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UNIT 1 Fluids

This document discusses temperature units and conversions between Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and Rankine scales. It provides the definitions and formulas for converting between these temperature scales. Specifically, it defines that Celsius and Kelvin have the same unit size but different zero points, and provides the formulas to convert between them. Similarly, it provides the formulas to convert between Rankine, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales. Examples are given to demonstrate converting specific temperatures between these different scales. Activities at the end test the reader's understanding of these concepts and ability to perform the conversions between temperature scales.

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Jojimar Julian
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73 views5 pages

UNIT 1 Fluids

This document discusses temperature units and conversions between Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and Rankine scales. It provides the definitions and formulas for converting between these temperature scales. Specifically, it defines that Celsius and Kelvin have the same unit size but different zero points, and provides the formulas to convert between them. Similarly, it provides the formulas to convert between Rankine, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales. Examples are given to demonstrate converting specific temperatures between these different scales. Activities at the end test the reader's understanding of these concepts and ability to perform the conversions between temperature scales.

Uploaded by

Jojimar Julian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 1

PRINCIPLE CONCEPTS OF FLUID MECHANICS


OBJECTIVES
General Objective
To know, understand and apply the measurement of temperature,
pressure and physical properties of fluid.
Specific Objectives
At the end of the module you should be able to :

list the temperature scales.
convert the temperature to Celsius (ºC), Fahrenheit (ºF), Rankine (R), Kelvin

(K) scales.
INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid Mechanics – Introduction
Fluid Mechanics is a section of applied mechanics, concerned with the static and
dynamics of liquids and gases.
Knowledge of fluid mechanics is essential for the chemical engineer, because the
majority of chemical processing operations are conducted either partially or totally in the fluid
phase.
The handling of liquids is much simpler, cheaper, and less troublesome than handling
solids.
Even in many operations a solid is handled in a finely divided state so that it stays in suspension
in a fluid.
Fluids and their Properties
Fluids
In everyday life, we recognize three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.
Although different in many respects, liquids and gases have a common characteristic
in which they differ from solids. Both are fluids, but lacks the ability of solids to offer
a permanent resistance to a deforming force.
A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously under the action of shearing
forces, however small they may be. Conversely, if a fluid is at rest, there can be no
shearing forces acting and, therefore, all forces in the fluid must be perpendicular to
the planes upon which they act.
1.1 TEMPERATURE UNITS
Temperature scales are defined by the numerical value assigned to a standard fixed point. By
international agreement the standard fixed point is the easily reproducible triple point of water. These
are represented by the state of equilibrium between steam, ice and liquid water.
In this unit we learn how to convert temperatures into Celsius, Fahrenheit Kelvin and Rankine
scales.
The Celsius temperature scale uses the unit degree Celsius (ºC), which has the same magnitude
as the Kelvin. Thus the temperature differences are identical on both scales. However, the zero point
on the Celsius scale is shifted to 273K, as shown by the following relationship between the Celsius
temperature and the Kelvin temperature:

T C  T K  273
By definition, the Rankine scale, the unit of which is the degree Rankine (R) is
proportional to the Kelvin temperature according to

T R   1 .8T K 

A degree of the same size as that on the Rankine scale is used in the Fahrenheit scale,
but the zero point is shifted according to the relation

T F   T R  460

substituting Eqs. (1) and (2) into Eq. (3), it follows that

T F   1.8T C   32

Example 1.1
Convert 250 ºC to ºF
Convert 200ºC to K.
Solution to Example 1.2
Solution to Example 1.1
F  32  1.8C
K  C  273  32  1.8250
 200  273  482 F
 473 K

Example 1.3
Example 1.2
Convert 365 ºF to R R  460  F
 460  365
Solution to Example 1.3  825 R

Activity 1.1
Use the link below to answer the following questions:
http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=48
1. What mixture did Fahrenheit use to set his thermometer at zero degrees?
2. Why is the Celsius scale preferred in scientific work over the Fahrenheit scale?
3. What was the idea behind the establishment of the Kelvin temperature scale?
4. What is the advantage of using the Kelvin scale at low temperature

ACTIVITY 1.2
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT INPUT…!

1.1 Write the formula to convert the following temperature scales.

ºC to K

ºF to R

R to K

1.2 Solve the problems below:

i) Air entering a wet scrubber is at 153 ºC. What is the temperature expressed in
degree Rankine?
ii) The gas stream temperature entering a fabric filter is 410 ºF. What is the
temperature expressed in degree Kelvin?

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