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L L R Where R L W W W: General Relationship Single Server, Exponential Service Time

The document summarizes key formulas and relationships for analyzing waiting lines and queues. It provides equations for performance measures like average number in line, wait time, and probability of being served immediately for single-server and multiple-server queues with exponential and constant service times. Control charts for variables and attributes are also summarized, including factors used to determine control limits. A table shows probability of zero customers (P0) and average number in line (Lq) for queues with 2 to 10 servers and varying arrival (λ) to service (μ) rates.

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Billie Jean
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
63 views5 pages

L L R Where R L W W W: General Relationship Single Server, Exponential Service Time

The document summarizes key formulas and relationships for analyzing waiting lines and queues. It provides equations for performance measures like average number in line, wait time, and probability of being served immediately for single-server and multiple-server queues with exponential and constant service times. Control charts for variables and attributes are also summarized, including factors used to determine control limits. A table shows probability of zero customers (P0) and average number in line (Lq) for queues with 2 to 10 servers and varying arrival (λ) to service (μ) rates.

Uploaded by

Billie Jean
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Waiting lines analysis

General relationship Single server, exponential service time

λ Performance measure Equation


Ls =
Lq + r where r =
µ λ2
Average number in line Lq =
Lq µ (µ − λ )
Wq =
λ λ
Probability of zero customers P0 = 1 −
1 in the system µ
W= Wq +
s
µ Probability of n customers in
λ
n
the system Pn = P0  
µ
Single server, constant service time Probability of fewer than n n
customers in the system λ
P< n = 1 −  
µ
λ2 Probability that a customer λ − ( µ −λ )t
Lq = waits at least t time units in PW inQ >t = e
2µ ( µ − λ ) queue µ

Basic multiple servers

Performance measure Equation


M
λ
Average number of customers in line λµ  
Lq = µ P0
( M − 1)!( M µ − λ ) 2
−1
Probability of zero customers in the system   λ n λ
M

 M −1   µ 
  µ   
∑
=P0 +
n =0 n !  λ  
 M !1 −  
  M µ  
Probability of n customers in the system  n
1 λ
   P0 if n ≤ M
 n!  µ 
Pn =  n
 1 λ
 n−m   P0 if n > M
 M !M µ
Average waiting time (before being served) for an  1 
arrival who is not immediately served Wa =  
 Mµ −λ 
Probability that a customer waits at least t time units
in queue.

Probability that an arrival will have to wait for Wq


service PW =
Wa

1
Control charts
Name Symbol Control limits
Sample mean x σ
x±z or x ± A2 R
n
Sample range R =
UCL D=
4 R, LCL D3 R
Sample proportion of defectives p
p (1 − p )
p±z
n
Sample number of defects c
c±z c

Factors for Charts

Number of Factors Factors for R charts


observation for x
s in D3 D4
chart
subgroup
Process Capability n A2
2 1.88 0 3.27
3 1.02 0 2.57
4 0.73 0 2.28
5 0.58 0 2.11
6 0.48 0 2.00
7 0.42 0.08 1.92
8 0.37 0.14 1.86
9 0.34 0.18 1.82
10 0.31 0.22 1.78
11 0.29 0.26 1.74
12 0.27 0.28 1.72
13 0.25 0.31 1.69
14 0.24 0.33 1.67
15 0.22 0.35 1.65
16 0.21 0.36 1.64
17 0.20 0.38 1.62
18 0.19 0.39 1.61
19 0.19 0.40 1.60
20 0.18 0.41 1.59

