There is no single answer to the question of whether

audio amplifiers using transistors are better than those

using valves or vice versa. It all depends on the appli-
cation. Valve amplifiers are undoubtedly better as
regards dynamic range, which has to do with the
more gradual change in the operating characteristics,
which in the case of transistors tends to be abrupt. An
attractive compromise is a hybrid amplifier: valve
input stages and transistor output stages. This results in
an amplifier that offers the best of both worlds.

Design by E. VVincek

hybrid audio amplifier

the best of both worlds?

performance. It is based
on a double triode
Type PCC88. which has
excellent transcon-
ductance and
requires relatively low
anode voltages.
The current
(power) amplifier is
based on MOSFET
transistors which
in operation are
reminiscent of
valves and
have a very
high input
impedance.
These transis-
tors ore config-
ured os source
followers. Their
gate voltage is held
stable by constant-current sources and
zener diodes.
The result is

Whatever the merits or drawbacks of in the voltoqe amplifier and da ta

valve and transistor audio amplifiers. MOSFETtransistors iCal gOOrnV
because of fheir design and nature
valves lend themselves much better to
in the
ornplltier,
current TeC"'" " drive
100 kQ

voltage amplification and transistorsto The voltage ensitiVity tor tu . Q 2.65 W

current amplification. In output stages. amplifier ls config- Inpu: Srnpedance "drive 'ne wave mto 4 25 dB
which are current, or rather power, ured as a series- Inpu r output tor tu 1 kHz SI 3.2
amplifiers. valves have a further draw- regulated push- power
back in that they require an output pull (SRPP)circuit. G in at 1 kHz t 1 kHz o dB
transtormer whose price is directly pro- which provides o:rnping factar ~nse: _1.7 dB
10HZ
portional to itsquality. In view of this.the high amplification Frequency reso 100 kHz
present circuit is a hybrid: it usesvalves and high-quality

VI - 9/97 Elektor E/ectronics EXTRA --------------------AUDIO

an exeellent. Interestlng ornpll-
fler that ls also fairly easy to
1-------------1
,
I Cl I
. "n~~~.ye
build. There ore only one valve
and two transistorsin the signal
:
,
I ~-,
pafh. Its tone quolltv ls very
good and its power output is
suffieient to make the nelgh-
;
I
I
A ylnpUII
cu".m ampl;II&.

bours run lor the telephone II ,

, ,,
the volume were turned up lull. , I
,

n, r.r
Beeause of the high Input
inpull
impedanee. CD players with I

their high output signal ean be

eoupled direetly to the cmpll-
Iier via a 47-1 00 kQ stereo
Cl C2 R4 '81"
, In...,., .ou.~
C.

I
-
N

potentiometer. L
I

-------------
vol!8ge amplifi'Ir board j'
972Q20·11

voltage amplifier Figure 1. The voltage

apart from the PCC88, only 0 few components.
ompütter board centoins. o ••
The clrcult diagram 01 the SRPP

r------------------------------------,
and the relay eontaets. The relay trips
atter about 20 s, when the eapaeitors
cre lully ehcrged so that they eannot
eause voltage jumps at the output.
Re RIO
The audio signal is applied to the
gates of the MOSFETsvia the input
• eapaeltors and R)ß and R)9 respee-

:rrl --:'~"
tively. TransistorsT2 and T3 operate as
• 1121 LI
I~,
" ..o-----l +-----+1~=1-_o a------, constant-current sources and ensure
stable dlreet-voltages at the gates.
The gate biases ore made symmetri-
"'-li-->-i--'-<----~-'-'-"+_+--"-' :-[,=,,>-t'' '::,>-.:},m cal with P2' The quiescent current is
lIlIi' 119 R1J D4 T:I : """'._0<.(11)/\"
'w 0>-"-----'- ,
""'" 0 - ~ IJ I
-=~21
,
I ,---------

I '" I
: ~C6RIS I
I
L currem amplif'8r boa'" !
J

Figure 2. The output amplifier ts based on MOSFETs.

