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    PMT CH (2) Elements Compounds and Mixtures PDF

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    Eric TTL
    This document provides information on classifying substances as elements, compounds, or mixtures. It also describes several techniques for separating mixtures, including distillation, filtration, crystallization, and paper chromatography. Paper chromatography works by separating compounds in a mixture based on how far they travel up paper with a solvent. The distance traveled can be used to calculate Rf values to identify unknown components of a mixture.

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    PMT CH (2) Elements Compounds and Mixtures PDF

    Uploaded by

    Eric TTL
    54 views4 pages
    This document provides information on classifying substances as elements, compounds, or mixtures. It also describes several techniques for separating mixtures, including distillation, filtration, crystallization, and paper chromatography. Paper chromatography works by separating compounds in a mixture based on how far they travel up paper with a solvent. The distance traveled can be used to calculate Rf values to identify unknown components of a mixture.

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    PMT Ch(2) Elements compounds and mixtures.pdf

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    This document provides information on classifying substances as elements, compounds, or mixtures. It also describes several techniques for separating mixtures, including distillation, filtration, crystallization, and paper chromatography. Paper chromatography works by separating compounds in a mixture based on how far they travel up paper with a solvent. The distance traveled can be used to calculate Rf values to identify unknown components of a mixture.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    54 views4 pages

    PMT CH (2) Elements Compounds and Mixtures PDF

    Uploaded by

    Eric TTL
    This document provides information on classifying substances as elements, compounds, or mixtures. It also describes several techniques for separating mixtures, including distillation, filtration, crystallization, and paper chromatography. Paper chromatography works by separating compounds in a mixture based on how far they travel up paper with a solvent. The distance traveled can be used to calculate Rf values to identify unknown components of a mixture.

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    of 4

    Edexcel​ ​IGCSE​ ​Chemistry

    Topic​ ​1:​ ​Principles​ ​of​ ​chemistry


    Elements,​ ​compounds​ ​and​ ​mixtures

    Notes

    www.pmt.education
    1.8​ ​understand​ ​how​ ​to​ ​classify​ ​a​ ​substance​ ​as​ ​an​ ​element,​ ​compound​ ​or
    mixture

    ● Element​ ​=​ ​substance​ ​made​ ​from​ ​only​ ​one​ ​type​ ​of​ ​atom
    ● Compound​ ​=​ ​substance​ ​made​ ​from​ ​two​ ​or​ ​more​ ​elements​ ​that​ ​have​ ​reacted
    chemically​ ​with​ ​each​ ​other
    ● A​ ​mixture:
    o Consists​ ​of​ ​2​ ​or​ ​more​ ​elements​ ​or​ ​compounds​ ​not​ ​chemically​ ​combined
    together
    o Chemical​ ​properties​ ​of​ ​each​ ​substance​ ​in​ ​the​ ​mixture​ ​are​ ​unchanged

    1.9​ ​understand​ ​that​ ​a​ ​pure​ ​substance​ ​has​ ​a​ ​fixed​ ​melting​ ​and​ ​boiling​ ​point,
    but​ ​that​ ​a​ ​mixture​ ​may​ ​melt​ ​or​ ​boil​ ​over​ ​a​ ​range​ ​of​ ​temperatures

    ● A​ ​pure​ ​substance​ ​=​ ​a​ ​single​ ​element​ ​or​ ​compound,​ ​not​ ​mixed​ ​with​ ​any​ ​other
    substance
    ● In​ ​everyday​ ​language,​ ​a​ ​pure​ ​substance​ ​=​ ​substance​ ​that​ ​has​ ​had​ ​nothing​ ​added
    to​ ​it,​ ​so​ ​it​ ​is​ ​unadulterated​ ​and​ ​in​ ​its​ ​natural​ ​state,​ ​e.g.​ ​pure​ ​milk
    ● Pure​ ​substances​ ​melt​ ​and​ ​boil​ ​at​ ​specific​ ​temperatures
    o This​ ​melting​ ​and​ ​boiling​ ​points​ ​data​ ​can​ ​be​ ​used​ ​to​ ​distinguish​ ​pure
    substances​ ​from​ ​mixtures​ ​(which​ ​melt​ ​over​ ​a​ ​range​ ​of​ ​temperatures​ ​due
    to​ ​them​ ​consisting​ ​of​ ​2​ ​or​ ​more​ ​elements​ ​or​ ​compounds)

    1.10​ ​describe​ ​these​ ​experimental​ ​techniques​ ​for​ ​the​ ​separation​ ​of​ ​mixtures:
    simple​ ​distillation,​ ​fractional​ ​distillation,​ ​filtration,​ ​crystallisation,​ ​paper
    chromatography

    ● Simple​ ​distillation
    o Used​ ​to​ ​separate​ ​a​ ​pure​ ​liquid​ ​from​ ​a​ ​mixture​ ​of​ ​liquids
    ▪ Works​ ​when​ ​the​ ​liquids​ ​have​ ​different​ ​boiling​ ​points
    ▪ Commonly​ ​used​ ​to​ ​separate​ ​ethanol​ ​from​ ​water
    ▪ (Taking​ ​the​ ​example​ ​of​ ​ethanol…)​ ​ethanol​ ​has​ ​a​ ​lower​ ​bp​ ​than
    water​ ​so​ ​it​ ​evaporates​ ​first.​ ​The​ ​ethanol​ ​vapour​ ​is​ ​then​ ​cooled​ ​and
    condensed​ ​inside​ ​the​ ​condenser​ ​to​ ​form​ ​a​ ​pure​ ​liquid.
    ▪ Sequence​ ​of​ ​events​ ​in​ ​distillation​ ​is​ ​as​ ​follows:​ ​heating​ ​->
    evaporating​ ​->​ ​cooling​ ​->​ ​condensing
    ● Fractional​ ​distillation
    o The​ ​oil​ ​is​ ​heated​ ​in​ ​the​ ​fractionating​ ​column​ ​and​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​evaporates​ ​and
    condenses​ ​at​ ​a​ ​number​ ​of​ ​different​ ​temperatures.
    o The​ ​many​ ​hydrocarbons​ ​in​ ​crude​ ​oil​ ​can​ ​be​ ​separated​ ​into​ ​fractions​ ​each
    of​ ​which​ ​contains​ ​molecules​ ​with​ ​a​ ​similar​ ​number​ ​of​ ​carbon​ ​atoms

