Bridge Engineering – Assignment #3 Engr. Marvin O.

Madera

DESIGN OF A COMPOSITE BRIDGE

1. Data and specifications

Clear span (c. to c.) 19.00 m

Clear width 9.50 m

Live loading HS20

Width of curb 0.60 m

Thickness of curb 0.25 m

Protective top cover 1.44 kPa

Concrete strength, f’c 28 MPa

A36 steel beam 250 MPa

Grade 40 reinforcement, fy 276 MPa

Welded stud shear connectors are specified, and a single cover plate will be used on the bottom flange.
The bridge will consist of five parallel girders. The design is based on 2 x 10 6 cycles of loading.

(a) Bridge Profile

(b) Transverse Section

By AASHTO specifications, an allowable concrete stress of

fc = 0.40 f’c = 0.40(28) = 11.20 MPa

and the allowable steel stress is

fs = 0.50fy = 0.50(276) = 138 MPa

2. Slab design

Consider a 1-meter strip of slab perpendicular to traffic:

Assuming girder flange width = 0.30 m

Effective span of slab, S = 2.25 - 0.30 + 0.15 =2.10 m

S ( 3.28 ) +10 2.1 ( 3.28 ) +10

1.2( ) 1.2( )
Minimum slab thickness, t = 30 = 30 = 0.206 m
3.28 3.28
Trial slab thickness, t = 0.16 m

Weight of slab = 23.50(0.16)(1.00) = 3.76 kN/m

Weight of top cover = 1.44(1.00) = 1.44 kN/m

Total dead load per meter of span = 3.76 + 1.44 = 5.20 kN/m

Dead load moment is

1
MD = ¿5.20)(2.102) = 2.29 kN-m
10
For live-load moment computations, case 1 applies:

S +0.610 2.1+ 0.610

ML = 0.80( )(P20) = 0.80( )(71.168) = 15.82 kN-m
9.756 9.756
The impact coefficient is

50
I= ≤ 0.3 (L in ft)
L+125
50
I= = 0.379 > 0.30, use I = 0.30
2.1(3.28)+125
The impact moment is therefore,

MI = 0.30(15.82) = 4.746 kN-m

The total moment due to dead, live and impact effects is

MT = 2.29 + 15.82 + 4.746 = 22.856 kN-m

Consistent with the AASHTO specifications, the elastic design equations will be used.
 EC = 4700√ f ' c = 4700√ 28 = 24870 MPa

Es 200000
n= = = 8.04 , say 8
EC 24870.06
fc 11.20
k= fs = 138 = 0.394
f c+ 11.20+
n 8

k 0.394
j=1- =1- = 0.869
3 3
1 1
R= fckj = (11.20)(0.394)(0.869) = 1.917 MPa
2 2

M 19.928 x 10 6 = 102 mm
dreq =
√ √
Rb
=
1.917 (1000)
20
dfurn = 160 - 25 - = 125 mm
2
Since dfurn > dreq , OK!

The required main reinforcement is

M 22.856 x 106
As = = = 1525 mm2
f s jd 138(0.869)(125)

π 2
Using 20 mm diameter bars, Ab = (20 ) = 314 mm2
4
1000 A b 1000(314)
Required spacing, s = = = 205 mm
As 1525
Therefore, use 20 mm diameter bars @ 200 mm o.c. top and bottom straight bars.

The amount of transverse reinforcement required for proper distribution of concentrated loads (also to
provide for shrinkage) is

205 205
%Atr = = = 78% > 67%, use 67%
√ S √ 2.1( 3.28)
Atr = 0.67(1525) = 1021.75 mm2 (controls)

Ast = 0.002bt = 0.002(1000)(160) = 320 mm 2

π 2
Using 16 mm diameter bars, Ab = (16 ) = 201 mm2
4
A s 1021.75
Required number of bars per panel, n = = = 5.08
Ab 201

Therefore, use 6 –16 mm diameter transverse bar in each slab panel.

3. Interior girders

3a. Effective flange width.

