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    PMT CH (5) 1e) Chemical Formulae Equations and Calculations PDF

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    Eric TTL
    This document provides guidance on writing and balancing chemical equations, calculating molar masses and amounts of substances, and carrying out stoichiometric calculations. It explains how to: - Write word and balanced chemical equations - Calculate relative formula masses from relative atomic masses - Understand that the mole is the unit for amount of substance and how it relates to mass and particles - Perform calculations involving moles, molar mass and relative formula mass - Calculate reacting masses using balanced chemical equations and experimental data - Determine percentage yields of reactions - Obtain empirical formulas experimentally from data on reactants and products - Define and calculate empirical and molecular formulas - Perform concentration calculations involving moles, volume and mass of solutions

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    PMT CH (5) 1e) Chemical Formulae Equations and Calculations PDF

    Uploaded by

    Eric TTL
    251 views5 pages
    This document provides guidance on writing and balancing chemical equations, calculating molar masses and amounts of substances, and carrying out stoichiometric calculations. It explains how to: - Write word and balanced chemical equations - Calculate relative formula masses from relative atomic masses - Understand that the mole is the unit for amount of substance and how it relates to mass and particles - Perform calculations involving moles, molar mass and relative formula mass - Calculate reacting masses using balanced chemical equations and experimental data - Determine percentage yields of reactions - Obtain empirical formulas experimentally from data on reactants and products - Define and calculate empirical and molecular formulas - Perform concentration calculations involving moles, volume and mass of solutions

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    PMT Ch(5) 1e) Chemical formulae equations and calculations.pdf

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    This document provides guidance on writing and balancing chemical equations, calculating molar masses and amounts of substances, and carrying out stoichiometric calculations. It explains how to: - Write word and balanced chemical equations - Calculate relative formula masses from relative atomic masses - Understand that the mole is the unit for amount of substance and how it relates to mass and particles - Perform calculations involving moles, molar mass and relative formula mass - Calculate reacting masses using balanced chemical equations and experimental data - Determine percentage yields of reactions - Obtain empirical formulas experimentally from data on reactants and products - Define and calculate empirical and molecular formulas - Perform concentration calculations involving moles, volume and mass of solutions

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    251 views5 pages

    PMT CH (5) 1e) Chemical Formulae Equations and Calculations PDF

    Uploaded by

    Eric TTL
    This document provides guidance on writing and balancing chemical equations, calculating molar masses and amounts of substances, and carrying out stoichiometric calculations. It explains how to: - Write word and balanced chemical equations - Calculate relative formula masses from relative atomic masses - Understand that the mole is the unit for amount of substance and how it relates to mass and particles - Perform calculations involving moles, molar mass and relative formula mass - Calculate reacting masses using balanced chemical equations and experimental data - Determine percentage yields of reactions - Obtain empirical formulas experimentally from data on reactants and products - Define and calculate empirical and molecular formulas - Perform concentration calculations involving moles, volume and mass of solutions

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    Edexcel​ ​IGCSE​ ​Chemistry

    Topic​ ​1:​ ​Principles​ ​of​ ​chemistry


    Chemical​ ​formulae,​ ​equations​ ​and​ ​calculations

    Notes

    www.pmt.education
    1.25​ ​write​ ​word​ ​equations​ ​and​ ​balanced​ ​chemical​ ​equations​ ​(including​ ​state
    symbols):​ ​for​ ​reactions​ ​studied​ ​in​ ​this​ ​specification,​ ​for​ ​unfamiliar​ ​reactions
    where​ ​suitable​ ​information​ ​is​ ​provided

    ● (g)​ ​means​ ​gas,​ ​(s)​ ​means​ ​solid,​ ​(l)​ ​means​ ​liquid,​ ​(aq)​ ​means​ ​aqueous
    ● Example​ ​of​ ​word​ ​equation:​ ​hydrochloric​ ​acid​ ​+​ ​sodium​ ​hydroxide​ ​->​ ​sodium
    chloride​ ​+​ ​water
    ● Example​ ​of​ ​balanced​ ​chemical​ ​equation:​ ​HCl​ ​+​ ​NaOH​ ​->​ ​NaCl​ ​+​ ​H​2​O
    ● to​ ​balance​ ​an​ ​equation:​ ​you​ ​need​ ​to​ ​make​ ​sure​ ​there​ ​are​ ​the​ ​same​ ​number​ ​of
    each​ ​element​ ​on​ ​each​ ​side​ ​of​ ​the​ ​equation​ ​and​ ​if​ ​there​ ​isn’t​ ​use​ ​big​ ​numbers​ ​at
    the​ ​front​ ​of​ ​a​ ​compound​ ​to​ ​balance​ ​it​ ​e.g.​ ​3H​2​O

