International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 3 lssue 5,August 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-lSSN: 2456 - 6470

Design Calculation of Penstock and Nozzle for

SkW Pelton Turbine Micro Hydropower Plant
Zin Mar Chan
Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department. Tech nological Un iversity Mand alay, Mandalay, Myan mar

How to cite this paper: Zin Mar Chan ABSTRACT

"Design Calculation of Penstock and This paper provides to design penstoc.k and nozzle for 5kW Pelton turbine
Nozzle for 5kW Pelton Turbine Micro micro-hydropower plant for household applications. The other objective of
Hydropower Plant'' Published in this paper Is to develop the life Inhabitant living In rural areas by the supply of

'""'"'"""''
Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research
. ·
• ·
• · · I required electricity from the natural resources of water to provide the
development of design calculation of penstock, to reduce the environmental
fuel. Water from the storage reservoir is flow through penstoc k to the power
and Development · · · · house. Penstocks carry the water under pressure from the storage reservoir to
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- the turbine. When the turbine is operating without a correct penstock, the
6470, Volume-3 I I!] ·. · . · required power cannot be produced efficiency since water coming from
lssue-S, August IITSRD26552 penstock is not capable to reach Into the ruMer in full amount due to splash
2019, pp.1245-124 7, sideways due to friction. Therefore selection of material of penstock is
bttps://dol.org/10.31142/1Jtsrd26SS2 necessary to Install In the turbine. In this paper, the basic theory of
hydropower penstock and nozzle are calculated.
Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and
International Journal of Trend in Scientific KEYWORDS: Pelt.on turbine, micro -hydropower, penstock, nozzle
Research and Development Journal. This I. INTRODUCTION
is an Open Access article distributed Hydropower is also called water power. Its power is desired from the following
under the terms of water of streams, rivers, dams and etcetera. And so, hydropower refers to the
the Creative conversion of energy from flowing water into another form of energy. Water
Commons Attribution has been used as an energy source for thousands of years, with ancient
License (CC BY 4.0) civilizations using water to d.rive mill such as gristmills, sawmills and textile
(http://crea tivecom mons.orgflicenses /by mills and ls used for irrigation.
/4.0)
A possible solution for a number of instances is the pres.s ure differe nce between both sides of the turbine blades.
implementation of Hydro Plant Hydropower is well-known For micro-hydro applications, Pelton turbines can be used
principle of using water to drive a turbine and generate effectively at head down to about 20m. Draft tubes are not
electricity. Hydropower is a reliable, domestic.emission free required for impulse turbine since the runner must be
resource that is renewable through the hydrologlc cycle and located above the maximum tall water to permit operation at
ha rdness the natural energy of flowing water to provide atmospheric pressure. Impulse turbine is usually cheaper
clean. fast, flex ible electricity generation. Hydropower than reaction turbines because there is no need fora special
converts t he natural flow of water into electricity t hrough pressure casing or for relatively high heads. Before reaching
mechanical energy to light our homes and provide power all the turbine, in fluid's pressure is change to the velocity head
of industries. The energy is produced by the fall of water by accelerating the fluid with the nozzle. Pelton wheels and
turning the blades of the turbine. The turbine is converted to some other turbines use this process exclus ively.
a generator that converts the energy Into electricity. The
greater the flow and the head, the more electricity is 8. Pelton Turbine
produced. Pelton wheel is an impulse turbines shown in Figure 1. It is
driven by a single jetwhich lies in the planeofnmner. Ahigh
II. BACKGROUND THEORY velocity jet processing kinetic energy strikes the bucket in
Turbine is the main component in the hydropower plantthat success ion. The warer takes nearly 180° turn inside the
converts energy of the fal ling water Into the rotating shaft bucket. The water falls into the tail race.
power. The selection of the most suitable turbine for any
particular hydro site depends mainly on two of the site The buckets are split into two halves so that the central area
characteristics: - head and flow available. There s everal do es not act a s a dead spot incapable of deflecting water
kinds of turbine that can be used, e.g. Pelton wheel, Cross away from the oncoming jet. The cutaway on the lower lip
fl ow turbines, pumps as turbines and standard reaction allows the following bucket to move furth er before cutting
turbines. off the jet propelling the bucket ahead of it and a lso permits
smoother entrance of the bucket into the jet. Having two
A. Types of Turbines
more jets enables a smaller runner to be u sed for a given
Turbines are also divided by their principle of operation and
flow and increases the rotational speed. The required power
can be divided into impulse and reactions turbine. The can still be attained and the part-flow efficieTicy is especially
impulse turbine generally uses the velocity of the water to good because the wheel can be run on a reduced number of
move the runner and discharges to atmospheric pressure. jets with each jet in use still receiving the optimum flow.
Reaction turbines are pressure type turbines that rely on the

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development(IJTSRD) @ www.ij tsrd.com elSSN: 2456-647 0
Calcula tion of Penstock Diameter,
p0.43
spar (2)
D = 0.62 H0.65

Calculation of penstock velocity,

kip _ ___,,----~
nlldl)· Q =AVp (3)

• Jet ,,,,,,,,,,...,,,= ,.....,=- Total length of penstock,

lp=S+~+S (4)
Figure: 1. Typical Pelton Turbine sin(4S)