1 1
b= (span) = (19000) = 4750 mm
4 4
b = c to c of girders = 2250 mm

b = bf + 12t = 300 + 12(160) = 2220 mm (controls)

3b. Dead load moment on steel beams (noncomposite):

Effective span length, S = 19.00 m

Weight of slab per meter of girder = 23.50(0.16)(2.25) = 8.46 kN/m

Estimated weight of beam, cover plate, diaphram = 4.500 kN/m

Total uniform dead load on girder = 8.460 +4.500 = 12.960 kN/m

The noncomposite dead load moment is

1
MDS = (12.960)(19.002) = 584.82 kN-m
8
3c. Dead load on composite beam

Weight of bituminous wearing surface = 1.44(2.25) = 3.24 kN/m

The composite dead load moment is

1
MDC = (3.24)(19.002) = 146.205 kN-m
8
3d. Live load moments:

The part of the load carried by each interior girder is

S
where S is the average spacing of girders (ft) and S max = 14 ft = 4.27 m
5.5
This gives

2.25(3.28)
= 1.342 wheel loads per wheel
5.5
Multiplying this factor to the wheel loads of HS20 loading

Rear wheel = 1.342(71.168) = 95.51 kN

Front wheel = 1.342(17.792) = 23.88 kN

The magnitude of the resultant load when all wheels is on the span is

R = ∑P = 23.88 + 2(95.51) = 214.9 kN

The location of this resultant from the middle wheel is

R x́ = ∑Px : 214.9 x́ = 95.51 (4.268) - 23.88 (4.268) : x́ = 1.62 m

The absolute maximum live-load moment will occur with an HS20 truck on the bridge in the
position shown.
 214.9(9.50−0.81)
RR = = 98.29 kN
19.00
MMAX = 98.29 (9.50 - 0.81) - 23.88(4.268) = 752.22 kN-m

3e. Impact moments. The impact factor is

50 50
I= = 0.267 < 0.30, use I = 0.267
L+125 19.00(3.28)+ 125
The impact maximum moment is

Mmax = 0.267(752.22) = 200.84 kN-m

3f. Selection of the cross section

The selection of the cover-plated cross section is necessarily a matter of trial. A section made
up of a W920x201 beam plus a single 250x32 mm cover plate on the bottom flange as shown
below will be tried.

W920x201 properties:

A = 25600 mm
d = 903 mm
bf = 304 mm

bf = 304 mm
tf = 20.1 mm
tw = 15.2 mm
Ix = 3250 x 106 mm4
Sx = 7200 x 103 mm3

Locate centroid of composite section: Ayc = ∑ay

A = 250(160) + 25600 + 250(32) = 73600 mm 2

73600ycs = 250(160)(983) + 25600(451.5) + 250(32)(-16)

ycs = 690 mm
 Moment of inertia of composite section: I = ∑(Ῑ +Ad2)

1
Ics = (250)(1603) + 250(160)(2932) + (3250 x 106) + 25600(238.52) + 250(32)(7062)
12
Ics = 12213 x 106 mm4

Centroid of steel section with cover plate only:

A = 25600 + 250(32) = 33600 mm2

33600yst = 25600(451.5) + 250(32)(-16)

Yst = 340 mm

Moment of inertia of steel section with cover plate only:

Ist = (3250 x 106) + 25600(111.52) + 250(32)(3562) = 4582 x 106 mm4

3g. Stresses

On noncompositebeam (Steel section with cover plate only):

MDS = 584.82 kN-m

584.82( 563)
top flange: ftop = = 71.86 MPa
4582
584.82(372)
cover plate: fbot = = 47.48 MPa
4582
allowable bending stress in steel:

Fb = 0.60Fy = 0.60(250) = 150 MPa

Since the actual stresses are below the allowable stress, OK!

On composite beam:

MT = MDC + MLL + MI

MT = 146.205 + 752.22 + 200.84 = 1099.265 kN-m

1099.265(373)
concrete stress: fc = = 4.20 MPa < 11.20 MPa , OK!
12213 (8)

1099.265(563)
top flange: ftop = + 71.86 = 122.53 MPa < 150 MPa , OK!
12213
1099.265(722)
cover plate: fbot = + 47.48 = 112.47 MPa < 150 MPa , OK!
12213
Since the actual stresses are below the allowable stress, OK!