    1.26​ ​calculate​ ​relative​ ​formula​ ​masses​ ​(including​ ​relative​ ​molecular​ ​masses)


    (Mr)​ ​from​ ​relative​ ​atomic​ ​masses​ ​(Ar)

    ● Relative​ ​formula​ ​mass​ ​(Mr)​ ​of​ ​a​ ​compound:​ ​sum​ ​of​ ​the​ ​relative​ ​atomic​ ​masses​ ​of
    the​ ​atoms​ ​in​ ​the​ ​numbers​ ​shown​ ​in​ ​the​ ​formula
    ● In​ ​a​ ​balanced​ ​chemical​ ​equation:
    sum​ ​of​ ​Mr​ ​of​ ​reactants​ ​in​ ​quantities​ ​shown​ ​=​ ​sum​ ​of​ ​Mr​ ​of​ ​products​ ​in​ ​quantities
    shown

    1.27​ ​know​ ​that​ ​the​ ​mole​ ​(mol)​ ​is​ ​the​ ​unit​ ​for​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​a​ ​substance

    ● Chemical​ ​amounts​ ​are​ ​measured​ ​in​ ​moles​ ​(therefore​ ​it​ ​is​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of
    substance).​ ​The​ ​symbol​ ​for​ ​the​ ​unit​ ​mole​ ​is​ ​mol.
    ● The​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​one​ ​mole​ ​of​ ​a​ ​substance​ ​in​ ​grams​ ​is​ ​numerically​ ​equal​ ​to​ ​its​ ​relative
    formula​ ​mass.
    ● For​ ​example,​ ​the​ ​Ar​ ​of​ ​Iron​ ​is​ ​56,​ ​so​ ​one​ ​mole​ ​of​ ​iron​ ​weighs​ ​56g.
    ● The​ ​Mr​ ​of​ ​nitrogen​ ​gas​ ​(N​2​)​ ​is​ ​28​ ​(2x14),​ ​so​ ​one​ ​mole​ ​is​ ​28g.
    ● One​ ​mole​ ​of​ ​a​ ​substance​ ​contains​ ​the​ ​same​ ​number​ ​of​ ​the​ ​stated​ ​particles,
    atoms,​ ​molecules​ ​or​ ​ions​ ​as​ ​one​ ​mole​ ​of​ ​any​ ​other​ ​substance

    1.28​ ​understand​ ​how​ ​to​ ​carry​ ​out​ ​calculations​ ​involving​ ​amount​ ​of
    substance,​ ​relative​ ​atomic​ ​mass​ ​(Ar)​ ​and​ ​relative​ ​formula​ ​mass​ ​(Mr)
    ● You​ ​can​ ​convert​ ​between​ ​moles​ ​and​ ​grams​ ​by​ ​using​ ​this​ ​triangle
    or​ ​the​ ​equation:
    moles​ ​=​ ​mass​ ​÷​ ​relative​ ​atomic​ ​mass
    mass​ ​=​ ​moles​ ​x​ ​relative​ ​atomic​ ​mass
    o E.g​ ​how​ ​many​ ​moles​ ​are​ ​there​ ​in​ ​42g​ ​of​ ​carbon?
    ▪ Moles​ ​=​ ​Mass​ ​/​ ​Mr​ ​=​ ​42/12​ ​=​ ​3.5​ ​moles

    www.pmt.education
    1.29​ ​calculate​ ​reacting​ ​masses​ ​using​ ​experimental​ ​data​ ​and​ ​chemical
    equations

    ● Chemical​ ​equations​ ​can​ ​be​ ​interpreted​ ​in​ ​terms​ ​of​ ​moles


    o E.g.​ ​Mg​ ​+​ ​2HCl​ ​→MgCl​2​​ ​+​ ​H​2​​ ​shows​ ​that​ ​1​ ​mol.​ ​Mg​ ​reacts​ ​with​ ​2​ ​mol.​ ​HCl
    to​ ​produce​ ​1​ ​mol.​ ​MgCl​2​​ ​and​ ​1​ ​mol.​ ​H​2
    ● Masses​ ​of​ ​reactants​ ​&​ ​products​ ​can​ ​be​ ​calculated​ ​from​ ​balanced​ ​symbol
    equations.​ ​If​ ​you​ ​are​ ​given​ ​the​ ​reacting​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​one​ ​reactant​ ​and​ ​asked​ ​to​ ​find
    the​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​one​ ​product​ ​formed:
    o Find​ ​moles​ ​of​ ​that​ ​one​ ​substance:​ ​moles​ ​=​ ​mass​ ​/molar​ ​mass
    o Use​ ​balancing​ ​numbers​ ​to​ ​find​ ​the​ ​moles​ ​of​ ​desired​ ​reactant​ ​or​ ​product
    (e.g.​ ​if​ ​you​ ​had​ ​the​ ​equation:2NaOH​ ​+​ ​Mg​ ​→​ ​Mg(OH)​2​​ ​+​ ​2Na,​ ​if​ ​you​ ​had​ ​2
    moles​ ​of​ ​Mg,​ ​you​ ​would​ ​form​ ​2x2=4​ ​moles​ ​of​ ​Na)
    o Mass​ ​=​ ​moles​ ​x​ ​molar​ ​mass(of​ ​the​ ​product)​ ​to​ ​find​ ​mass

