 338K
P1 υ1 =
RT
= = 26510.68 (J / kg ≡ m 2 / s 2 )
Mwt 106 kg/kmol
Re = G d / μ = 7.074(0.15)/0.01 x 10-3 = 1.06 x 105, e/d = 0.002
⇒ Φ = 0.003 (Figure 3.7)
⎛ 7 × 10 3 ⎞ 6
⇒ ln⎜ ⎟ + 3.769 × 10 − 7 [ P22 − (7 × 10 3 ) 2 ] + 4(0.003) =0
⎝ P2 ⎠ 0.15
ln( 7 × 10 3 / P2 ) + 0.48 ln( 7 × 10 3 / P2 ) + 0.48
= (7 × 10 3 ) − (7 × 10 3 )2 −
2
⇒ P2
⇒ P2 =
2
3.769 × 10 − 7 3.769 × 10 −7
Solution by trial and error
P2 Assumed 5 x 103 6.8435 x 103 6.904 x 103 6.9057 x 103
P2 Calculated 6.8435 x 103 6.904 x 103 6.9057 x 103 6.9058 x 103
⇒ P2 = 6.9058 x 103 Pa
–ΔP = P1 – P2 = (7 – 6.9058) x 103 = 94.2Pa
[(P1 – P2) / P1] % = 0.665 % we can neglect the K.E. term in this problem
H.W. resolve this example with neglecting the K.E. term

For maximum flow rate calculations


m& max = A Pw 1 / P1 υ1 ⇒ G max = Pw 1 / P1 υ1
To estimate Pw
⎛P ⎞ ⎛P ⎞
2 2
L
ln⎜ 1 ⎟ + 1 − ⎜ 1 ⎟ + 8φ = 0
⎝ Pw ⎠ ⎝ Pw ⎠ d
Let X ≡ (P1/Pw)2
⇒ ln(X) + 1 – X + 8 Φ L/d = 0 ⇒ X = 1.96 + ln(X)
Solution by trial and error
X Assumed 1.2 2.14 2.72 2.96 3.074 3.086 3.087
X Calculated 2.14 2.72 2.96 3.074 3.086 3.087 3.087
⇒ X = 3.087 = (P1/Pw)2 ⇒ Pw = P1/(3.087)0.5 = 3984 Pa
∴ the system does not reach maximum velocity (H.W. explain)
⇒ Gmax = 3984 / (26510.68)0.5 = 24.47 kg/m2.s
Example -8.8-
A vacuum system is required to handle 10 g/s of vapor (molecular weight 56 kg/kmol)
so as to maintain a pressure of 1.5 kN/m2 in a vessel situated 30 m from the vacuum
pump. If the pump is able to maintain a pressure of 0.15 kN/m2 at its suction point, what
diameter of pipe is required? The temperature is 290 K, and isothermal conditions may
be assumed in the pipe, whose surface can be taken as smooth. The ideal gas law is
followed. Gas viscosity μ = 0.01 mN s/m2.
Solution:
⎛ P1 ⎞ ( P22 − P12 ) L
G ln⎜ ⎟ +
2
+ 4φ G 2 = 0
⎝ P2 ⎠ 2 P1 υ1 d
m&
2 = 10 x 10
-3
G= / [π/4 (d)2] = 0.0127 d-2
π/4 d
Re = G d / μ = 1273.25 d-1 ---------------------------------(1)
8314 (Pa.m 3 /kmol.K) 290K
P1 υ1 =
RT
= = 43054.64 (J / kg ≡ m 2 / s 2 )
Mwt 56 kg/kmol
⇒ 2.3 G2 – 52.97 + 120 Φ/d G2 = 0
⇒ 3.733 x 10-4 d-4 – 52.97 + 0.019 d-3 Φ = 0
−1 / 4
⎡ 52.97 − 0.019 d − 3 φ ⎤
⇒ d =⎢ −4 ⎥ ---------------------------------(2)
⎣ 3.733 × 10 ⎦
Assume smooth pipe
Solution by trial and error
Eq.(1) Figure (3.7) Eq.(2)
Assume d = 0.1 ⇒ Re = 1.3 x 10-4 ⇒ Φ = 0.0038 ⇒ d = 0.0515
d = 0.0515 ⇒ Re = 2.5 x 10-4 ⇒ Φ = 0.0028 ⇒ d = 0.0516
∴ d = 0.0516 m.
8.3.2 Adiabatic Flow of an Ideal Gas in a Horizontal Pipe
The general energy equation of a steady-state flow system is: -
dH + g dz + u du = dq -dWs
For adiabatic conditions (dq = 0) and in horizontal pipe (dz = 0) with no shaft
work dWs = 0)
⇒ dH + u du = 0
m& u dH = dU + d(Pυ)
but G = = ρu= ⇒ u = υG
A υ cp dT = cv dT + R dT
⇒ dH + G2 υ d υ = 0 ∴ cp = cv + R