voltage amplilier is shown in Figure 1. 2SK176 (or2SKI75) and

As stated ecrller, It usesa double triode Type 2SJ56 (or 2SJ55)
Type PCC88.Theinput is direct eoupled respeetively. II the supply
(DC) and has an impedanee 01 about volta ge is lowered to
100 kQ (Rtl. An anode voltage of ±30 V, and an output
130-140 V is fine: ideally, it should be power of 50 W is
138 V, but not exeeed 150 V. Eaeh aeeeptabie. Types
heater requires a voltage of 7 V: slnee IRF530/IRF9530 and
the two heater are connected in series, IRF540/lRF9540 respee-
the overall heater supply should be tively from International
14 V. The connections to the heaters Reetifier mayaiso be
ore deeoupled by 10 JiF tantalum used to good ellee!.
eapaeitors. The anode of the seeond Input eapaeitors C)
triode isalso deeoupled, in thisease by and C2 cre polypropy-
a 0.047 JiFpotvester type (C3). lene (MKP)types, whieh
cre shunted by polvester
current amplifier eapaeitors C3 and C4
respeetively. In the qul-
The circult diagram of the eurrent eseent state, these
ornpliüer Is shown in Figure 2. It is eapaeitors cre linked to
based on transistors T4 and T5. Type earth via resistors R)-R3

AUDIO------------------------------------- Elektor Electronics EXTRA VII - 9/97

 ,
,
1
,:"['~ - i-'·'~------:-:-c--,,--::.:::
, ~ ,
g~~==~--~_L_J--~J=~
[n
, ·D·~
p~

t4115CSIll> R61
nw I ·0· .........
~no;l

C i I g.:;.
I CSCbC7C8~ ..

, I ,: I
I
·0·

- 42'i
"'~·III,"d

1eII.lJ.nd
t sctt-start
L board ~I
1L power-supplyboard 1 J

r--------------------------------'.
, 24V reIIy

I"
::E'"'""
• 118h-lIIond

"
"
" '~~
:
IrigIlH'ia.~,
<IJ"",".mplilill'l
m.a;""cnloI!
,
,f T 0,80\ ea
"' ,
,
E3 _ 2lO'1
J ." I
duailEO

m
er
~

-~~
• 139\1 "'n-l\and
::+--...........Cr-.--C:l-1-....--r-+-I-o + 138\1 rf9!U.1\and

Flgure 3. The hybrid amplifier

requires quite 0 voriety of sup-
L
--.~------+Clllt=~j=_J1
I __
J~ClJ~[+_~- le/1·ho.nd
- ,;gnl.n.....
L
I power.supply
board 2 ~ ""rlil

ply valtages.

set with P,. Proteetion dlodes 05-08 around reslstorR24.It eonslstsof 20 turns ply Iinesfor the eurrent amplifier.
prevent the gate voltages beeoming 1 mm dia. enamelled copper wlre, The potential aerossthe 22 V windlng
prohibitively high. wound on a 10 mm dia. drill bit. ls applied to a second transformer, Tr2'
Note that the values of resistors R,8 Network R2S-C" ls a Boueherot filter. and then to !wo bridge reetifiers.Thlssec-
and R'9 in the gate IInesare not equal. fion (on the power supply board) provldes
This is beeause of the divergent input power supply the heater voltages and the anode volt-
eapaeitanees of n-ehannel and ages for the voltage ampliflers,as weil as
p-channel MOSFETs. These resistorsare The power supply whose circult die- the operating voltage far the relay on the
not fitted on the relevant board, but gram ls shown In Flgure 3 conslsts of eurrent amplifier board (FIgure2) via a
must be solde red dlreetly to the rele- flve parts. The flrsl of these is situaled delay clrcult.
vant gate. ahead of the malns transformer and The delay clreuit ls based on a
The souree reslstors, R20, R2" and provldes a soft start for the oulput Schmitt trigger formed by T, and T2.
R22, R23, each of 0.47 Q, may be stages and prevents the fuses from Capaeitor C, lscharged via R, untll the
replaced by single reslstorsof 0.25 Q in blowing owlng to a high swltch-on cur- potential acrass It is 10 V. When that
the R20and R22positions on the board. rent. Thiseurrent is Iimlted durlng the first level Is reaehed, 03 comes on, the
Induetor L, in the output line Is fltted few seconds after swlteh-on by R6. Schmltt trigger changes state, and the
The malns voltage is applied relay on the eurrent amplifier board
to a bridge rectlfler via R" R2 trips. The relay contacts then link the
,--------------,
I I GI
and C,-C3 (which ean be ols- output of the voltage amplifler to the
t I I.14~
eharged via R3)and then to a Input of the eurrent amplifler.
, 15 V voltage regulator. The dual LEDon the front panel indl-

