Chapter Five
Integration and Application of Integrals
5.1 Introduction
When a function f(x) is known we can differentiate it to obtain its derivative df/dx . The reverse
process is to obtain the function f(x) from knowledge of its derivative. This process is called
integration. Applications of integration are numerous and some of these will be explored in
subsequent Blocks. For now, what is important is that you practice basic techniques and learn a
variety of methods for integrating functions.
Suppose we differentiate the function y = x2. We obtain dy/dx = 2x. Integration reverses this
process and we say that the integral of 2x is x2.
Page 1 of 9
Instructor: Yohannes D.
Example: Use the table above to find the indefinite integral of x7: that is, find dx.
Example Find the indefinite integral of 1/x : that is, find dx.
5.2 Rules of Integration
A. The integral of k f(x) where k is a constant
A constant factor in an integral can be moved outside the integral sign as follows:
Example: Find the indefinite integral of 11x2: that is, find dx
B.The integral of f(x) + g(x) or of f(x) − g(x)
When we wish to integrate the sum or difference of two functions, we integrate each term
separately as follows:
Page 2 of 9
Instructor: Yohannes D.
Summery
Exercise:
5.3 Techniques of Integration
Over the next few sections we examine some techniques that are frequently successful when
seeking antiderivatives of functions.
Page 3 of 9
Instructor: Yohannes D.
A. Substitution
Applying substitution rule
Page 4 of 9
Instructor: Yohannes D.
B. Integration by Parts
We have already seen that recognizing the product rule can be useful, when we noticed
that
Page 5 of 9
Instructor: Yohannes D.
5.4 Definite Integrals
Until now we have been using the technique of find antiderivatives that is,to evaluate
indefinite integrals and let us see what happens when we use this equation to evaluate a
definite integral. Suppose we want to evaluate
Page 6 of 9
Instructor: Yohannes D.
Solution:
5.5 Applications of Integrals
Integration has several applications in real world life. For example to find the areas, volume, work,
momentum, the length of the curves and so on. Due to the time constrains we will see only how to find
the area using integrations.
Area between curves
We have seen how integration can be used to find an area between a curve and the x-axis. With
very little change we can find some areas between curves; indeed, the area between a curve and
the x-axis may be interpreted as the area between the curve and a second “curve” with equation
y = 0. In the simplest of cases, the idea is quite easy to understand.
Page 7 of 9
Instructor: Yohannes D.
It is clear from the figure that the area we want is the area under f minus the area under g, which
is to say
It doesn’t matter whether we compute the two integrals on the left and then subtract or compute
the single integral on the right. In this case, the latter is perhaps a bit easier:
Example: Find the area of the region bounded by the two parabolas y = x2 and y2 = x.
Solution: The point of intersection of these two parabolas are O (0, 0) and A (1, 1) as shown in
below
Page 8 of 9
Instructor: Yohannes D.
Example: Find the area between sin(x) and cos(x) in the interval Π /4 and 5Π /4
Solution:
Page 9 of 9
Instructor: Yohannes D.
