Earth and Life Science: Quarter 1 Module 1: Describe Where The Earth's Internal Energy Comes From

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Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 1
Module 1: Describe where the Earth’s
internal energy comes from.
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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin
Development Team of the Module
Writers: Richard A. Cortez

Editors: Name
Reviewers: Name
Illustrator: Name
Layout Artist: Name
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Earth and Life Science - Grade 11
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the solar
system with properties necessary to support life.
I. Introduction:
Imagine going down a very deep mine-shaft. The

deeper you go, the greater the pressure on the tunnels because
of the weight of rock above. Also, it gets hotter as you go down,
because the Earth’s interior is very hot.
In this lesson, we are going to take a look at how

metamorphic rocks form. Metamorphic rocks are the unlucky
rocks of the world because they got to their current state after
being tortured by intense heat and pressure. In fact, if we look
at the word metamorphism, we see that it comes from the word 'morph,' which means to be
transformed or changed.
II. Objectives
At the end of the lesson you
are expected to:
 Describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from.

 Describe how magma is formed (magmatism)
III. Vocabulary List

 Appreciate the essence the Earth’s own internal heat source.
 Accretion
An increase in size as a result of accumulation or the growing together of separate things.
 Lava
Molten rock that originates in the Earth’s mantle and flows from a volcano or a fissure on
land or the ocean floor.
 Magma
Molten rock deep within the Earth from which igneous rock is formed by solidification at or
near the Earth’s surface.
 Lithosphere
The solid outer layer of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
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 Volcano
Mountain or hill formed by the accumulation of materials erupted through one or more
openings in the earth’s surface.
IV. Pre-Test
1. What is the outer layer of the Earth called?

a. Mantle c. Atmosphere
b. Core d. Crust
2. Which of the following best describes the Earth's outer core?
a. The area of the Earth that is sometimes called the lithosphere.
b. The thinnest layer of the four layers that make up the composition of the Earth.
c. It consists of liquid iron and nickel.
d. It is under such immense pressure that, even though it is very hot, it is still a solid.
3. Which of the following best describes the Earth's inner core?
a. The area of the Earth that is sometimes called the lithosphere
b. The thinnest layer of the four layers that make up the composition of the Earth
c. It consists of liquid iron and nickel
d. It is under such immense pressure that, even though it is very hot, it is still a solid
4. Put the layers of Earth in order from outside layer to inside layer.
a. mantle, crust, core c. crust, mantle, core
b. core, mantle, crust d. mantle, core, crust
5. What increases as you travel closer to Earth's center?
a. weight & pressure c. force & soil
b. temperature & pressure d. speed & sound
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V. Learning Activities
Practice Activity 1. Metamorphic Crayons!
For this metamorphic rock model science experiment, you will need the following:
 Aluminum foil
 Crayons (different colors)
 Heat source (hot plate, hair blower or candle)
Safety notes:
 Care is needed when using the heat source.
 Ask for an adult to supervise the safety of this activity to avoid fire related accidents.
Instructions:
1. Unwrap the crayons and remove its cover.
2. Lay two crayons of different colors next to each other on the aluminum foil.
3. Apply heat. Only apply enough heat to make the crayons soft and pliable. If you melt them,
you've modeled igneous rocks. This represents the heat from under the Earth softening the rocks.
4. Turn the heat off and wrap the foil tightly around the crayons. Smash the crayons together as
tightly as you can. This represents pressure from inside the Earth crushing the rocks.
5. Unwrap the crayons and repeat steps 3 and 4 several times, until you have a new metamorphic
rock.
6. Compare it to your original two crayons.
Guide Questions:
1. How is the metamorphic rock different? How is it the same?
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Metamorphic rocks are formed through the alteration/transformation of pre-existing rocks in a
process known as metamorphism (meaning “change in form”). The original rock, or protolith, is
subjected to heat and pressure which cause physical, chemical and mineralogical changes to the rock.
Protoliths may be igneous, sedimentary or pre-existing metamorphic rocks. All changes in the rock
during metamorphism occur in the solid state (no melting involved).
Agents of Metamorphism
1. Heat or High Temperature
 The source of high temperature is either from magma or due to depth factor,
2. Pressure
 The pressure involved in metamorphism may come from the rock being deeply buried and
this creates intense pressure that crystals within the rock can grow together or collapse and
rearrange into new mineral crystals.
3. Chemically active fluids
 The chemically active fluids that circulate around the newly forming rock and introduce
different ions, which cause new and different mineral crystals to grow.
Two types of Metamorphism
1. Contact Metamorphism
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 If rock is in contact or close to magma then the heat bakes the nearby rock just around the
magma. (also called thermal metamorphism).
2. Regional Metamorphism
 Pressure steadily increases with depth and is applied to rocks which causes its metamorphism.
Regional Metamorphism is usually produced during:
 Formation of mountains.
 Forms metamorphic rocks that are strongly foliated, such as slate, schists and gneisses.
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VIII. Assignment/Additional Activities
IX. Reference
 Barrow, G. & Thomas, H.H., 1908. On the occurrence of metamorphic minerals in calcareous
rocks in the Bodmin and Camelford areas, Cornwall. Min. Mag., 15, 113-123.
 Barton, D., Ilchik, R.P. & Marikos, M.A., 1991. Metasomatism, p321-350. In: Kerrick D.M.,
Contact Metamorphism. Reviews in Mineralogy, 26. Mineralogical Soc. of America, 847pp.
 Daly, R. A., 1917. Metamorphism and its phases. Bull. Geol Soc. Amer., 28, 375-418.
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11

Earth and Life

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Richard A. Cortez

Imagine going down a very deep mine-shaft. The

In this lesson, we are going to take a look at how

 Describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from.

III. Vocabulary List

1. What is the outer layer of the Earth called?

Practice Activity 1. Metamorphic Crayons!

1. Heat or High Temperature

3. Chemically active fluids

Two types of Metamorphism

Regional Metamorphism is usually produced during:

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