MATH

1. FORMS OF NUMBERS

A. DECIMAL FORM – most basic and well-known numerical form

Example:

1,234.567
7 Thousandths = 7 x 0000.001 = 0000.007
6 Hundredths = 6 x 0000.010 = 0000.060
5 Tenths = 5 x 0000.100 = 0000.500
Decimal point = . = .
4 Ones/Units = 4 x 0001.000 = 0004.000
3 Tens = 3 x 0010.000 = 0030.000
2 Hundreds = 2 x 0100.000 = 0200.000
1 Thousands = 1 x 1000.000 = 1000.000
1234.567

B. PERCENTAGE FORM – basically decimal form multiplied by 100% (just move the decimal
point TWO steps to the RIGHT to convert from decimal to percentage; conversely, move the
decimal point TWO steps to the LEFT to convert from percentage to decimal)

Example:

1,234.567 = 123456.7%
7 Thousandths = 0000.007 x 100% = 0.7%
6 Hundredths = 0000.060 x 100% = 6.0%
5 Tenths = 0000.500 x 100% = 50.0%
Decimal point = . = .
4 Ones/Units = 0004.000 x 100% = 400.0%
3 Tens = 0030.000 x 100% = 3000.0%
2 Hundreds = 0200.000 x 100% = 20000.0%
1 Thousands = 1000.000 x 100% = 100000.0%
123456.7%

*100 percent is equal to 1.00

 C. FRACTION FORM – can be proper fraction (numerator less than denominator), improper
fraction (numerator greater than denominator) or mixed fraction (whole number plus
proper fraction)

Example:

1,234.567 = 1234 and 567/1000

7 Thousandths = 7/1000
6 Hundredths = 6/100
5 Tenths = 5/10
Decimal point =.
4 Ones/Units = 4/1
3 Tens = 30/1
2 Hundreds = 200/1
1 Thousands = 1000/1
= 1234 & 567/1000

2. ROUNDING OFF

Example 1:

Round off to the nearest hundreds:

If next digit is less than 5 then round DOWN, If next digit is greater than or equal to 5
then round UP

1234.567

2 is the hundreds place digit; The next digit is 3 which is less than 5 SO round down…

Answer: 1200

1200 is 1234.567 rounded down to the nearest hundreds. Note that 1200 is less than
1234.567 since we rounded DOWN
 Example 2:

Round off to the nearest ones/units:

If next digit is less than 5 then round DOWN, If next digit is greater than or equal to 5
then round UP

1234.567

4 is the units place digit; The next digit is 5 which is equal to 5 SO round up…

Answer: 1235

1235 is 1234.567 rounded up to the nearest units. Note that 1235 is greater than
1234.567 since we rounded UP

3. BASIC CONCEPTS OF NUMBERS

A. WHOLE NUMBERS – only includes counting numbers (no negative, no decimal, no fraction)
B. ODD NUMBERS – numbers not divisible by two
C. EVEN NUMBERS – numbers divisible by two
D. PRIME NUMBERS – numbers with only two factors, 1 and itself (2 is the only prime even
number; prime numbers are mostly odd numbers)

Example:

1, 2, 3, 5, 7
11, 13, 17, 19
23, 29,
31, 37,
41, 43, 47,
53, 59
61, 67,
71, 73, 79
83, 87, 89
97

E. COMPOSITE NUMBERS – numbers that have more than 2 factors

Example:

9 = (1 x 9)
= (3 x 3)

Factors: 1, 3, 9
4. FACTORS vs. MULTIPLES

A. FACTORS are always less than or equal to the number

Example:

Number = 9

Factors

(1x9; 3x3) therefore 1, 3 & 9 all are either less than or equal to the number

 SPECIAL TOPIC:

GCF (greatest common factor) – highest of the common factors of two or more numbers

Example:

What is the GCF of 2, 4 & 6?

Find the factors common to all the given numbers… Then choose the highest value…

2 = (1 x 2)
4 = (1 x 4); (2 x 2)
6 = (1 x 6); (2 x 3)

Answer: 2

B. MULTIPLES are always more than or equal to the number

Example:

Number = 9

Multiples

9x1=9
9 x 2 = 18
9 x 3 = 27
9 x 4 = 36
9 x 5 = 45
9 x 6 = 54
9 x 7 = 63
9 x 8 = 72
9 x 9 = 81
And so on… TO INFINITY AND BEYOND :D
  SPECIAL TOPIC:

LCM (least common multiple) – lowest of the common multiples of two or more numbers

Example:

What is the LCM of 2, 4 & 6?