--' , " Capacltor Cs is eharged via cates the state of the relay. At swltch-

--'
, ,
,,
Rsand after about 2 s reaches
a potential that causes T, to
swltch on, whereupon the relay
on, T2 ls off, so that its eollector, and
eonsequently the bases of T3 and T4,
carrles the tull supply voltage. Thls
,
-, trips. The relay contaets then resultsIn T3conductlng, whereupon the
short-circuit R6. red part of the LEDIights, whereas T4
L
I hila"', voIlagIl board ~I
Malns transformer Tr,has three remalns off. After about 20 s, the
seeondary windlngs: 2 x 30 V Schmil! trigger changes state, where-
and 1 x 22 V. The voltages upon T3goes off and T4 eonducts. Thls
Figure 4. The heater valtage for the PCC88 ls regu- across the 30 V wlndings are causes the red sectlon of the LEDto go
lated. However, It is more Important that the heater out while the green one Iights to show
applled to a bridge rectlfler
current ls 300 mA. whlch provldes the ±42 V sup- that the clrcult lsoperallonal. When the

VIII - 9/97 Elektor E/ectronics EXTRA ------------------AUDIO

supply is switched off, C, is discharged The 'raw' heater voltage is applied to a all boards are kept separate and are
via D,. ResistorsR9and RlOand capac- variable, integrated voltage regulator, strapped to earth at only one spot on
itor C2 decouple the supply lines to the IC" on the heater voltage board (Fig- the enclosure so as to prevent earth
relay. ure 4). TransistorT, provides a gradual lcops.
The 22 V secondary 01 Tr, is linked to Increase in the voltage supply to the The connections to the Input and
the secondary winding 01 Tr2' Since the heaters. Thevoltage regulator needs a output 01 the voltage amplilier must be
current drawn by the two valves does small heat sink. in single screened cable with the
not exceed 5 mA, the rating 01 this construction screen connected to earth only on the
translormer (150 mAl is more than ade- voltage amplilier board.
quate. The voltage ac rossthe primary The stereo amplifier consists 01 eight Consequently, the current amplilier
is some 130 V. which is rectilied by printed-circuit boards (see Flgure 5), board has no pin lor connecting the
D4-Da and smoothed bv C9 and ClO. which are not available ready made. screen 01 the input lead Irom the volt-
Capacitors Cs-Ca and C" are anti- All boards are provided with suitable age amplilier.
inlerlerence devices. When Ihe supply PCSconneclors to lacilitate their inter- The MOSFETs and T, rnust be screwed
is switched off, electrolytic capacilors connection. Those for the mains power to, but lsoloted Irom, an aluminium
C9 and ClO are discharged via R'3' supply and on the current amplilier bracket that links the board and the
The -ve line 01 the unregulated board have 6.3 mm dia. pins, all others heat sink lor these devices (do not lor-
heater voltage (about 24 V) is con- have 1.3 mm pins. get ample use 01. heat conducting
nected to earth not directly but via C, 2. It is imperative that the -ve lines on paste).

o o

,
I

\
+

Current amplifier board: R24 = 5.1 Q, 1 W D" D2 = LED. 5 mm , green

T" R2, R3 = 160 Q R2S = 10 Q. 1 W D3•D4 = zener, 15 V. 1 W
R4=680Q p,.P2 = 250 kQ, potentiometer tor Ds, D6 = zener, 12 V, 500 mW
Rs• R,s. R17 = 750 kQ board mounting, upright D7, De = 1N4148
R6 = 10 Q T, = 2SC1775
R7 = 22 kQ C" C2 = 1.5 J.lF.250 V. metallized T2 = BC560
Re. R9 = 10kQ polypropylene (MKP) T3 = BC550
RlO•R'3 = 820 kQ C3, C4 = 4.7 J.lF.160 V. metallized T4 = 2SK176 or 2SK175 (see text)
R". R'2 = 180kQ polyester (MKT) T5 = 2SJ56 or 2SJ55 (see text)
R'4. R,s = 200 Q Cs, Cs = 0.68 J.lF,63 V
R,e = 680 Q ~,Ce = 0.22J.1F.100 V L, = see text
R'9 = 510 Q C9, ClO = 330 J.lF,63 V. radial Re, = 24 V miniature retay, 2 make
R20• R2,-R23 = 0.47 Q, 5 W Cll = 0.022 J.lF,100 V contaets, eoil resistance 1400 n

Figure 5. Layouts of the vorlous PCBsused in this design, Two voltage ampllfier boards end two current omplifler boards are needed for 0
stereo amplifier. Note thot there Is no board tor the mains power supply.