Therefore, use W920x201 beam with 1-250x32 mm PL.

3h. Cut-off points for cover plate

 Properties of section without cover plate
W920x201 properties:

A= 25600 mm2
d = 903 mm
bf = 304 mm
bf = 304 mm
tf = 20.1 mm
tw = 15.2 mm
Ix = 3250 x 106 mm4
Sx = 7200 x 103 mm3

Locate centroid of composite section without cover plate: Ay c = ∑ay

A = 250(160) + 25600 = 65600 mm2

65600ycs = 250(160)(983) + 25600(451.5)

ycs = 776 mm

Moment of inertia of composite section: I = ∑(Ῑ +Ad2)

1
Ics = (250)(1603) + 250(160)(2072) + (3250 x 106) + 25600(324.52) = 7745 x 106 mm4
12
The cut-off point for the cover plate can be found by trial. Try at a disstance of 3.80 m from the
supports. The dead load moment on the steel beam prior to hardening of the concrete slab is

1 3.82
M’DS = (12.96)(19)(3.8) - 12.96( ) = 374.28 kN-m
2 2
The stress in the steel section due to this moment is

374.28(451.5)
top and bottom flanges: ftop/bot = = 52 MPa
3250
The dead load moment to be resisted by composite beam without cover plate at the trial
location would be

1 3.82
M’DS = (3.24)(19)(3.8) – 3.24( ) = 93.57 kN-m
2 2
Draw the influence line for moment at 3.80 m from the left support:
 The maximum live load moment at 3.80 m from the left support is

M’LL = 95.51 (3.04) + 95.51 (2.19) + 23.88 (1.33) = 531.28 kN-m

The impact factor is

50 50
I= = 0.267 < 0.30, use I = 0.267
L+125 19.00(3.28)+ 125
The impact moment is

M’I = 0.267(531.28) = 141.85 kN-m

The total moment on composite beam without cover plate is

M’T = M’DC + M’LL + M’I

M’T = 93.57 + 531.28 + 141.85 = 766.70 kN-m

766.70(287)
concrete stress: fc = = 3.55 MPa < 11.20 MPa , OK!
7745(8)

766.70(127)
top flange: ftop = + 52= 64.57 MPa < 150 MPa , OK!
7745
766.70(776)
cover plate: fbot = + 52= 128.82 MPa < 150 MPa , OK!
7745
Extended cover plate past the theoritical cut-off point 1.5(width of cover plate) = 1.5(250) =
375 mm. The cover plate will be welded across its end.

3i. Design of shear connectors

The shear connectors are designed for the stress change resulting from application of live and
impact load (the minimum shear when dead loads are excluded being zero for the simple
span).

(a)Influence line for shear @ left support

At the left support, the maximum live load shear is obtained from the influence line to be

VLL = 95.51 (1.00) + 95.51 (0.78) + 23.88 (0.55) = 183.14 kN

and the impact load shear is

VI = 0.267[(183.14) = 48.90 kN

The total shear due to live load and impact load is

VT = 183.14 + 48.90 = 232.04 kN

The variation of horizontal shear is computed for formula [2],

V r Q 232040 ( 250 ) (160)(207)

Sr = = = 248.10 N/mm
I 7745 x 106
3
Using 3 rows of ” diameter studs with studs 4” high, the allowable shear range is found using
4
formula [4], with α = 7850 for 2,000,000 cycles

∑Zr = 3(7850)(0.752) = 13247 lbs (58923 N)

From formula [5], the required pitch at this location is

∑ Zr 58923
ρ= S =
248.10
= 237.5 mm, say 200 mm
r

Compute the required spacing at some other sections:

(b)Influence line for shear @ 3.00 m from left support
 (c)Influence line for shear @ 6.00 m from left support