Find the multiples common to all the given numbers… Then choose the lowest value…

2 = (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24

4 = (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48
6 = (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72

Answer: 12

*The concept of LCD (least common denominator) is derived from LCM (least common
multiple)

5. OPERATIONS

A. PEMDAS!!! – Absolute rule in math

*Discussion na lang hehe…

Parenthesis
Exponent
Multiplication
Division
Addition
Subtraction

B. Operations on Fractions

Parenthesis:
Basic PEMDAS rule applies

[(1X2) + (3-4)]/5 = [2 + (-1)]/5 = 1/5

Exponent:
The exponent will be applied to both the numerator and denominator

a. (1/2)3 = (1)3 / (2)3 = 1/8

b. (1/2)3 + (1/2)2 = (1/2)3+2 = (1/2)5 = (1)5 / (2)5 = 1/32
c. [(1/2)3]2 = (1/2)3x2 = (1/2)6 = (1)6 / (2)6 = 1/64
Multiplication:
Numerator to numerator; denominator to denominator; Mixed fractions must first be
converted to Improper Fractions

(1/2) x (3/4) = (1 x 3) / (2 x 4) = 3/8

Division:
Essentially is multiplying the first fraction to the reciprocal of the second fraction

(1/2) / (3/4) = (1/2) x (4/3) = (1 x 4) / (2 x 3) = 4/6 = 2/3

Addition:
Tip:
First thing to do is the looooooooooong line
Take the LCM of the denominators (thus the LCD)
Divide the LCD by the individual denominators; individual results will be multiplied by
the individual numerators
Simplify

1 + 3 = Sum of quotients of LCD and denominators multiplied by numerators

2 4 LCM of denominators

LCM of denominators 2 & 4: 4

1 + 3 = [(4 / 2) x 1] + [(4 / 4) x3] = [2 x 1] + [1 x 3] = 2+3 = 5 or 1 1

2 4 4 4 4 4 4

Subtraction:
Essentially the same with addition of fractions but with great consideration of signs
(positive of negative)

1 - 3 = Sum of quotients of LCD and denominators multiplied by numerators

2 4 LCM of denominators

LCM of denominators 2 & 4: 4

1 - 3 = [(4 / 2) x 1] + [(4 / 4) x (-3)] = [2 x 1] + [1 x (-3)] = 2-3 = -1

2 4 4 4 4 4
Conversion of Mixed to Improper fraction and vice versa:

To convert mixed fractions to improper fractions:

First, multiply the whole number to the denominator;
Add the result to the numerator and place it as the numerator of the answer;
Retain the denominator

Example:

1 2/3 = ((1 x 3) + 2) / 3 = 5/3

Conversion of improper fractions to mixed fractions uses the division operation:

The quotient takes the whole number place, the remainder takes the numerator place
of the proper fraction and the divisor takes the place of the denominator of the proper
fraction.

Example:

5/3
Quotient: 1
Remainder: 2
Divisor: 3

Answer: 1 2/3

Important properties of a fraction

Whole numbers are the same as improper fractions with the number in the numerator
and the denominator equal to 1.
Simplifying fractions is simply dividing both the numerator and the denominator with
their GCF.
Finding the LCD of two or more fractions is simply finding the LCM of the denominators
of the fractions.
Proper fractions (numerator less than denominator) are always less than 1
Improper fractions and mixed fractions are always greater than 1
6. MEAN, MEDIAN and MODE

A. Mean – is simply the average of the set of number

B. Median - is the middle value (in case of odd membered sets) or the average of two middle
values (in case of even membered sets) arranged from lowest to highest value
C. Mode – the number that occurs most often

Example 1:

1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4

Mean = 2.75
Median = 3
Mode = 3

Example 2:

1, 1, 4, 3, 6, 6, 5, 5

Mean = 3.875
Median = 4.5
Mode = none because there are more than one number that occurs two times

Example 2:

1, 1, 4, 3, 6, 5, 5

Mean = 3.571…
Median = 4
Mode = none because there are more than one number that occurs two times

7. EXPONENTS and LOGARITHMS

Example 1:

105 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 100,000

Example 2:

10-5 = 1________ = 1/100,000

10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10

Transforming exponential equation to logarithmic equation:

105 = 100,000 is the same as log10 100, 000 = 5

3x105 = 300,000 is the same as 3 log10 100, 000 = 5