AUDIO Elektor Electronics EXTRA IX - 9/97

 <t ,
'jS' O·

0-
haater v~ltage
7VIO,3A

':1
06~4030
0 ~O\JtPI.I1
0 <>(ID-<> 07 '0 ~ <t
~ o'! '0
0

f[]~
0

•
O·

~f'@" 0-
ancde voJtage
13BV

Voltage amplilier board:

R, = 100kn C3 = 0.047/lF, 250 V
R2 = 1 kn C. = 10 fJF,35 V,tantalum
R3, R. = 510 n
1 off PCC88
C, = 470 fJF,16 V, radial 1 off noval socket for PCC88
C2 = 0.68 fJF,63 V for board mounting

0
.x:
rr t
m
,! O· --.
o.{[D-o o---+f!1.
13 lC1CI)'
Input 24V=
0- ----
T T ,
~~~~ O·
----
CD'
0 0

~ m'
0, 0
0-
QUIpU!tW I 0,3"_
----
0
o o

Heater voltage board: C2, C3 = 0.1 fJF,100 V

R, = 2.2 kn C. = 4.7/lF, 16 V, radial
R2 = 270 n Cs = 470 /lF, 16 V, radial
R3=150kn
P = 1 kn preset potentiorne- 0, = 1N4148
ter, radial T, = BC560

C, = 47 fJF,35 V, radial IC, = LM317

is, however, better,

calibration and more accurate,
to set the heater eur-
Before the power is switehed on, set P, rent to 300 mA (after a
and P2 on the eurrent amplifier board heating up period ot,
to the eentre of their travel and the pre- say, 10 minutes).
set on the heater voltage board to rnin- Next, eonneet a o o
imum. Temporarily insert 10 n, 1 W resls- digital voltmeter (OVM)
tors in the supply Iines to the eurrent aerossone of the 10 n
amplifier board. The amplifier output resistorsand adjust P,
should remain open. to obtain a reading of 1 V, which eor- reading of 0 mV.
Switeh on the mains and set the responds to a quieseent eurrent of Switehoff the mains and remove the
heater voltage to 14 V. Sinee the 100 mA. Then, eonneet the OVMaeross !wo 10 n resistors,Switeh on the mains
PCC88 is a series-regulated deviee, it the output terminals and adjust P2for a aga in. Conneet the OVMaeross R20or

x - 9/97 Elektar Electranics EXTRA --------------------AUDIO

 [.
r;;;=]
0

I
•• • 0 00 ~
o-------{Rfr---
o----{IDJ-----<
0
2'3OV frum malns
onJoff swi~ch

l
04
~I-------o 01 .. , 14 0
M

~,
--------'-'-l f-------.> 01 : DJ ~

il.,<(0
0
o-----U-t~
I~~
<>-!ID----<

(lf,Ucs~r
rt
Rel.
o~
oll -e- [~~ G)G)
• • + -

Soft-start board C4 = 470 pF. 16 V, radial

R R4 = 120n, 1 W Cs = 100 pF, 16 V, radial
R"2= 150n, 1 W
R3 = 1 Mn,1 W D,-D4 = 1N4007
Rs = 10kn Ds = zen er, 15 V, 1 W
R6= 100n, 11 W D6 = lN4148
T, = BC550
C, = 0.1 pF, 250 V a.c. Re, = 12 V relay, 1 make contact, rat-
C2, C3 = 0.33 pF, 250 V ing: 16 A R22 ond odjust P,. il necessary, to
obtoin 0 reoding of 230-250 mV.
leove the omplilier on tor 0 couple
of hours ond recheck this voltage.
Finolly, connect the DVM ocross the
output terminals ond recheck thot
the reoding is 0 mV, odjusting P2 is
necessary. [97201]

I "'- I
- -
frorn Tr.1

o o

W
Tr.2
I
"lSOIIf 1S011f

+ :1-

Power suppty board:

I I i R, = 330 kn
R2. R3, Rs, RB = 100 kn
R4 = 10 o
o---f~ c-----ffll-o R7, Ra = 1.3 kn
I I
c ~Q6 "i'4w c Rg = 100n
~ ~1If o---jp.i-.. <>----1~ RlO = 220 o, 1 W
B"
r« ee + + 11I-I05
righ~·hand
I
14f4 c
Rll, R'2 = 1 kn, 1 W
GLI2&&~1 R'3 = 220 kn, 1 W

C, = 100 pF, 16 V, radial

C2 = 100 pF, 35 V, radial
C3, C4 = 2200 pF, 40 V, radial
CoCa = 0.01 pF, 250 V
Cg, ClO = 150 pF, 350 V
-0 Cll, C,2 = 0.33 pF, 250 V

D, = lN4148
D2 = zener, 12 V, 500 mW
D3 = zener, 10 V, 500 mW
D4-D7 = 1N4007
G, = B40C1500/1000
T" T3 = BC550
138V
ecc ee .
T2, T4 = BC560
left·hand
rBlay
lefl.harld.amplifier

