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PHY109 - Lecture 10

1) The document discusses wave equations in standard sinusoidal, exponential, and partial differential equation forms. It provides examples of how to write wave equations based on given properties like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, speed, and direction of wave propagation. 2) Euler's identity relating exponential, cosine, and sine functions is introduced. It is used to write wave equations in exponential form and extract real components to get cosine terms. 3) The concept of partial differential equations is explained, where derivatives are taken with respect to only one variable while treating others as constants. Examples of first and second order partial differential equations for waves are given.

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MD Minhazur Rahman
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70 views14 pages

PHY109 - Lecture 10

1) The document discusses wave equations in standard sinusoidal, exponential, and partial differential equation forms. It provides examples of how to write wave equations based on given properties like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, speed, and direction of wave propagation. 2) Euler's identity relating exponential, cosine, and sine functions is introduced. It is used to write wave equations in exponential form and extract real components to get cosine terms. 3) The concept of partial differential equations is explained, where derivatives are taken with respect to only one variable while treating others as constants. Examples of first and second order partial differential equations for waves are given.

Uploaded by

MD Minhazur Rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHY109- Lecture 10

Standard sinusoidal form is

y= A cos (k x – ωt)
𝒙
y= A cos ω( – t)
𝒗
y= A cos 2 π( x/λ – ft)
1) A transverse wave, p, is represented by the equation:
𝑧
p=2.0 cm cos 6.28 rad/s ( +t).
50 m/s

Find the time period, wavelength and direction of the wave.

2) A transverse wave, l, travels in –y direction. The angular frequency of


the wave is 300 rad/s and the speed is 350 m/s. The amplitude is 2.0 x 103
Pa. Write down the equation of the wave.
Euler Identity

eix= cos x + i sin x and e-ix= cos x – i sin x

eix + e-ix eix - e−ix


Or , cos x = and sin x =
2 2𝑖

These pairs of equations are known as Euler Identity


z = x + i y is called a complex number where i = −1

Re(z) = x, and Im(z)=y


Now consider, y = cos (kx-ωt) + i sin (kx- ωt)

Re(y)= cos (kx- ωt)


But , y= ei (kx-ωt) , so Re (y) = Re (ei (kx-ωt) )

Often We write wave equation as: y = ei (kx-ωt)

This is known as exponential imaginary (or, imaginary exponential) or in


short, exponential or imaginary form of wave equation.
Problem: A wave is expressed as :
p= exp i(20.0 rad/m. z + 500 rad/s. t)

Calculate the wavelength, frequency and speed of the wave.

Problem: A wave, s, of frequency 100 Hz and speed 350 m/s travels along
–y axis. Write down the equation of the wave in exponential form.
Partial Differential Equation

Consider the polynomial


y= Ax3+ Bx2 + Cx +D -----(1) where A, B, C, D are constants.

If we take the first derivative wrt x, we get,


𝑑𝑦
= 𝐴𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 ----(2)
𝑑𝑥
Upon taking the derivative, the constant D is lost. This equation is
called a Differential Equation.
If we integrate equation (2), We can get back Equation (1), However
the constant D is lost except when we know the boundary conditions.

If we further differentiate equation (2), We get

𝑑 2𝑦
= 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 ---- equation(3)
𝑑𝑥2

It is another differential equation. We call it 2nd order DE. Equation (2)


is known as 1st order DE. We can get back y from equation (3) if we
integrate it twice. In this case we will get 2 constants of integrations.
If we integrate a polynomial n times, we get
nth order DE. From the DE we can get back
the polynomial by integrating it n times. Only
that, we will get n constants when we
integrate n times.
consider the functions:

1) f= 5 2) f= A x2 3) f = 5 x2 + 6 4) f= xy

Differentiate the four functions.


It is easier to differentiate a function with zero variables (i.e. constants),
more difficult is function with one variable, then with two variables,
three variables etc.

If we take f= xy such that we have only one variable, other we fix for
the time being (for example, say particle moves along x axis, parallel to
x axis, perpendicular to y axis). If we differentiate f now, this is knows
as partial derivative. In this particular case df/dx is called partial
derivative of f with respect to x and is written as

𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑥
Be extra careful with the signs

D, d, δ, Δ, 𝜕

These symbols are not interchangeable.

A DE with partial derivative sign is called PDE

𝜕𝑦
Example: = Ax2+B is a PDE of first order
𝜕𝑥
The equation of a wave, y, is expressed as 2nd order PDE by the
equation:

𝜕2𝑦 1 𝜕2𝑦
2=
𝜕𝑥 𝑣2 𝜕𝑡2

Where v is the speed of the wave.

If a wave p travels along (-y) axis at speed v, we can say it travels along y
axis at speed (-v) and its equation is:

𝜕2𝑝 1 𝜕2𝑝 1 𝜕2𝑝


2= =
𝜕𝑦 (−𝑣)2 𝜕𝑡2 𝑣2 𝜕𝑡2
Problem: A wave, s, travels along z axis at a speed of 200 m/s. Write
down its equation.

Problem: A wave of frequency 10 Hz is represented by the equation:

𝜕2𝑝 2 2 𝜕2
𝑝
2= 0.040 s /m 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡

Find out its wavenumber.

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