C Primitives 2

Topics
• Expressions
• Precedence
• Function calls
• Comments printf(“Hello World”);
 Expressions
• Combine values using operators and
function calls
• Return a value of a known type
 Arithmetic Expressions
• take arithmetic (numerical) values and
• return an arithmetic (numerical) value
• Are composed using the following operators:
+ (unary plus)
- (unary minus)
+ (addition)
- (subtraction)
* (multiplication)
/ (division or quotient)
% (modulus or remainder)
 Precedence in Expressions
• Defines the order in which an expression is
evaluated
Precedence in Expressions -- Example
1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5 =
1 + (2 * 3) - (4 / 5)
B.O.D.M.A.S.

B stands for brackets,

O for Order (exponents),
D for division,
M for multiplication,
A for addition, and
S for subtraction.
 More on precedence
• *, /, % are at the same level of precedence
• +, - are at the same level of precedence
• For operators at the same “level”, left-to-right
ordering is applied.
2 + 3 – 1 = (2 + 3) – 1 = 4
2 – 3 + 1 = (2 – 3) + 1 = 0

2 * 3 / 4 = (2 * 3) / 4 = 6 / 4
2 / 3 * 4 = (2 / 3) * 4 = 0 * 4
 Precedence in Expressions –
Example (cont)
1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5 =
1 + (2 * 3) - (4 / 5)
6.2
 Precedence in Expressions –
Example (cont)
1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5 =
1 + (2 * 3) - (4 / 5)
6.2
 Precedence in Expressions –
Example (cont)
1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5 =
1 + (2 * 3) - (4 / 5)

Integer division
results in integer
quotient
 Precedence in Expressions –
Example (cont)
1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5 =
1 + (2 * 3) - (4 / 5)
oh
= 0
 Precedence in Expressions –
Example (cont)
1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5 =
1 + (2 * 3) - (4 / 5)
7
 int-s and float-s
• float is a “communicable” type
• Example:
1 + 2 * 3 - 4.0 / 5
= 1 + (2 * 3) - (4.0 / 5)
= 1 + 6 - 0.8
= 6.2
int-s and float-s – Example 2

(1 + 2) * (3 - 4) / 5
= ((1 + 2) * (3 - 4)) / 5
= (3 * -1) / 5
= -3 / 5
= 0
int-s and float-s – Example 2
(cont)
(1 + 2.0) * (3 - 4) / 5
= ((1 + 2.0) * (3 - 4)) / 5
= (3.0 * -1) / 5
= -3.0 / 5
= -0.6
int-s and float-s – Example 3

(1 + 2.0) * ((3 - 4) / 5)
= (1 + 2.0) * (-1 / 5)
= 3.0 * 0
= 0.0
 Unary operators
• Called unary because they require one operand.
• Example
i = +1; /* + used as a unary operator */
j = -i; /* - used as a unary operator */

• The unary + operator does nothing – just emphasis

that a numeric constant is positive.
• The unary – operator produces the negative of its
operand.
 Increment and decrement
operators
• ++ is the increment operator
i++;
is equivalent to
i = i + 1;
• -- is the decrement operator
j--;
is equivalent to
j = j - 1;
 Example -- Simple Expressions
Evaluate an expression #include <stdio.h>

set result to
1+2*3-4/5
output result
 Example -- Simple Expressions (cont)
Evaluate an expression #include <stdio.h>

/* Evaluate an expression */

set result to
1+2*3-4/5
output result
 Example -- Simple Expressions (cont)
Evaluate an #include <stdio.h>
expression
/* Evaluate an expression */

int main()
{

set result to
1+2*3-4/5
output result

return 0;
}
 Example -- Simple Expressions (cont)
Evaluate an #include <stdio.h>
expression
/* Evaluate an expression */

int main()
{
float result;
set result to
1+2*3-4/5
output result

return 0;
}
 Example -- Simple Expressions (cont)
Evaluate an #include <stdio.h>
expression
/* Evaluate an expression */

int main()
{
float result;
set result to
1+2*3-4/5 result = 1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5;
output result

return 0;
}
 Example -- Simple Expressions (cont)
Evaluate an #include <stdio.h>
expression
/* Evaluate an expression */

int main()
{
float result;
set result to
1+2*3-4/5 result = 1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5;
output result printf(“%f\n”, result);

return 0;
}
 Example -- Simple Expressions (cont)
Evaluate an #include <stdio.h>
expression
/* Evaluate an expression */

int main()
{
float result;
set result to
1+2*3-4/5 result = 1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5;
output result printf(“%f\n”, result);

Output: return 0;
7.000000 }
 Topics
Expressions
Precedence
• Function calls
• Comments
 Function Calls
• Tell the computer to execute a series of C
commands and (maybe) return a value
– In algorithm-speak: An invocation of a named
sequence of instructions
• Example: printf, scanf, sqrt
 Example --Find the square root

Find the square root of x

output ”Enter a number: "

input x

set myResult to result of squareRoot(x)

output myResult
 Example -- Find the square root (cont)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
/* Find square root */
int main()
{
/* declare variables */
float x,myResult;

/* output ”Enter a number: " */

printf(“Enter a number\n”);
/* input x */
scanf(“%f”,&x);

/* set myResult to result of squareRoot(x) */

myResult=sqrt(x);

/* output myResult */
printf(“Result is %f\n”,myResult);
return 0;
}
 Topics
History of C
Structure of a C program
Values and variables
Expressions
Function calls
• Comments
 Comments
• Essential for documenting programs
• Run from a /* to the next */
• Examples:
/* THIS IS A COMMENT */

/* So is
this */

/*
** ...and this.
**
*/
 Comments (cont)
• Comments do not “nest”

/* Comments start with a “/*”

and end with a “*/”
but they don’t nest! */