red - green •
~
raiay • Tr2 = 130 V primary, 2 x 12 V sec-
dual LED
fight·hand amplifler
ondary translormer, rating: 150 mA

AUDIO Elektor Electronics EXTRA XI - 9/97

supply is switched off, Cl is discharged The 'raw' heater voltage is applied to 0 oll boards are kept separate and are
via 01, ResistorsR9and RlO and capac- variable, integrated volta ge regulator, strapped to earth at only one spot on
itor C2 decouple the supply lines to the IC1, on the heater voltage board (Fig- the enclosure so os to prevent earth
relay. ure 4). TransistorTl provides 0 gradual loops.
The 22 V secondary of Trl is linked to increase in the voltage supply to the The connections to the input and
the secondary winding of Tr2' Since the heaters. The voltage regulator needs 0 output of the voltage amplifier must be
current drawn by the two valves does small heat sink. in single screened cable with the
not exceed 5 mA, the rating of this construction screen connected to earth only on the
transformer (150 mAl is more thon ade- voltage amplifier board.
quote. The voltage across the primary The stereo amplifier consists of eight Consequently, the current amplifier
is some 130 V, which is rectified by printed-circuit boards (see Figure 5), board has no pin for connecting the
04-0a and smoothed by C9 and ClO. which are not available ready made. screen of the input lead from the volt-
Capacitors Cs-Ca and Cll are anti- All boards are provided with suitable age amplifier.
interference devices. When the supply PCBconnectors to facilitate their inter- TheMOSFETs and Tl mustbe screwed
is switched off, electrolytic capacitors connection. Thosefor the mains power to, but isolated from, an aluminium
C9 and ClO are discharged via R13. supply and on the current amplifier bracket that links the board and the
The -ve line of the unregulated board have 6.3 mm dia. pins, oll others heat sink for these devices (do not for-
heater voltage (about 24 V) is con- have 1.3 mm pins. get ample use ot. heat conducting
nected to earth not directly but via C12. It is imperative that the -ve lines on paste).

~-----_._------_ .•----_ .._-_.-.__

... _-_ .. _-_... _----- .._--._----
i Current amplifier

I T1, R2, R3 = 160 Q

I R4 = 680 Q
board: R24 = 5.1 n, 1 W
R2S= 10 Q, 1 W
P1, P2 = 250 kQ, potentiometer tor
01, O2 = LEO, 5 mm , green
03,04 = zener, 15 V, 1 W
05' 06 = zener, 12 V, 500 mW
l
I Rs, R16,R17 = 750 kQ board mounting, upright 07, Da = 1N4148
I R6 = 10 n T1 = 2SC1775
, R7 = 22 kQ C1, C2 = 1.5 J1F, 250 V, metallized T2 = BC560

:J
Ra,R9 = 10 kn polypropylene (MKP) T3 = BC550
R1Q'R13 = 820 kQ C3, C4 = 4.7 J1F, 160 V, metallized T4 = 2SK176 or 2SK175 (see text) I'

Rn, R12 = 180 kQ polyester (MKT) Ts = 2SJ56 or 2SJ55 (see text)

=::' = A
~~8;
R19 510 n
OO
Q g~:g: :=g:~~
~~~go\
C9, C1Q 330 J1F, 63 V, radial
L1 = see text
Re1 = 24 V miniature relay, 2 make
R20'R21-R23= 0.47 Q, 5 W C11 = 0.022 J1F, 100 V contacts, coil resistance 1400 Q
-----------_._--,--_._~~._._-----._-----_._---._--_._~--- -------- -----_.
..

Figure 5. Layouts of the various PCBsused in this design. Two voltage amplifier boards and two current amplifier boards are needed far a
stereo amplifier. Note that there is no board far the mains power supply.

