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Sterilization and Disinfection: Microbiology .. Lab-2

This document discusses various methods of sterilization, disinfection, and decontamination. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, decontamination, and describes physical methods like heat and radiation. It notes that sterilization kills all microorganisms including spores through methods like autoclaving, boiling, flaming. Disinfection eliminates most pathogens using chemicals like alcohols, aldehydes, halogens or methods like pasteurization. Decontamination removes microbes through sterilization or disinfection. The document provides details on various temperature-based methods and chemical disinfectants.

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37 views

Sterilization and Disinfection: Microbiology .. Lab-2

This document discusses various methods of sterilization, disinfection, and decontamination. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, decontamination, and describes physical methods like heat and radiation. It notes that sterilization kills all microorganisms including spores through methods like autoclaving, boiling, flaming. Disinfection eliminates most pathogens using chemicals like alcohols, aldehydes, halogens or methods like pasteurization. Decontamination removes microbes through sterilization or disinfection. The document provides details on various temperature-based methods and chemical disinfectants.

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Абу Джуд
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫ الثانية‬:‫المرحلة‬ ‫الجامعة االسالمية‬

‫قسم التقنيات التحليالت المرضية‬


‫ احياء مجهرية‬Microbiology…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……Lab-2
:‫اسم المادة‬

2018 -2017 :‫السنة الدراسية‬ ‫ الكرار قيس‬.‫م‬.‫ م‬:‫اسم التدريسي‬


Sterilization and Disinfection
Sterilization is defined as the process where all the living microorganisms, including
bacterial spores are killed.
Sterilization can be achieved by physical, chemical and physiochemical means.
Chemicals used as sterilizing agents are called chemisterilants.

Disinfection is the process of elimination of most pathogenic microorganisms


(excluding bacterial spores) on inanimate objects. Disinfection can be achieved by
physical or chemical methods. Chemicals used in disinfection are called disinfectants.

Decontamination is the process of removal of contaminating pathogenic


microorganisms from the articles by a process of sterilization or disinfection. It is the
use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy living organisms
on a surface so that the organisms are no longer infectious.

Sanitization is the process of chemical or mechanical cleansing, applicable in public


health systems. Usually used by the food industry. It reduces microbes on eating
utensils to safe, acceptable levels for public health.
Asepsis is the employment of techniques (such as usage of gloves, air filters, UV rays
etc.) to achieve microbe-free environment.
Antisepsis is the use of chemicals (antiseptics) to make skin or mucus membranes
devoid of pathogenic microorganisms.
Bacteriostatic is a condition where the multiplication of the bacteria is inhibited
without killing them.
Bactericidal is that chemical that can kill or inactivate bacteria. Such chemicals may
be called variously depending on the spectrum of activity, such as bactericidal,
virucidal, fungicidal, microbicidal, sporicidal, tuberculocidal or germicidal.
Antibiotics are substances produced by one microbe that inhibits or kills another
microbe. Often the term is used more generally to include synthetic and semi-
synthetic antimicrobial agents.
Sunlight: The microbicidal activity of sunlight is mainly due to the presence of ultra
violet rays in it. It is responsible for spontaneous sterilization in natural conditions.
Heat: Heat is considered to be most reliable method of sterilization of articles that can
withstand heat. Heat acts by oxidative effects as well as denaturation and coagulation
of proteins.
DRY HEAT
Red heat: Articles such as bacteriological loops, straight wires, tips of forceps and
searing spatulas are sterilized by holding them in Bunsen flame till they become red
hot.
Flaming: This is a method of passing the article over a Bunsen flame, but not heating
it to redness. Articles such as scalpels, mouth of test tubes, flasks, glass slides and
cover slips are passed through the flame a few times. Even though most vegetative
cells are killed.

MOIST HEAT
Moist heat acts by coagulation and denaturation of proteins
At temperature below 100oC
Pasteurization: This process was originally employed by Louis Pasteur. Currently this
procedure is employed in food and dairy industry. There are two methods of
pasteurization, the holder method (heated at 63oC for 30 minutes) and flash method
(heated at 72oC for 15 seconds) followed by quickly cooling to 13oC.
Other pasteurization methods include Ultra-High Temperature (UHT), 140oC for 15
sec and 149oC for 0.5 sec. This method is suitable to destroy most milk borne
pathogens like Salmonella, Mycobacteria, Streptococci, Staphylococci and Brucella
At temperature 100oC
Boiling: Boiling water (100oC) kills most vegetative bacteria and viruses
immediately. Certain bacterial toxins such as Staphylococcal enterotoxin are also heat
resistant. Some bacterial spores are resistant to boiling and survive.
Autoclave: Sterilization can be effectively achieved at a temperature above 100oC
using an autoclave. Water boils at 100oC at atmospheric pressure, but if pressure is
raised, the temperature at which the water boils also increases.

RADIATION:
Two types of radiation are used, ionizing and non-ionizing.

1. Ionizing radiation (X rays, gamma rays, etc.) is effective and penetrates the
material; the Food and Drug Administration and the World Health
Organization have approved food irradiation and declared it safe; however, it
is not widely used because of cost and concerns about the effects of the
radiation on food
2. non-ionizing (Ultraviolet (UV) radiation ) is effective, but its use is limited to
surface sterilization because UV radiation does not penetrate glass, dirt films,
water, and other substances

FILTRATION:
Filtration does not kill microbes, it separates them out. Membrane filters with pore
sizes between 0.2-0.45 μm are commonly used to remove particles from solutions that
can't be autoclaved. It is used to remove microbes from heat labile liquids such as
serum, antibiotic solutions, sugar solutions, urea solution
Microbiology…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……Lab-2

CHEMICAL METHODS OF DISINFECTION


Disinfectants are those chemicals that destroy pathogenic bacteria from inanimate
surfaces.
ALCOHOLS
A 70% aqueous solution is more effective at killing microbes than absolute alcohols.
they are used as antiseptic on skin, Like Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and methyl
alcohol

ALDEHYDES:
It kills all microorganisms, including spores. Formaldehyde, Gluteraldehyde

HALOGENS:
widely used antiseptics and disinfectants; iodine acts by oxidizing cell constituents
and iodinating cell proteins; chlorine acts primarily by oxidizing cell constituents

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