SIMPLE STRESS AND STRAIN

Prepared By: Prof. Parth Chhaya

Department: Civil Engineering
2 INTRODUCTION
When an external force acts on a body, the body tends to
undergo some deformation. Due to cohesion between the
molecules, the body resists deformation.
But beyond the elastic stage, the resistance offered by the
material is less than the applied load.
In such a case, the deformation continues, until failure
takes place. Within elastic stage, the resisting force equals
applied load.
This resisting force per unit area is called stress or
intensity of stress.
3 Types of Loads
In the mechanics of the deformable bodies, the following
types of loads are commonly considered:
Dead loads—static in nature, such as the self-weight of the
roof.
Live loads—fluctuating in nature, do not remain constant-
such as a weight of a vehicle moving on a bridge.
Tensile loads.
Compressive loads.
 Shearing loads.
4 Classification of Materials
 From an engineering point of view, properties concerned with metals are:
 1. Elasticity
 2. Plasticity
 3. Brittleness
 4. Malleability
 5. Ductility
 Elastic Material
It undergoes a deformation when subjected to an external loading such that the
deformation disappears on the removal of the loading (rubber).
 Plastic Material
It undergoes a continuous deformation during the period of loading and the
deformation is permanent. It does not regain its original dimensions on the removal o\
the loading (aluminum).
  Rigid Material
5
It does not undergo any deformation when subjected to an external
loading (glass and cast iron).
 Malleability
Materials ability to be hammered out into thin sheets, such as lead, is
called malleability.
 Brittle Materials
They exhibit relatively small extensions to fracture such as glass and
cast iron. There is little or no necking at fracture for brittle materials.
6 STRESS
 Stress is an internal resistance offered by a unit area of the material,
from which a member is made, to an externally applied load.
OR
 The force per unit area or intensity of the forces distributed over a
given section is called the stress on that section.

σ = P/A N/m2 or N/mm2 or kN/ m2

7 Types of Stresses
The stress may be normal stress or a shear stress
The normal stress is further divided into tensile stress and compressive stress.
Tensile Stress:
The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and opposite pulls as
shown in Fig as a result of which there is an increase in length, is known as tensile
stress.
The ratio of increase in length to the original length is known as tensile strain.
The tensile stress acts normal to the area and it pulls on the area.
8

 P is expressed in Newton (N) and A, original area, in square

meters (m2), the stress σ will be expresses in N/ m2. This unit is
called Pascal (Pa).

 Strain is unit less.

 Compressive Stress
9 • The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and opposite pushes as
shown in Fig. as a result of which there is a decrease in length of the body, is
known as compressive stress.
• The ratio of decrease in length to the original length is known as compressive
strain.
• The compressive stress acts normal to the area and it pushes on the area.
• Let an axial push P is acting on a body in cross-sectional area A. Due to external
push P, let the original length L of the body decreases by dL.
 Then compressive stress is given by,
10

And compressive strain is given by,

 Shear Stress:
11
 The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and
opposite forces which are acting tangentially across the resisting
section as shown in Fig. as a result of which the body tends to shear
off across the section, is known as shear stress.
 The corresponding strain is known as shear strain.
 The shear stress is the stress which acts tangential to the area. It is
represented by τ.
12 STRAIN
 When a body is subjected to some external force, there is some change of
dimension of the body.
 The ratio of change of dimension of the body to the original dimension is known
as strain. Strain is dimensionless.
 Strain may be :
• Tensile strain
• Compressive strain,
• Volumetric strain
• Shear strain.
 Shear Strain
13  It is a measure of the angle through which a body is deformed by the applied
force, denoted by γ.
 The shear strain is represented by the angle through which the other two faces
have rotated as shown in Fig.

Volumetric Strain
The ratio of change in the volume of the body to the original
volume is known as volumetric strain.
 Longitudinal strain
14
 When a body is subjected to an axial tensile load, there is an increase in the length
of the body.
 But at the same time there is a decrease in other dimensions of the body at right
angles to the line of action of the applied load.
 The ratio of axial deformation to the original length of the body is known as
longitudinal (or linear) strain.
 Lateral strain
15  The strain at right angles to the direction of applied load is known as
lateral strain. Let a rectangular bar of length L, breadth b and depth d is
subjected to an axial tensile load P as shown in Fig.

 The length of the bar will increase while the breadth and depth will
decrease.
 ε = δb / b OR ε = δd / d

Note:
1) If longitudinal strain is tensile, the lateral strains will be compressive.
2) If longitudinal strain is compressive then lateral strains will be tensile.
16 POISON’S RATIO
 The ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is a constant for a
given material, when the material is stressed within the elastic limit.
This ratio is called Poisson's ratio and it is generally denoted by μ
or ν or 1/m.
 Hence mathematically,

Material Poisson's ratio Material Poisson's ratio

Steel 0.25 – 0.33 Rubber 0.48 – 0.5

C.I 0.23 – 0.27 Cork Nearly zero

Concrete 0.2 Novel foam negative

17 HOOK’S LAW
 For elastic bodies, the ratio of stress to strain is constant and is
known as Young's modulus or the modulus of elasticity and is
denoted by E.

• Strain has no units as it is a ratio. Thus, E has the same units as

stress. (N/ m2)

• The materials that maintain this ratio are said to obey Hooke s
law which states that within elastic limits, strain is proportional
to the stress producing it.
 Young’s modulus of some materials
18
SR.NO. Material Young's modulus
(kN/mm2)

1 Mild steel 200

2 Aluminum 70

3 Copper 100

4 Cast iron 90
5 Bronze 120

6 Wood 10
19
STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS
20 After conducting tension test on steel we can determine
the following items

•Elastic modulus
• Proportional limit
• Yield stress
• Ultimate stress
21 BARS WITH CROSS SECTIONS VARYING IN STEPS

Now the total elongation of the bar,

 BARS WITH CONTINUOUSLY VARYING
22
CROSS SECTIONS
Bars with varying Circular
cross section

 δl = 4PL / π E d1 d2

 If the rod is of uniform diameter,

then D1 - D2 = D
23 Bars with varying rectangular cross section
24 ELONGATION OF BAR DUE TO SELF
WEIGHT

Note:
The deformation of the bar under its own weight is equal to
the half of the deformation, if the body is subjected to the
direct load equal to the weight of the body.
25 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
 When a number of loads are acting on a body, the resulting strain,
according to principle of superposition, will be the algebraic sum of
strains caused by individual loads.

 While using this principle for an elastic body which is subjected to a

number of direct forces (tensile or compressive) at different sections
along the length of the body, first the free body diagram of
individual section is drawn.
 Then the deformation of the each section is obtained. The total
deformation of the body will be then equal to the algebraic sum of
deformations of the individual sections.

Now the total elongation of the bar,

26 REFERENCES:

 1) A Textbook of Strength of Materials By R. K. Bansal

 2) Fundamentals Of Strength Of Materials By P. N. Chandramouli
 3) Strength of Materials By B K Sarkar
 4) Strength of Materials By R. K. Rajput
 5) Strength of Materials, S. S. Rattan, Tata McGraw-Hill Education.