2
Servers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
λ µ P0 Lq P0 Lq P0 Lq P0 Lq P0 Lq P0 Lq P0 Lq P0 Lq P0 Lq
0.1 0.905 0.0003
0.15 0.86 0.0008
0.2 0.818 0.002
0.25 0.778 0.004 0.779 0.0002
0.3 0.739 0.0069 0.741 0.0004
0.35 0.702 0.0111 0.705 0.0008
0.4 0.667 0.0167 0.67 0.0013
0.45 0.633 0.024 0.637 0.002 0.638 0.0002
0.5 0.6 0.0333 0.606 0.003 0.606 0.0003
0.55 0.569 0.045 0.576 0.0044 0.577 0.0004
0.6 0.538 0.0593 0.548 0.0062 0.549 0.0006
0.65 0.509 0.0768 0.521 0.0084 0.522 0.0009
0.7 0.481 0.0977 0.495 0.0112 0.496 0.0013 0.497 0.0001
0.75 0.455 0.1227 0.471 0.0147 0.472 0.0018 0.472 0.0002
0.8 0.429 0.1524 0.447 0.0189 0.449 0.0024 0.449 0.0003
0.85 0.404 0.1874 0.425 0.024 0.427 0.0032 0.427 0.0004
0.9 0.379 0.2285 0.403 0.03 0.406 0.0042 0.407 0.0005
0.95 0.356 0.2768 0.383 0.0371 0.386 0.0054 0.387 0.0007
1 0.333 0.3333 0.364 0.0455 0.367 0.0068 0.368 0.001 0.368 0.0001
1.05 0.311 0.3995 0.345 0.0552 0.349 0.0085 0.35 0.0013 0.35 0.0002
1.1 0.29 0.4771 0.327 0.0664 0.332 0.0106 0.333 0.0016 0.333 0.0002
1.15 0.27 0.568 0.31 0.0793 0.316 0.013 0.317 0.0021 0.317 0.0003
1.2 0.25 0.675 0.294 0.0941 0.3 0.0159 0.301 0.0026 0.301 0.0004
1.25 0.231 0.8013 0.279 0.1111 0.285 0.0192 0.286 0.0032 0.286 0.0005
1.3 0.212 0.9511 0.264 0.1303 0.271 0.023 0.272 0.004 0.273 0.0006
1.35 0.194 1.1299 0.25 0.1522 0.258 0.0274 0.259 0.0049 0.259 0.0008 0.259 0.0001
1.4 0.176 1.3451 0.236 0.1771 0.245 0.0325 0.246 0.006 0.247 0.001 0.247 0.0002
1.45 0.159 1.6067 0.223 0.2051 0.233 0.0382 0.234 0.0072 0.235 0.0013 0.235 0.0002
1.5 0.143 1.9286 0.211 0.2368 0.221 0.0448 0.223 0.0086 0.223 0.0016 0.223 0.0003
1.55 0.127 2.3311 0.199 0.2726 0.21 0.0521 0.212 0.0103 0.212 0.0019 0.212 0.0003
1.6 0.111 2.8444 0.187 0.3129 0.199 0.0605 0.201 0.0122 0.202 0.0023 0.202 0.0004
1.65 0.096 3.5163 0.176 0.3583 0.189 0.0698 0.192 0.0144 0.192 0.0028 0.192 0.0005
1.7 0.081 4.4261 0.166 0.4095 0.18 0.0803 0.182 0.0168 0.183 0.0034 0.183 0.0006 0.183 0.0001
1.75 0.067 5.7166 0.156 0.4671 0.17 0.0921 0.173 0.0196 0.174 0.004 0.174 0.0008 0.174 0.0001
1.8 0.053 7.6737 0.146 0.5321 0.162 0.1052 0.165 0.0228 0.165 0.0048 0.165 0.0009 0.165 0.0002
1.85 0.039 10.964 0.137 0.6055 0.153 0.1198 0.156 0.0263 0.157 0.0056 0.157 0.0011 0.157 0.0002
