Mathematics For Economics: Euncheol Shin
Mathematics For Economics: Euncheol Shin
Euncheol Shin
Lecture 4
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Recall
Functions
Definition
Inverse function
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Outline
Sequences in R
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Natural Numbers and Integers
N = {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }
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Natural Numbers and Integers
N = {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }
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Natural Numbers and Integers
N = {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }
Z = Z+ ∪ Z−
[Figures Here]
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Rational Numbers
The set of intergers does not contain a multiplicative inverse
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Rational Numbers
The set of intergers does not contain a multiplicative inverse
2·x=1
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Rational Numbers
The set of intergers does not contain a multiplicative inverse
2·x=1
Proposition
For any two rationals p and q with p > q, there exists r ∈ Q such that
p > r > q.
[Proof Here]
Meaning: Q is dense!
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Rational Numbers
Proposition
For any two rationals p and q with p > q, there exists r ∈ Q such that
p > r > q.
[Proof Here]
Meaning: Q is dense!
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Real Numbers
x2 = 2
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Real Numbers
There are two rational number p and q such that p2 > 2 > q 2
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Real Numbers
There are two rational number p and q such that p2 > 2 > q 2
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Real Numbers
There are two rational number p and q such that p2 > 2 > q 2
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Real Numbers
Definition
A set S ⊆ R is said to be bounded above if there is a real number a
such that x ≤ a for all x ∈ S.
[Figures Here]
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Real Numbers
Definition
A set S ⊆ R is said to be bounded above if there is a real number a
such that x ≤ a for all x ∈ S.
[Figures Here]
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Real Numbers
Axiom
( The Completeness Axiom) Every nonempty subset S of R which is
bounded above has a supremum in R.
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Real Numbers
Axiom
( The Completeness Axiom) Every nonempty subset S of R which is
bounded above has a supremum in R.
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Real Numbers
Axiom
( The Completeness Axiom) Every nonempty subset S of R which is
bounded above has a supremum in R.
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Real Numbers
Proof.
Suppose not.
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Real Numbers
Proof.
Suppose not.
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Real Numbers
Proof.
Suppose not.
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Real Numbers
Proof.
Suppose not.
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Real Numbers
Proof.
Suppose not.
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Real Numbers
Proof.
Suppose not.
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Real Numbers
Proposition (R is dense)
Let x and y be real numbers with x < y. Then, there exists q ∈ Q such
that x < q < y.
Proof.
By the assumption, y − x > 0.
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Real Numbers
Proposition (R is dense)
Let x and y be real numbers with x < y. Then, there exists q ∈ Q such
that x < q < y.
Proof.
By the assumption, y − x > 0.
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Real Numbers
Proposition (R is dense)
Let x and y be real numbers with x < y. Then, there exists q ∈ Q such
that x < q < y.
Proof.
By the assumption, y − x > 0.
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Real Numbers
Proposition (R is dense)
Let x and y be real numbers with x < y. Then, there exists q ∈ Q such
that x < q < y.
Proof.
By the assumption, y − x > 0.
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Real Numbers
Proposition (R is dense)
Let x and y be real numbers with x < y. Then, there exists q ∈ Q such
that x < q < y.
Proof.
By the assumption, y − x > 0.
n
Therefore, q := m is the desired rational number. (WHY?)
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Sequences
Definition
A sequence in a nonempty set X is a function f : N → X.
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Sequences
Definition
A sequence in a nonempty set X is a function f : N → X.
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Real Sequences
Definition
A sequence (xn )∞
n=1 is said to converge to x if for each ε > 0, there
exists N ∈ N such that
|xn − x| < ε for all n ≥ N .
We write xn → x as n → ∞ or lim xn = x
n→∞
[Figures Here]
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Real Sequences: Examples
(xn )∞
n=1 defined as xn =
1
n converges to zero
(xn )∞ n
n=1 defined as xn = (−1) is divergent
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Real Sequences
Proposition
Let x ∈ R be a real number. Then, there exists a sequence of rational
numbers, say (qn )∞
n=1 , such that qn → x as n → ∞.
[Proof Here]
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Real Sequences
Proposition
If (xn )∞
n=1 is a convergent real sequence such that xn → x and
xn → y, then x = y.
[Proof Here]
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Next Lecture
Sequences
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