(d)Influence line for shear @ 9.00 m from left support

Live load shears

V3 = 95.51 (0.84) + 95.51 (0.62) + 23.88 (0.39) = 148.76 kN

V6 = 95.51 (0.68) + 95.51 (0.46) + 23.88 (0.23) = 114.37 kN

V9 = 95.51 (0.53) + 95.51 (0.30) + 23.88 (0.08) = 81.18 kN

Impact shears

V3 = 0.267(148.76) = 39.72 kN

V6 = 0.267 (114.37 kN) = 30.54 kN

V9 = 0.267 (81.18) = 21.68 kN

Total live load and impact load shears

V3r = 148.76 + 39.72 = 188.46 kN

V6r = 114.37 + 30.54 = 144.91 kN

 V9r = 81.18 + 21.68 = 102.86 kN

The variation of horizontal shears by formula [2] is,

V r Q 188460(250)(160)(207)
Without cover plate: S3r = = = 201.48 N/mm
I 7745 x 10 6
V r Q 144910(250)(160)(293)
With cover plate: S6r = = = 154.92 N/mm
I 12213 x 10 6
V r Q 104690(250)(160)(293)
With cover plate: S9r = = = 109.97 N/mm
I 12213 x 10 6
From formula [5], the required pitch at this location is

∑ Zr 58923
ρ3 = S =
201.48
= 292.45 mm, say 250 mm
r

∑ Zr 58923
ρ6 = S =
154.92
= 380.34 mm, say 300 mm
r

∑ Zr 58923
ρ9 = S =
109.97
= 535.81 mm, say 500 mm
r

The stud spacing pattern selected, starting at the left support, is

15 spaces @ 0.20 m = 3.00 m (0-3 m)

12 spaces @ 0.25 m = 3.00 m (3-6 m)

7 spaces @ 0.50 m = 3.50 m (6-9.5 m)

Check strength of connectors by formula [7] and [8]:

P1 = Asfy = 33600(250)(10-3) = 8400 kN (controls)

P2 = 0.85f’cbc = 0.85(28)(2250)(160)(10-3) = 8568 kN

The ultimate strength of one stud connector from formula [10] is,

Su = 0.4d2√ f ' c Ec = 0.4(0.752)√ 4000(3605000) = 27019 lbs (120179 N)

The required number of connectors from formula [6] is,

Pz 8400000
N= = = 83 pcs
∅ Su 0.85(120179)

Based on fatigue, the total number of connectors is

N = 3(15 + 12 + 7) = 102 pcs > 83 pcs , OK!

3j. Welds at end of cover plate

 The average stress in cover plate at the cut-off point due to initial dead load is

374.28(356)
fcpi = = 29.08 MPa
4582
The final average stress in the cover plate at the cut-off point is

766.70(706)
fcpf = + 29.08 = 73.40 MPa
12213
The tensile force acting on cover plate at the cut-off point is

T = favePLarea = 73.40 (250)(32)(10-3) = 587.20 kN

Required length of welds:

Using E70 electrodes, weld thickness, t = 8 mm

Force per unit length of weld, q = 103t = 103(8) = 824 N/mm

P 587200
Required length, L = = = 720 mm
q 824
720−250
Required length at side, L1 = = 235 mm < 375 mm , OK!
2

3k. Intermediate cover plate welds

The total dead load is

wD = 12.96 + 3.24 = 16.20 kN/m

 (e)Influence line for shear @ 3.80 m from left support

Dead load shear

V3.8D = 16.20 (-0.38) + 16.20 (6.08) = 92.34 kN

Live load shear

V3.8L = 95.51(0.80) + 95.51(0.58) + 23.88(0.35) = 140.16 kN

Impact shear

V3.8I = 0.267(140.16) = 37.42 kN

Total load shear

V3.8 = 92.34 + 140.16 + 37.42 = 269.92 kN

The horizontal shear stress to be carried by the welds is

VQ 269920(250)(32)(706)
v= = = 125 N/mm
I 12213 x 10 6
minimum length of side fillet welds = 38 mm (AISC)

weld capacity of 2 rows of 8 mm welds = 2(38)(824) = 62624 N

62624
spacing of welds, s = = 501 mm
125
maximum spacing, s = 24tf or 300 mm

= 24(20.1) = 722 mm, thus 300 mm controls

Therefore, 8 mm thick, 38 mm lengths side fillet welds @ 300 mm o.c.