Elektor Electronics EXTRA IX - 9/97

 ~ ~ 0 1

r-7I_a__ V 3~1~~.7

o- heater v~ltage
7V/O.3A

i:!
0-

o ~U'PU'
o
o
o
anode voltage
'38V
0-

r------.-~-
i Voltage amplifier board:
I R1 = 100kQ C3 = 0.047 J1F, 250 V
R2 = 1 kQ C4 = 10 J1F, 35 V,tantalum
R3, R4 = 510 Q
1 off PCC88
C1 = 470 J1F, 16 V, radial 1 off noval socket for PCC88
C2 = 0.68 J1F, 63 V for board mounting

:Q:
IC'
m

input 24V=
o
output 14V I O.3A ===-
o o

o o
o

Heater voltage board: C2, c3 = 0.1 J1F, 100 V

i R1 = 2.2 kQ C4 = 4.7 J1F, 16 V, radial
R2 = 270 Q C5 = 470 J1F, 16 V, radial
R3 = 150 kQ
P = 1 kQ preset potentiome- 01 = 1N4148
ter, radial T1 = BC560

C1 = 47 J1F, 35 V, radial IC1 = LM317

is, however, better,

ca libration and more accurate,
to set the heater cur-
Before the power is switched on, set P, rent to 300 mA (after a
and P2 on the current ampfifier board heating up period of,
to the centre of their travel and the pre- say, 10 minutes).
set on the heater voltage board to min- Next, connect a o
imum. Temporarily insert 10 Q, 1 W resis- digital voltmeter (OVM)
tors in the supply fines to the current across one of the 10 Q
ampfifier board. The amplifier output resistorsand adjust P,
should remain open. to obtain a reading of 1 V, which cor- reading of 0 mV.
Switch on the mains and set the responds to a quiescent current of Switch off the mains and remove the
heater voltage to 14 V. Since the 100 mA. Then,connect the OVMac ross two 10 Q resistors.Switch on the mains
PCC88 is a series-regulated device, it the output terminals and adjust P2 for a again. Connect the OVMacross R20 or

x - 9/97 Elektor Electronics EXTRA ------------------------ ~(JjJ/IJJD©

 1 @]

I'
1 0

--0 00 ~ <>----{lIT}--o
"0 • ~
0
230V Irom mains
on/off switch

1
~I----<> o 02~ 00 04
14 0 0
I----<>
o-------U-.j o
01
14 00 Ol ~ 0

I
0
~I----o

[If~"~r
<>-{ID---<>
Tl
~
tc

•
Ret.

I~~ ®G) -+
-c
ö

o • 0 4-

Soft-start board C4 = 470 J1F, 16 V, radial

R1, R4 = 120 Q, 1 W Cs = 100 J1F, 16 V, radial
R2 = 150 Q, 1 W
R3 = 1 MQ, 1 W 01-04 = 1N4007
Rs = 10 kQ Os = zener, 15 V, 1 W
R6 = 100 Q, 11 W 06 = 1N4148
T1 = BC550
C1 = 0.1 J1F,250 V a.c. Re1 = 12 V relay, 1 make contact, rat-
C2, C3 = 0.33 J1F,250 V ing: 16 A R22 and adjust P1, if necessary, to
obtain a reading of 230-250 mV.
Leave tne amplifier on for a couple
of hours and recheck this voltage.
Finally, connect the OVM ac ross the i
output terminals and recheck that
the reading is 0 mV, adjusting P2 is
necessary. [97201]

I from
22V",
Tr.1
I
'"o '"o
Tr.2

U
1 1 1
Power supply board:
R1 = 330 kQ
R2, R3, Rs, R6 = 100 kQ
R4 = 10 Q
R7, Ra = 1.3 kQ
Rg = 100 Q
RlO = 220 Q, 1 W
Rn, R12 = 1 kQ, 1 W
R13 = 220 kQ, 1 W

C1 = 100 J1F, 16 V, radial

C2 = 100 J1F,35 V, radial
C3, C4 = 2200 J1F,40 V, radial

0- -
"ß
15,
Cs-Ca = 0.01 J1F,250 V
Cg, ClO = 150 J1F,350 V
>~ C11, C12 = 0.33 J1F,250 V
0+_1
~g

01 = 1N4148
o
O2 = zener, 12 V, 500 mW
03 = zener, 10 V, 500 mW
04-07 = 1N4007
G1 = B40C1500/1000
13ßV
pcc BB +
T1, T3 = BC550
left-hand
relay T2, T4 = BC560
left-hand_ amplifier

- relay
~
•
Tr2 = 130 V primary, 2 X 12 V sec-
red ~ _ green

dual LED
right-hand amplifier ondary transformer, rating: 150 mA

Elektor Electronics EXTRA XI- 9/97