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This chapter discusses molecular structure and biochemistry. It covers properties of atoms and molecules, including atomic structure and isotopes. Molecular bonding is described using valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory. Biomolecular structures like proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates are introduced. Solution chemistry concepts such as solutions, electrolytes, and diffusion are covered. Finally, enzymes and their role in biochemical reactions are discussed.

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68 views1 page

First Page PDF

This chapter discusses molecular structure and biochemistry. It covers properties of atoms and molecules, including atomic structure and isotopes. Molecular bonding is described using valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory. Biomolecular structures like proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates are introduced. Solution chemistry concepts such as solutions, electrolytes, and diffusion are covered. Finally, enzymes and their role in biochemical reactions are discussed.

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Абу Джуд
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1

Chapter Molecular structure


and biochemistry

James Arden

14
N, 16O). Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic numbers
TOPICS COVERED IN THIS CHAPTER with different atomic masses. Naturally occurring elements
• Properties of atoms and molecules found as mixtures of isotopes. For hydrogen, the hydrogen a
Atoms
of atomic number 1 and atomic mass 1 (1H) is about 5000 t
Bonding: the basis of molecular structure
more common than its stable isotope deuterium (2H), which
Special properties
one neutron (atomic number 1, atomic mass 2). The ato
• Biomolecular structure mass of an element is actually the weighted average of
Amino acids and proteins
masses of the isotopes of that element. A mole of a subst
Lipids and membranes
contains as many atoms or molecules as there are atom
Nucleic acids
exactly 12 g of 12C (6.023 × 1023). By analogy to atomic m
Carbohydrates
the molecular mass of a molecule is described with referenc
• Solution chemistry the mass of 12C, hence the term ‘relative’ molecular mass.
Solutions
Nonelectrolytes Bonding: the basis of molecular structure
Electrolytes
Diffusion and flow
Atoms interact to form molecules by chemical bonds, which
Electrochemistry and acid–base chemistry
described by two theories. The valence bond theory concentr
Chelation
on the transfer (ionic bond) or sharing (covalent bond) of e
Surface interactions
trons and is the basis for traditional organic chemistry. Molec
• Enzymes orbital theory considers bonding as a coalescence of the elec
orbitals (probabilistic electron density maps) of two atom
create a new orbital that spreads over the entire molecule
describe electron orbitals mathematically, electrons are descr
In this chapter the fundamental ideas of molecular structure and as waves, rather than as negatively charged points. Like
principles of biochemistry, pharmacology, and physiology rele- waves, sound waves, or sine waves, an electron wave is defi
vant to anesthesiology are introduced. by a formula. Because an electron moves in three dimension
formula has x-, y-, and z-components; changes along the t
axes are described by partial derivatives. As it is hard to fr
PROPERTIES OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES electrons in time and space, their location is defined
probability (ψ). For example, ∂2ψ /∂x2 is the derivative o
calculated in the x-dimension, with the y- and z-dimensions
Atoms constant. An electron has a small mass (m) that is include
An atom consists of elementary particles: protons, neutrons, and energy calculations and, depending on its position, it also
electrons, and approximately 20 subatomic particles (mesons, potential energy (V). Adding constants to balance the func
bosons, etc.). The mass of the atom is provided principally by mathematically (h), electron energy (E) is defined in probab
the protons and the slightly heavier neutrons. Electrons are much terms (Eψ) by Equation 1.1, the Schrödinger equation.
smaller and lighter, with a mass approximately 0.05% that of a
■ Equation 1.1
proton. The number of protons (and electrons in an uncharged
Eψ = Vψ + [(∂2ψ /∂x2) + (∂2ψ /∂y2) + (∂2ψ /∂z2)] (h/2
atom) is the atomic number (6, 7, and 8 for carbon, nitrogen, and
oxygen, respectively), and the total mass of the protons plus The solutions to this differential equation for a single par
neutrons is the atomic mass or mass number (12, 14, and 16 for are simple equations that can be plotted on a graph to
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, respectively). Mass numbers are mathematical pictures of electron densities, called orbitals.
indicated by superscripts before the element symbol (e.g. 12C, orbitals of molecules can be defined by combining the equat

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