1.9 0.026 17.587 0.128 0.6884 0.145 0.136 0.149 0.0303 0.149 0.0066 0.15 0.0014 0.15 0.0003
1.95 0.013 37.543 0.119 0.7823 0.138 0.154 0.141 0.0348 0.142 0.0077 0.142 0.0016 0.142 0.0003
2 0.111 0.8889 0.13 0.1739 0.134 0.0398 0.135 0.009 0.135 0.0019 0.135 0.0004
2.05 0.103 1.0102 0.124 0.196 0.128 0.0454 0.129 0.0104 0.129 0.0023 0.129 0.0005
2.1 0.096 1.1488 0.117 0.2204 0.121 0.0515 0.122 0.0121 0.122 0.0027 0.122 0.0006 0.122 0.0001
2.15 0.088 1.3077 0.111 0.2474 0.115 0.0584 0.116 0.0139 0.116 0.0031 0.116 0.0007 0.116 0.0001
2.2 0.081 1.4909 0.105 0.2772 0.109 0.0659 0.111 0.0159 0.111 0.0037 0.111 0.0008 0.111 0.0002
2.25 0.075 1.7033 0.099 0.3101 0.104 0.0743 0.105 0.0182 0.105 0.0043 0.105 0.0009 0.105 0.0002
2.3 0.068 1.9511 0.093 0.3464 0.099 0.0835 0.1 0.0207 0.1 0.0049 0.1 0.0011 0.1 0.0002
2.35 0.062 2.2426 0.088 0.3864 0.094 0.0936 0.095 0.0235 0.095 0.0057 0.095 0.0013 0.095 0.0003
2.4 0.056 2.5888 0.083 0.4306 0.089 0.1048 0.09 0.0266 0.091 0.0065 0.091 0.0015 0.091 0.0003
2.45 0.05 3.0046 0.078 0.4793 0.084 0.117 0.086 0.0301 0.086 0.0075 0.086 0.0018 0.086 0.0004
2.5 0.045 3.5112 0.074 0.5331 0.08 0.1304 0.082 0.0339 0.082 0.0086 0.082 0.0021 0.082 0.0005
2.55 0.04 4.1388 0.069 0.5925 0.076 0.145 0.078 0.0381 0.078 0.0098 0.078 0.0024 0.078 0.0005 0.078 0.0001
2.6 0.035 4.9328 0.065 0.6582 0.072 0.161 0.074 0.0427 0.074 0.0111 0.074 0.0027 0.074 0.0006 0.074 0.0001
2.65 0.03 5.9647 0.061 0.7309 0.068 0.1785 0.07 0.0478 0.071 0.0126 0.071 0.0032 0.071 0.0007 0.071 0.0002
2.7 0.025 7.3535 0.057 0.8115 0.065 0.1976 0.067 0.0533 0.067 0.0142 0.067 0.0036 0.067 0.0009 0.067 0.0002
2.75 0.02 9.3135 0.054 0.9008 0.061 0.2185 0.063 0.0594 0.064 0.016 0.064 0.0041 0.064 0.001 0.064 0.0002
2.8 0.016 12.273 0.05 1.0002 0.058 0.2412 0.06 0.066 0.061 0.018 0.061 0.0047 0.061 0.0012 0.061 0.0003
2.85 0.012 17.233 0.047 1.1109 0.055 0.266 0.057 0.0733 0.058 0.0202 0.058 0.0054 0.058 0.0013 0.058 0.0003
2.9 0.008 27.192 0.044 1.2345 0.052 0.2929 0.054 0.0812 0.055 0.0227 0.055 0.0061 0.055 0.0015 0.055 0.0004
2.95 0.004 57.15 0.041 1.3728 0.049 0.3223 0.052 0.0898 0.052 0.0253 0.052 0.0069 0.052 0.0018 0.052 0.0004
3 0.038 1.5283 0.047 0.3542 0.049 0.0991 0.05 0.0282 0.05 0.0078 0.05 0.002 0.05 0.0005

