ADMAS UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE

SIMULATION AND MODELLING

ASSIGNMENT #2

Name: Betsegaw Demeke

Section: 3DRCS1
ID No: ADMA/3275/17
Submission Date: August 9, 2020
Submitted to: Yadeta G.
1. What is simulation example?
 Simulation example shows the performance in the time domain and frequency
domain of two identification techniques. The classic technique with digital
network analyzer is presented first. Then, the WSI technique is presented. The
output impedance of the source converter of the cascade system is taken into
consideration.
 The physics and engineering sections of a technical school’s library, and you'll see a huge
amount of information on a wide variety of phenomena. For example we can simulate the
following phenomena such as: drag, lift and stretch there are many other properties we
could simulate. Friction, applied force, flow, elasticity, tension, normal force, turbulence,
spring force, heat transfer, gravity, trust and so forth.
1. These can be done by what's called a dynamic solver. A few of these are
computed at interactive speeds, some are created offline. In either case, the
rendering is separate from the physical computations. Typically, the way solvers
work is that a tiny timestep is chosen for the simulation, often smaller than the
time represented by the frame. The effect of forces in the scene are computed for
this sliver of time and objects are modified.

2. What are the steps of simulation?

 Although simulations vary in complexity from situation to situation, in general one
would have to go through the following steps:
1. Problem Formulation
▪ The problem is clearly understood by the simulation analyst
▪ The formulation is clearly understood by the client
2. Setting of Objectives and Overall Project Plan
▪ Determine the questions that are to be answered
▪ Identify scenarios to be investigated
▪ Decision criteria
▪ Determine the end-user
▪ Determine data requirements
▪ Determine hardware, software & personnel requirements
▪ Prepare a time plan
▪ Cost plan and billing procedure
3. Model Conceptualization
▪ Abstract essential features
• Events, activities, entities, attributes, resources, variables, and their
relationships
• Performance measures
• Data requirements
▪ Select correct level of details (assumptions)
4. Data Collection
▪ Collect data for input analysis and validation
• Arrival rate, arrival process, service discipline, service rate, etc.
▪ Analysis of the data
 • Determine the random variables
• Fit distribution functions
5. Model Translation
▪ Coding
• General Purpose Language (Java, C++, VB)
• Special Purpose Simulation Language/Software (SIMEN,
ARENA, EXTEND)
6. Verification
▪ The process of determining if the operational logic is correct
• Debugging the simulation software

7. Validation
▪ The process of determining if the model accurately represents the system
• Comparison of the model results with collected data from the real
system
8. Experimental Design
▪ Alternative scenarios to be simulated
▪ Type of output data analysis (steady-state vs. terminating simulation
analysis)
▪ Number of simulations runs
▪ Length of each run
▪ Variance reduction
9. Production Run and Analysis
▪ Statistical tests for significance and ranking
• Point estimation
• Confidence-interval estimation
▪ Interpretation of results
10. Documentation and Report
▪ Program documentation
• Allows future modifications
• Creates confidence
▪ Progress reports
• Frequent reports (e.g. monthly) are suggested
• Alternative scenarios
• Performance measures of criteria used
• Results of experiments
• Recommendations
11. Implementation
▪ Implement the study in real system

3. What are the simulation techniques?

 Monte Carlo / Risk Analysis Simulation

In simple terms, a Monte Carlo simulation is a method of risk analysis. Businesses use it
prior to implementing a major project or change in a process, such as a manufacturing
assembly line.
Built on mathematical models, Monte Carlo analyses use the empirical data of the real
system’s inputs and outputs (e.g., supply intake and production yield). It then identifies
uncertainties and potential risks through probability distributions.
The advantage of a Monte Carlo-based simulation is that it provides awareness and a
thorough understanding of potential threats to your bottom-line and time-to-market.
You can implement Monte Carlo simulations to practically any industry or field,
including oil and gas, manufacturing, engineering, supply chain management, and many
others.

 Agent-Based Modeling & Simulation

An agent-based simulation is a model that examines the impact of an ‘agent’ on the

‘system’ or ‘environment.’ In simple terms, just think of the impact a new laser-cutter or
some other factory equipment has on your overall manufacturing line.
The ‘agent’ in agent-based models could be people, equipment, and practically anything
else. The simulation includes the agent’s ‘behavior,’ which serve as rules of how those
agents must act in the system. You then look at how the system responds to those rules.
However, you must draw your rules from real-world data — otherwise, you will not
generate accurate insights. In a way, it serves as a means to examine a proposed change
and identify potential risks and opportunities.

 Discrete Event Simulation

A discrete event simulation model enables you to observe the specific events that result in
your business processes. For example, the typical technical support process involves the
end-user calling you, your system receiving and assigning the call, and your agent
picking up the call.
You would use a discrete event simulation model to examine that technical support
process. You can use discrete event simulation models to study many types of systems
(e.g., healthcare, manufacturing, etc), and for a diverse range of outcomes.
For example, the Nebraska Medical Center had used discrete event simulation models to
see how it could remove workflow bottlenecks, increase the utilization of its operating
rooms, and lower patient/surgeon travel distance and time.

 System Dynamics Simulation Solutions

This is a very abstract form of simulation modeling. Unlike agent-based modeling and
discrete event modeling, system dynamics does not include specific details about the
system. So for a manufacturing facility, this model will not factor in data about the
machinery and labor.
Rather, businesses would use system dynamics models to simulate for a long-term,
strategic-level view of the overall system.
 In other words, the priority is to get aggregate-level insights about the entire system in
response to an action — e.g., a reduction in CAPEX, ending a product line, etc.