IIL MATERIAL AND MlllllOD Calculation of penstock thickness,

A pens tock is a pipe that conveys the flow the fore bay to the D+ SOO
I =--- (5)
turbine. The penstock pipes start d ownstream of the fore , 400
bay. The potential energy of water at t he for e bay is
converted into kinetic energy at the turbine via the penstock Calculation of Head Losses,
pipe. Because the fl ow is conveyed und er t he pressure, it is 2
important for t he pipe des ign to be safe. The penstock is on V
Head loss at entrance, h. = f x 1 (6)
steep gro und slopes, such a pipe burst can cause landsides 2g
and other stability problems. Pipe line is connected to a
reservoir at i~ upper end and has a control gate of the water Where,
and for regu lating the discharge of the water. Coefficient of entrance loss, f = 0.5
The pens tock pipe usually constitutes a significant portion of
the construction cost. In this research, choose th e mild steel f x l xv 2
Friction head loss, h = P (7)
for pens tock m aterlal, an economical dia meter s uch thatthe f 2gD
p
head loss is within acceptable limits and wall thickness. So
the pipe Is safe for the design head and any surge effects that f= 0.023
may result from s udden blockage of the penstock.
V 2
The function ofthe nozzle of the pelton wheel Is to conver t Head loss due to bent, h = k x 2 (8)
b 2g
the available press ure energy into the high velocity energy in
the form of jet. The required qua ntity of water is
proportional to the load on the turbine. Nozzle design is V 2
Head loss at valves,h = r x1 (9)
based on the standard dimensions and s hape of prototypes. V 2g
f= 0.1
IV. DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF PENSTOCK AND
NOZZLE
The following formulae can be used to determine economlcal V 2
Head loss at pipe red ucer, h = f x-2 (10)
penstock diameter and nozzle for a hydroelect ric project. r 2g
Diameter of penstock plays an Important role In a f = 0.25
hydroelectric power plant. The flow rate depends on the size
of penstock. If the head is high, the smaller flow rate must Table2. Results Data of Penstock
require. On the other hand, if the head is low, the larger fl ow
rate must requ ire. Specification data to design penstock and
nozzle are shown in Table 1. Economical penstock d iameter Dp 0.123 m
Velocity of water in penstock Vp l.195m/s
Total length of penstock Ip 74 m
Thickness of pens tock tp 2.26 mm
net head m Head loss at pipe inlet (e ntra nce) h., 0.0364 m
flow rate 0.0 142 m3 S
·et diameter d 25.07 mm Head loss due to pipe friction hr 0.84m
80 % Head loss due to bends hb 0.013 m
85 % Head loss at valves hv 0.007 m
0.84
80 %
Head loss at pipe reducer hp 0.0182 m
0.98
Calculation of Nozzle Outlet Diameter,
Calculation of Power output for Turbine. Q sina (11)
d1 =
Power 2.66µ c, JH
Power output of tu rbine = generator ( 1)
TJg X TJm

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5 kW. The permissible velocity in the penstock is 1.195 m/s,
penstock diameter is 0.123 m and 74 m pipe length are
arranged. Pressure variations through the pipe are
calculated.

The designed nozzle is aimed to use In Pelton turbine. It is

the main part of the Pelton turbine because the available
fluid energy is converted into kinetic energy by a nozzle. In
this paper, single jet n.o zzle is used because it is micro
hydropower plant. So, single jet nozzle is selected for this
site.
------ ,------
Figure: 2. Nozzle Dimensions
The designed Pelton turbine can develop a power of 5 kW
and the head is 45 m. The designed flow rate has 0.0142
Table]. Results Data of Nozzle
m 3/s. And then, the designed jet diameter of nozzle has
Items Values 25.07 mm, 30.09 mm the outlet diameter of the nozzle
C 0.63 d1 r espectively. The other important dimensions of the nozzle
s 1.35 d1 varied depend upon the outlet diameter of the nozzle.
X 0 .503 d 1
d 0.63 d1 VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I 3.17 d 1 The author is deeply grateful to Dr. Kyaw Aung, Professor
r 0.705d1 and Head of Mechanical Engineering Department.
R 2.2 d1 Technological University (Mandalay) for his willingness to
h 0.6d1 share his ideas helpful suggestions on this paper writing.
e 0.05 d1
f 1.13 d1 REFERENCES
(1) Blkash Pandey, "Hydroelectric Energy: Renewable
v. CONCLUSIONS Energy and the Environment•, 4•h edition, 2016
Hydroelectric power has been important in the provision of
(2) Wiley Students, "Fundamental of Fluid Mechanics",
electricity. In hydropower plant. penstock is one of the most
6 1hedition, 2004
important parts to carry water for turning turbine.
Penstocks are supplied the water from the fore bay tank to (3 ) S. S. Rattan, •strength of MaterialE. s· , 2 nd edition.
the turbine. In this paper, penstock and nozzle design are 2001
considered. A pen stock is a pressure conduit which conveys
[4) Zh. Zhang, "Pelton Turbines•, 2nd edition, 2000
water from a source to a hydraulic turbine. Penstock
requirements are varied considerably ID suit on physical and (5) E. Divatia, "Manual on Design Fabrication, Erection
economic conditions. The net head must be 45 m to generate and Maintenance of Steel Penstocks

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