    1.30​ ​calculate​ ​percentage​ ​yield


    Percentage​ ​yield​ ​=​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Amount​ ​of​ ​product​ ​produced​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​x​ ​100
    ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Maximum​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​product​ ​possible
    ● It​ ​is​ ​not​ ​always​ ​possible​ ​to​ ​obtain​ ​the​ ​calculated​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​a​ ​product​ ​for​ ​3
    reasons…
    o Reaction​ ​may​ ​not​ ​go​ ​to​ ​completion​ ​because​ ​it​ ​is​ ​reversible
    o Some​ ​of​ ​the​ ​product​ ​may​ ​be​ ​lost​ ​when​ ​it​ ​is​ ​separated​ ​from​ ​the​ ​reaction
    mixture
    o Some​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reactants​ ​may​ ​react​ ​in​ ​ways​ ​different​ ​to​ ​the​ ​expected
    reaction
    ● Amount​ ​of​ ​product​ ​obtained​ ​is​ ​known​ ​as​ ​yield

    1.31​ ​understand​ ​how​ ​the​ ​formulae​ ​of​ ​simple​ ​compounds​ ​can​ ​be​ ​obtained
    experimentally,​ ​including​ ​metal​ ​oxides,​ ​water​ ​and​ ​salts​ ​containing​ ​water​ ​of
    crystallisation
    example​ ​experiment​ ​to​ ​find​ ​formula​ ​of​ ​magnesium​ ​oxide:
    ● weigh​ ​some​ ​pure​ ​magnesium
    ● Heat​ ​magnesium​ ​to​ ​burning​ ​in​ ​a​ ​crucible​ ​to​ ​form​ ​magnesium​ ​oxide,​ ​as​ ​the
    magnesium​ ​will​ ​react​ ​with​ ​the​ ​oxygen​ ​in​ ​the​ ​air
    ● weigh​ ​the​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​the​ ​magnesium​ ​oxide
    ● Known​ ​quantities:​ ​ mass​ ​of​ ​magnesium​ ​used​ ​&​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​magnesium​ ​oxide
    produced​ ​
    ● Required​ ​calculations:​ ​
    ○ mass​ ​oxygen​ ​=​ ​mass​ ​magnesium​ ​oxide​ ​-​ ​mass​ ​magnesium
    ○ moles​ ​magnesium​ ​=​ ​mass​ ​magnesium​ ​÷​ ​molar​ ​mass​ ​magnesium​ ​
    ○ moles​ ​oxygen​ ​=​ ​mass​ ​oxygen​ ​÷​ ​molar​ ​mass​ ​oxygen​ ​

    www.pmt.education
    ○ calculate​ ​ratio​ ​of​ ​moles​ ​of​ ​magnesium​ ​to​ ​moles​ ​of​ ​oxygen
    ○ use​ ​ratio​ t​ o​ ​form​ ​empirical​ ​formula

    1.32​ ​know​ ​what​ ​is​ ​meant​ ​by​ ​the​ ​terms​ ​empirical​ ​formula​ ​and​ ​molecular
    formula

    ● molecular​ ​formula-​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​atoms​ ​of​ ​each​ ​element​ ​in​ ​a​ ​compound
    ● empirical​ ​formula-​ ​the​ ​simplest​ ​whole​ ​number​ ​ratio​ ​of​ ​atoms​ ​of​ ​each​ ​element​ ​in
    a​ ​compound

    1.33​ ​calculate​ ​empirical​ ​and​ ​molecular​ ​formulae​ ​from​ ​experimental​ ​data

    ● Empirical​ ​formula​ ​from​ ​the​ ​formula​ ​of​ ​molecule:


    ● if​ ​you​ ​have​ ​a​ ​common​ ​multiple​ ​e.g.​ ​Fe​2​O​4​,​ ​the​ ​empirical​ ​formula​ ​is​ ​the
    simplest​ ​whole​ ​number​ ​ratio,​ ​which​ ​would​ ​be​ ​FeO​2
    ● if​ ​there​ ​is​ ​no​ ​common​ ​multiple,​ ​you​ ​already​ ​have​ ​the​ ​empirical​ ​formula
    ● Molecular​ ​formula​ ​from​ ​empirical​ ​formula​ ​and​ ​relative​ ​molecular​ ​mass
    ● Find​ ​relative​ ​molecular​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​the​ ​empirical​ ​formula
    ● Divide​ ​relative​ ​molecular​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​compound​ ​by​ ​that​ ​of​ ​the​ ​empirical
    formula
    ● Multiply​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​each​ ​type​ ​of​ ​atom​ ​in​ ​the​ ​empirical​ ​formula​ ​by​ ​this
    number
    ● e.g.​ ​if​ ​answer​ ​was​ ​2​ ​and​ ​the​ ​empirical​ ​formula​ ​was​ ​Fe​2​O​3​​ ​then​ ​the
    molecular​ ​formula​ ​would​ ​be​ ​empirical​ ​formula​ ​x​ ​2​ ​=​ ​Fe​4​O​6

    1.34​ ​(chemistry​ ​only)​ ​understand​ ​how​ ​to​ ​carry​ ​out​ ​calculations​ ​involving
    amount​ ​of​ ​substance,​ ​volume​ ​and​ ​concentration​ ​(in​ ​mol/dm3​ ​)​ ​of​ ​solution

    ● Concentration​ ​of​ ​a​ ​solution​ ​can​ ​be​ ​measured​ ​in​ ​mass​ ​per​ ​given​ ​volume​ ​of
    solution​ ​e.g.​ ​grams​ ​per​ ​dm​3​​ ​(g/dm​3​)
    ● to​ ​calculate​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​a​ ​solution​ ​use​ ​the​ ​equation
    concentration​ ​(g​ ​dm​-3​)​ ​=​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​solute​ ​(g)​ ​¨​ ​volume​ ​(dm​3​)
    ● To​ ​calculate​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​solute​ ​in​ ​a​ ​given​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​a​ ​known
    concentration​ ​use​ ​the​ ​equation:​ ​ ​mass​ ​=​ ​conc​ ​x​ ​vol​​ ​i.e.​ ​g​ ​=
    g/dm​3​​ ​x​ ​dm​3​​ ​ ​(think​ ​about​ ​the​ ​units!)
    1.35​ ​(chemistry​ ​only)​ ​understand​ ​how​ ​to​ ​carry​ ​out​ ​calculations​ ​involving​ ​gas
    volumes​ ​and​ ​the​ ​molar​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​a​ ​gas​ ​(24dm​3​​ ​and​ ​24000​ ​cm3​ ​​ ​at​ ​room
    temperature​ ​and​ ​pressure​ ​(rtp))

    ● Equal​ ​amounts​ ​in​ ​mol.​ ​of​ ​gases​ ​occupy​ ​the​ ​same​ ​volume​ ​under​ ​the​ ​same
    conditions​ ​of​ ​temperature​ ​and​ ​pressure​ ​(e.g.​ ​RTP)
    ● Volume​ ​of​ ​1​ ​mol.​ ​of​ ​any​ ​gas​ ​at​ ​RTP​ ​(room​ ​temperature​ ​and​ ​pressure:​ ​20​ ​degrees
    C​ ​and​ ​1​ ​atmosphere​ ​pressure)​ ​is​ ​24​ ​dm​3
    ● This​ ​sets​ ​up​ ​the​ ​equation:

    Volume​ ​(dm​3​)​ ​of​ ​gas​ ​at​ ​RTP​ ​=​ ​Mol.​ ​x​ ​24

    ● Use​ ​this​ ​equation​ ​to​ ​calculate​ ​the​ ​volumes​ ​of​ ​gaseous​ ​reactants​ ​and​ ​products​ ​at
    RTP
    o e.g.​ ​5​ ​moles​ ​of​ ​H​2​​ ​would​ ​occupy​ ​a​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​24​ ​x​ ​5​ ​=​ ​120​ ​dm​3​​ ​at​ ​RTP

    1.36​ ​practical:​ ​know​ ​how​ ​to​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​formula​ ​of​ ​a​ ​metal​ ​oxide​ ​by
    combustion​ ​(e.g.​ ​magnesium​ ​oxide)​ ​or​ ​by​ ​reduction​ ​(e.g.​ ​copper(II)​ ​oxide)

    ● see​ ​1.31

    www.pmt.education

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