3
Servers 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
λ µ P0 Lq P0 Lq P0 Lq P0 Lq P0 Lq P0 Lq P0 Lq
3.1 0.032 1.9019 0.042 0.4269 0.044 0.1203 0.045 0.0349 0.045 0.0098 0.045 0.0026 0.045 0.0007
3.15 0.03 2.1276 0.039 0.4681 0.042 0.1323 0.043 0.0387 0.043 0.011 0.043 0.003 0.043 0.0008
3.2 0.027 2.3857 0.037 0.513 0.04 0.1453 0.04 0.0428 0.041 0.0123 0.041 0.0034 0.041 0.0009
3.25 0.025 2.6828 0.035 0.5619 0.038 0.1593 0.038 0.0473 0.039 0.0138 0.039 0.0038 0.039 0.001
3.3 0.023 3.0273 0.033 0.6152 0.036 0.1745 0.037 0.0522 0.037 0.0153 0.037 0.0043 0.037 0.0011
3.35 0.021 3.4302 0.031 0.6733 0.034 0.1909 0.035 0.0575 0.035 0.0171 0.035 0.0048 0.035 0.0013
3.4 0.019 3.9061 0.029 0.7367 0.032 0.2086 0.033 0.0633 0.033 0.019 0.033 0.0054 0.033 0.0015
3.45 0.017 4.475 0.028 0.8059 0.031 0.2278 0.031 0.0695 0.032 0.021 0.032 0.0061 0.032 0.0017
3.5 0.015 5.165 0.026 0.8816 0.029 0.2485 0.03 0.0762 0.03 0.0232 0.03 0.0068 0.03 0.0019
3.55 0.013 6.0164 0.024 0.9645 0.027 0.2708 0.028 0.0835 0.029 0.0257 0.029 0.0076 0.029 0.0021
3.6 0.011 7.0897 0.023 1.0553 0.026 0.2948 0.027 0.0913 0.027 0.0283 0.027 0.0085 0.027 0.0024
3.65 0.01 8.4804 0.021 1.155 0.025 0.3208 0.026 0.0998 0.026 0.0312 0.026 0.0094 0.026 0.0027
3.7 0.008 10.347 0.02 1.2646 0.023 0.3488 0.024 0.1089 0.025 0.0343 0.025 0.0105 0.025 0.0031
3.75 0.007 12.9753 0.019 1.3854 0.022 0.379 0.023 0.1187 0.023 0.0377 0.023 0.0116 0.024 0.0034
3.8 0.005 16.9367 0.017 1.5187 0.021 0.4116 0.022 0.1293 0.022 0.0413 0.022 0.0129 0.022 0.0038
3.85 0.004 23.5645 0.016 1.6663 0.02 0.4467 0.021 0.1407 0.021 0.0453 0.021 0.0142 0.021 0.0043
3.9 0.002 36.8584 0.015 1.8302 0.019 0.4846 0.02 0.1529 0.02 0.0495 0.02 0.0157 0.02 0.0048
3.95 0.001 76.8163 0.014 2.0126 0.018 0.5254 0.019 0.166 0.019 0.0541 0.019 0.0173 0.019 0.0053
4 0.013 2.2164 0.017 0.5695 0.018 0.1801 0.018 0.059 0.018 0.019 0.018 0.0059
4.05 0.012 2.4451 0.016 0.6171 0.017 0.1953 0.017 0.0644 0.017 0.0209 0.017 0.0065
4.1 0.011 2.7029 0.015 0.6685 0.016 0.2115 0.016 0.0701 0.017 0.0229 0.017 0.0072
4.15 0.01 2.9948 0.014 0.724 0.015 0.2289 0.016 0.0762 0.016 0.0251 0.016 0.008
4.2 0.009 3.3273 0.013 0.7839 0.014 0.2476 0.015 0.0828 0.015 0.0275 0.015 0.0088
4.25 0.008 3.7086 0.012 0.8488 0.014 0.2676 0.014 0.0899 0.014 0.03 0.014 0.0097
4.3 0.008 4.1493 0.012 0.9191 0.013 0.289 0.013 0.0975 0.014 0.0328 0.014 0.0107
4.35 0.007 4.6631 0.011 0.9952 0.012 0.3119 0.013 0.1056 0.013 0.0357 0.013 0.0117
4.4 0.006 5.2682 0.01 1.0778 0.012 0.3365 0.012 0.1143 0.012 0.0389 0.012 0.0129
4.45 0.006 5.9896 0.01 1.1675 0.011 0.3628 0.011 0.1236 0.012 0.0424 0.012 0.0141
4.5 0.005 6.8624 0.009 1.265 0.01 0.391 0.011 0.1336 0.011 0.046 0.011 0.0155
4.55 0.004 7.937 0.009 1.3711 0.01 0.4212 0.01 0.1442 0.01 0.05 0.011 0.0169
4.6 0.004 9.2893 0.008 1.4869 0.009 0.4535 0.01 0.1556 0.01 0.0542 0.01 0.0185
4.65 0.003 11.0381 0.008 1.6135 0.009 0.4881 0.009 0.1677 0.009 0.0588 0.01 0.0202
4.7 0.003 13.382 0.007 1.752 0.008 0.5251 0.009 0.1807 0.009 0.0636 0.009 0.022
4.75 0.002 16.6782 0.007 1.9039 0.008 0.5648 0.008 0.1946 0.009 0.0688 0.009 0.024
4.8 0.002 21.6408 0.006 2.0711 0.008 0.6073 0.008 0.2093 0.008 0.0744 0.008 0.0261