    www.pmt.education
    o The​ ​fractionating​ ​column​ ​works​ ​continuously,​ ​heated​ ​crude​ ​oil​ ​is​ ​piped​ ​in
    at​ ​the​ ​bottom.​ ​The​ ​vaporised​ ​oil​ ​rises​ ​up​ ​the​ ​column​ ​and​ ​the​ ​various
    fractions​ ​are​ ​constantly​ ​tapped​ ​off​ ​at​ ​the​ ​different​ ​levels​ ​where​ ​they
    condense.
    o The​ ​fractions​ ​can​ ​be​ ​processed​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​fuels​ ​and​ ​feedstock​ ​for​ ​the
    petrochemical​ ​industry.
    ● Filtration
    o If​ ​you​ ​have​ ​produced​ ​e.g.​ ​a​ ​precipitate​ ​(which​ ​is​ ​an​ ​insoluble​ ​salt),​ ​you
    would​ ​want​ ​to​ ​separate​ ​the​ ​salt/precipitate​ ​from​ ​the​ ​salt​ ​solution.
    ▪ You​ ​would​ ​do​ ​this​ ​by​ ​filtering​ ​the​ ​solution,​ ​leaving​ ​behind​ ​the
    precipitate
    ● Crystallisation
    o If​ ​you​ ​were​ ​to​ ​have​ ​produced​ ​a​ ​soluble​ ​salt​ ​and​ ​you​ ​wanted​ ​to​ ​separate
    this​ ​salt​ ​from​ ​the​ ​solution​ ​that​ ​it​ ​was​ ​dissolved​ ​in
    ▪ You​ ​would​ ​first​ ​warm​ ​the​ ​solution​ ​in​ ​an​ ​open​ ​container,​ ​allowing
    the​ ​solvent​ ​to​ ​evaporate,​ ​leaving​ ​a​ ​saturated​ ​solution
    ▪ Allow​ ​this​ ​solution​ ​to​ ​cool
    ▪ The​ ​solid​ ​will​ ​come​ ​out​ ​of​ ​the​ ​solution​ ​and​ ​crystals​ ​will​ ​start​ ​to
    grow,​ ​these​ ​can​ ​then​ ​be​ ​collected​ ​and​ ​allowed​ ​to​ ​dry
    ● Paper​ ​chromatography
    o Chromatography…
    ▪ Used​ ​to​ ​separate​ ​mixtures​ ​and​ ​give​ ​information​ ​to​ ​help​ ​identify
    substances
    ▪ Involves​ ​a​ ​stationary​ ​phase​ ​and​ ​a​ ​mobile​ ​phase
    ▪ Separation​ ​depends​ ​on​ ​the​ ​distribution​ ​of​ ​substances​ ​between
    the​ ​phases

    Paper​ ​Chromatography Analytical technique separating compounds by their


    relative​ ​speeds​ ​in​ ​a​ ​solvent​ ​as​ ​it​ ​spreads​ ​through​ ​paper.

    The more soluble a substance is, the further up the paper


    it​ ​travels.

    Separates​ ​different​ ​pigments​ ​in​ ​a​ ​coloured​ ​substance.


    Pigment Solid,​ ​coloured​ ​substance

    1.11​ ​understand​ ​how​ ​a​ ​chromatogram​ ​provides​ ​information​ ​about​ ​the


    composition​ ​of​ ​a​ ​mixture
    ● see​ ​1.10-​ ​separates​ ​mixture​ ​into​ ​individual​ ​components,​ ​so​ ​reveals​ ​number​ ​of
    components​ ​in​ ​mixture​ ​and​ ​these​ ​components​ ​can​ ​be​ ​identified​ ​using​ ​Rf​ ​values
    ● Compounds​ ​in​ ​a​ ​mixture​ ​may​ ​separate​ ​into​ ​different​ ​spots​ ​depending​ ​on​ ​the
    solvent​ ​but​ ​a​ ​pure​ ​compound​ ​will​ ​produce​ ​a​ ​single​ ​spot​ ​in​ ​all​ ​solvents

    www.pmt.education
    1.12​ ​understand​ ​how​ ​to​ ​use​ ​the​ ​calculation​ ​of​ ​Rf​ ​values​ ​to​ ​identify​ ​the
    components​ ​of​ ​a​ ​mixture
    ● Rf​ ​value​ ​=​ ​distance​ ​moved​ ​by​ ​substance​ ​/​ ​distance​ ​moved​ ​by​ ​solvent​ ​(​ ​/
    represents​ ​a​ ​dividing​ ​sign)
    ▪ Different​ ​compounds​ ​have​ ​different​ ​Rf​ ​values​ ​in​ ​different
    solvents,​ ​which​ ​can​ ​be​ ​used​ ​to​ ​help​ ​identify​ ​the​ ​compounds

    1.13​ ​practical:​ ​investigate​ ​paper​ ​chromatography​ ​using​ ​inks/food


    colourings

    www.pmt.education

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