we have dH = cp dT, and dPυ = RdT ⇒dT = dPυ/R = dPυ/(cp – cv)


⇒ dH = cp [dPυ/(cp – cv)] = (cp / cv) /[(cp – cv)/ cv] dPυ = [γ/( γ – 1)] dPυ
γ
∴ dPυ + G 2 υ dυ = 0
γ −1
The integration of this equation gives
γ G2 2 γ G2 2 γ G2 2
P1 υ1 + υ1 = P2 υ2 + υ2 = Pυ + υ =K
γ −1 2 γ −1 2 γ −1 2
This equation is used to estimate the downstream pressure P2

To estimate the downstream specific volume υ2 the procedure is as follow


γ G2 2 ⎛ γ − 1 ⎞⎡ K G 2 ⎤
Pυ = K − υ ⇒ P =⎜ ⎟ − υ⎥
γ −1 2 ⎝ γ ⎠⎢⎣ υ 2 ⎦
⎛ γ − 1 ⎞⎡ K G 2 ⎤
⇒ dP = ⎜ ⎟− − ⎥dυ ÷υ
⎝ γ ⎠⎢⎣ υ2 2 ⎦
dP ⎛ γ − 1 ⎞⎡ K G 2 ⎤
⇒ =⎜ ⎟⎢ − − ⎥dυ
υ ⎝ γ ⎠⎣ υ3 2υ ⎦
dP ⎛ γ − 1 ⎞⎡ K ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ G 2 ⎛ υ2 ⎞⎤
P2

⇒ ∫ =⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟ − ln⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ γ ⎠⎣ 2 ⎝ υ2 υ1 ⎠ 2 ⎝ υ1 ⎠⎦
P1 υ

G2 2 γ
But, K = υ1 + Pυ
2 γ −1 1 1
dP ⎛ γ − 1 ⎞⎡ G 2 2 ⎛ 1 1⎞ γ P1 υ1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ G 2 ⎛ υ2 ⎞⎤
P2

⇒∫ =⎜ ⎟⎢ υ1 ⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟ + ⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟− ln⎜ ⎟⎥
P1 υ ⎝ γ ⎠⎣ 4 ⎝ υ2 υ1 ⎠ γ − 1 2 ⎝ υ2 υ1 ⎠ 2 ⎝ υ1 ⎠⎦

γ − 1 2 ⎡⎛ υ1 ⎞ ⎛ υ ⎞⎤ P υ ⎛ 1 1⎞
2

= G ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 1 − 2 ln⎜ 2 ⎟⎥ + 1 1 ⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟
4γ ⎢⎣⎝ υ2 ⎠ ⎝ υ1 ⎠⎥⎦ 2 ⎝ υ2 υ1 ⎠
But,
⎛ υ2 ⎞ P2 dP L The general equation of energy apply to
G ln⎜ ⎟ + ∫
2
+ 4φ G 2 = 0 compressible fluid in horizontal pipe with
⎝ υ1 ⎠ P1 υ d
no shaft work

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