4. What are simulation activities?

 A simulator is a device, computer program, or system that performs simulation. A
simulation is a method for implementing a model (see model types) over time.
There are three (3) types of commonly uses simulations: [1]
1. Live: Simulation involving real people operating real systems
▪ Involve individuals or groups
▪ May use actual equipment
▪ Should provide a similar area of operations
▪ Should be close to replicating the actual activity
2. Virtual: Simulation involving real people operating simulated systems.
Virtual simulations inject Human-In-The-Loop in a central role by
exercising:
▪ Motor control skills (e.g., flying an airplane)
▪ Decision skills (e.g., committing fire control resources to action)
▪ Communication skills (e.g., members of a C4I team)
3. Constructive: Simulation involving simulated people operating simulated
systems. Real people can stimulate (make inputs) but are not involved in
determining outcomes. Constructive simulations offer the ability to:
▪ Analyze concepts
▪ Predict possible outcomes
▪ Stress large organizations
▪ Make measurements
▪ Generate statistics
▪ Perform analysis

5. What are 3 types of models?

 Conceptual Models: are qualitative models that help highlight important
connections in real world systems and processes. They are used as a first step in
the development of more complex models.
 Mathematical and Statistical Models: involve solving relevant equation(s) of a
system or characterizing a system based upon its statisical parameters such as
mean, mode, variance or regression coefficients. Mathematical models include
Analytical models and Numerical Models. Statistical models are useful in helping
identify patterns and underlying relationships between data sets.
 Teaching with Visualizations: By this we mean anything that can help one
visualize how a system works. A visualization model can be a direct link between
data and some graphic or image output or can be linked in series with some other
type of model so to convert its output into a visually useful format. Examples
include 1-, 2-, and 3-D graphics packages, map overlays, animations, image
manipulation and image analysis.
6. What are examples of models?
 Explores how many panels should be installed, and what the payoff is in terms of
net present value, Internal rate of return and time to recoup cost.
 Presents an input table to a user, where one column is populated with computed
output data, the other column with checkboxes for the user to select.
 Too many environmental issues cause bitter public controversy. The question of
how to decommission California's 27 offshore oil platforms started out as a typical
example.
 Implements a continuous-time Markov chain in Analytica's discrete-time dynamic
simulation environment. It supports immigration to, and emigration from, every
node.
 Calculator for computing the maximum load that can be handled by a Douglas Fir
- Larch post of a given size, grade, and composition in a construction setting.
 Computes the load that a Douglas-Fir Larch post can support in compression.
Works for different timber types and grades and post sizes.
 A model which highlights Cell Formatting and Computed Cell Formats. Model
result is a 'color map' wherein the cell fill color is computed based on three input
variables (R, G, and B), the computed color is displayed in hexadecimal, and the
font color of the hexadecimal color is determined by the cell fill color.

7. Can you be a 5'2 model?

 ???????????????

8. What is the purpose of simulation?

 The underlying purpose of simulation is to shed light on the underlying
mechanisms that control the behavior of a system. More practically, simulation
can be used to predict (forecast) the future behavior of a system, and determine
what you can do to influence that future behavior. That is, simulation can be used
to predict the way in which system will evolve and respond to its surroundings, so
that you can identify any necessary changes that will help make the system
perform the system perform the way that you want it to.
9. What is simulation teaching method?
 The word ‘Simulated’ means to imitate exactly. Interest is aroused in the pupils
through ‘Role Playing’ while teaching. This skill is used by teachers and pupils in
the classroom by playing some role without any preliminary training i.e.
extempore or without any rehearsal. So, it can be safely concluded that simulation
is a form of Role playing wherein pupil-teachers display this skill spontaneously.
 The teacher is trained practically and also imparted theoretical learning. The pupil
teacher needs to be trained in simulated situations before sending him to the
school for teaching practice. He has to play the role of teaching in artificially
created environment. After that he should be sent to the school. In this way the
teacher will be able to teach in an excellent manner.
 Definition of Simulated Teaching
 Simulated teaching is the technique of learning and training, which develops the ability in
an individual regarding problem solving behavior. It has been defined as a role playing
strongly in which learner performs the role in an artificially created environment.

10. Why is simulation used?

 Easy to understand − Allows to understand how the system really operates without
working on real-time systems.
 Easy to test − Allows to make changes into the system and their effect on the
output without working on real-time systems.
 Easy to upgrade − Allows to determine the system requirements by applying
different configurations.
 Easy to identifying constraints − Allows to perform bottleneck analysis that causes
delay in the work process, information, etc.
 Easy to diagnose problems − Certain systems are so complex that it is not easy to
understand their interaction at a time. However, Modelling & Simulation allows to
understand all the interactions and analyze their effect. Additionally, new policies,
operations, and procedures can be explored without affecting the real system.
References
➢ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/simulation-example
➢ https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/quantitative-techniques-
theory/9789332512085/xhtml/ch11sec2.xhtml
➢ https://mosimtec.com/types-of-simulation-models/
➢ http://acqnotes.com/acqnote/tasks/simulator-types
➢ https://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/models/WhatIsAModel.html
➢ https://www.goldsim.com/web/introduction/
➢ https://www.tutorialspoint.com/modelling_and_simulation/modelling_and_s
imulation_introduction.htm