4.85 0.001 29.9367 0.006 2.2554 0.007 0.6529 0.008 0.2251 0.008 0.0803 0.008 0.0283
4.9 0.001 46.5658 0.005 2.4593 0.007 0.7017 0.007 0.2418 0.007 0.0867 0.007 0.0307
4.95 0 96.5292 0.005 2.6856 0.006 0.7541 0.007 0.2597 0.007 0.0934 0.007 0.0333
5 0.005 2.9376 0.006 0.8104 0.006 0.2788 0.007 0.1006 0.007 0.0361
5.05 0.004 3.2195 0.006 0.8708 0.006 0.2991 0.006 0.1083 0.006 0.0391
5.1 0.004 3.5363 0.005 0.9357 0.006 0.3207 0.006 0.1165 0.006 0.0423
5.15 0.004 3.8942 0.005 1.0054 0.006 0.3437 0.006 0.1252 0.006 0.0457
5.2 0.003 4.3009 0.005 1.0805 0.005 0.3683 0.005 0.1345 0.005 0.0493
5.25 0.003 4.7662 0.004 1.1614 0.005 0.3944 0.005 0.1444 0.005 0.0532
5.3 0.003 5.3028 0.004 1.2486 0.005 0.4222 0.005 0.1549 0.005 0.0573
5.35 0.002 5.9271 0.004 1.3427 0.004 0.4518 0.005 0.1661 0.005 0.0617
5.4 0.002 6.6612 0.004 1.4444 0.004 0.4833 0.004 0.1779 0.004 0.0664
5.45 0.002 7.5349 0.003 1.5544 0.004 0.5169 0.004 0.1905 0.004 0.0714
5.5 0.002 8.5902 0.003 1.6736 0.004 0.5527 0.004 0.2039 0.004 0.0767
5.55 0.001 9.8879 0.003 1.8031 0.004 0.5908 0.004 0.2181 0.004 0.0824
5.6 0.001 11.5186 0.003 1.9438 0.003 0.6314 0.004 0.2332 0.004 0.0884
5.65 0.001 13.6255 0.003 2.097 0.003 0.6747 0.003 0.2492 0.003 0.0948
5.7 0.001 16.4464 0.002 2.2644 0.003 0.7208 0.003 0.2662 0.003 0.1016
5.75 0.001 20.4101 0.002 2.4474 0.003 0.7701 0.003 0.2842 0.003 0.1088
5.8 0.001 26.3738 0.002 2.6483 0.003 0.8226 0.003 0.3033 0.003 0.1165
5.85 0 36.3376 0.002 2.8692 0.003 0.8787 0.003 0.3236 0.003 0.1246
5.9 0 56.3022 0.002 3.113 0.002 0.9385 0.003 0.3451 0.003 0.1332
5.95 0 116.273 0.002 3.3829 0.002 1.0025 0.002 0.3678 0.003 0.1423
6 0.002 3.683 0.002 1.0709 0.002 0.392 0.002 0.1519

4
Z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0 0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.091 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.148 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.17 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879
0.5 0.1915 0.195 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.219 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.258 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.291 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.334 0.3365 0.3389
1 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.377 0.379 0.381 0.383
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.398 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.437 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.475 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767
2 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.483 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.485 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.489
2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4918 0.492 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936
2.5 0.4938 0.494 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.496 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.497 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.498 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986
3 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.499 0.499

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