Recall Flat-fading Channels

„ The response to a CW (or long pulse)

Coherence Time probe signal will fluctuate in time as the
vehicle moves
|r(t)| in dBm [not real data]

Instructor: M.A. Ingram

ECE4823
t

Wide Sense Stationary

Correlation in Time Uncorrelated Scattering (WSSUS)
„ We can view the time fluctuation of a channel as a „ Assumes correlations between flat fades
Random Process as a function of t
at different times depends only on the
We can ask, “What is the correlation between
time difference ∆t
„

responses at different times?”

hb (t )
ρ ∆t =
{
E hb (t )hb (t + ∆t )* }
{
E hb (t )
2
}
∆t ∆t t

Coherence Time Illustration

„ The X% coherence time is that value of „ Do you think the 90% coherence time is
∆τ such that > or < 100ms?
X hb (t )
ρ ∆t =
100

„ If the 90% coherence time is 3ms, then

the response to a pulse of length 100µs
will have a nearly constant envelope
800ms 900ms t

1
Doppler Effect Non-direct Approach
„ Suppose a mobile transmitting at carrier „ If the velocity of the vehicle is at an
frequency fo approaches a stationary receiver angle θ to the receiver, then the
directly at a speed of v
Doppler shift is
v v
f d = f o cos(θ )
c
„ The carrier frequency of the received
signal will be
v Maximum
θ
f rec = f o + f d , where fd = fo Doppler
v
c Shift

Gans’ Power Spectrum of

Clarke’s Model Clarke’s Model
„ Assumes that paths of equal average „ Let fd be the maximum Doppler frequency for
amplitude and random phases arrive at the given speed
the mobile from random directions in „ Then the baseband power spectrum of the
azimuth response to a CW probe is S (f) d
Red arrows represent angles
of arrival of multipath  σ “Bathtub
 f ≤ fd
2 Spectrum”
  
v Green arrow is S d ( f ) =  πf d 1 −  f 
the velocity vector f 
  d
 0 f > fd
 f
- fd fd

Relation to Maximum Doppler Fast-fading

„ Assuming Clarke’s model, the 50% coherence „ A channel is fast-fading if the symbol period is
time can be defined [Shankar, 2002][Rapp,2002] longer than the coherence time
9 TS > TC
TC =
16πf d
„ Alternatively, the condition can be expressed in terms
where fd is the maximum Doppler frequency of the signal bandwidth and the Doppler spread,
„ A popular rule of thumb is [Rappaport,2002] which is inversely related to the coherence time

1 9 0.423 k
TC = = BS < BD =
fd 16π fd TC

2
Slow-fading Doppler-related Relationships
„ Slow-fading is the (conservative)
opposite of fast-fading
„ Safe to assume hb(t) is constant during Fast Fading Slow Fading

at least one symbol period BS >> BD

BS < BD
TS > TC TS << TC

Combinations of Descriptions Summary

„ Channels can be „ Coherence time and Doppler Bandwidth
„ Slow and Flat are inversely related and quantify the
„ Fast and Flat time-variation of the channel
„ Slow and Frequency Selective „ Clarke’s model yields the “bathtub
„ Fast and Frequency Selective spectrum” and depends only on the
maximum Doppler frequency

References
„ [Rapp, ’02] T.S. Rappaport, Wireless
Communications, Prentice Hall, 2002
„ [Shankar, ’02] P. Mohana Shankar,
Introduction to Wireless Systems, John
Wiley & Sons, 2002