4. Exterior girders

4a. Effective flange width.

1 1
b= (span) = (19000) = 4750 mm
4 4
1
b = (dist. to int. girder) + dist. to slab edge = 1125 + 850 = 1975 mm (controls)
2
b = bf + 12t = 300 + 12(160) = 2220 mm

4b. Dead load moments

Effective span length, S = 19.00 m

Weight of slab per meter of girder = 23.50(0.16)(2.10) = 7.896 kN/m

Weight of safety curb = 23.5(0.60)(0.25) = 3.525 kN/m

 Estimated weight of beam, cover plate, diaphram = 4.500 kN/m

Total uniform dead load on girder = 7.896 + 3.525 +4.500 = 15.921 kN/m

The noncomposite dead load moment is

1
MDS = (15.921)(19.002) = 718.435 kN-m
8
Dead load on composite beam

Weight of wearing surface = 1.44(1.25) = 1.80 kN/m

The composite dead load moment is

1
MDC = (1.80)(19.002) = 81.23 kN-m
8
4c. Live load and impact load moments

A portion of each wheel load which rests on the exterior slab panel is supported by the exterior
girder. That portion is obtained by placing the wheels as close to the curb as the clearance
diagram will permit and treating the exterior slab as a simple beam.

The portion of the load is

1.90 = 0.84. The
2.25
longitudinal position of the load which will produce the absolute maximum bending moment is
the same as for the interior girders. By direct proportion:

0.84
Mmax = (752.22) = 470.84 kN-m
1.342
The impact moment is

Mmax = 0.267(470.84) = 125.71 kN-m

Static live load at sidewalk area = 4.08(0.60) = 2.448 kN/m

1
ML = (2.448)(19.002) = 110.466 kN-m
8
4d. Selection of the cross section
 The design of the exterior girders would follow along the lines of that for the interior girders.
The specification stipulates that in no case shall an exterior stringer have less carrying capacity
than an interior stringer. Adopting the same section as the interior girders, we proceed to
investigate the stresses.

4e. Stresses

On noncompositebeam (Steel section with cover plate only):

MDS = 718.435 kN-m

718.435(563)
top flange: ftop = = 88.28 MPa < 150 MPa , OK!
4582
718.435(372)
cover plate: fbot = = 58.33 MPa < 150 MPa , OK!
4582
On composite beam:

MT = MDC + MLL + MI + ML

MT = 81.23 + 470.84 + 125.71 + 110.466 = 788.25 kN-m

788.25(373)
concrete stress: fc = = 3.01 MPa < 11.20 MPa , OK!
12213 (8)

788.25(213)
top flange: ftop = + 88.28 = 102.03 MPa < 150 MPa , OK!
12213
788.25(722)
cover plate: fbot = + 58.33 = 104.93 MPa < 150 MPa , OK!
12213
Therefore, use W920x201 beam with 1-250x32 mm PL.

5. Miscellaneous Details
5a. Diaphragms.
A transverse diaphragm will be provided at the center line of supports and at the third points
of span. These will consist of W460x52 members, field-bolted to vertical ribs welded to the
girder webs, as shown. In addition to providing safety against overturning of the girders such as
might be caused by lateral forces on the roadway, these transverse beams provide some
distribution of vertical loads between girders, helping to ensure that the bridge acts as an
internal unit.
5b. Bearings.
A hinged bearing will be provided at one end of each girder, and a rocker bearing at the other,
to provide for expansion and contraction of the 19 m span. A joint detail as shown will be used
between the bridge decks and the approach slab.
5c. Drainage.
 The bituminous surface will be crowned to provide lateral drainage, with a depth of 75 mm at
the brigde centerline and a depth of 35 mm at the curbs. A longitudinal camber of 75 mm will
ensure that no water stands on the bridge.

Details of Composite-girder bridge

(a) Bridge Profile

(b) Transverse Section

(c) Details of Girder