“'Q7 Modal Verbs | ‘The modal verbs are: cam, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, need, have to, ought to, used to, Need may also be used as main verb. Modal verbs co not have all tense forms and: + are followed by a bare infinitive (present or perfect) ‘except for need (when it is used as a main verb). + have the same form in all persons, except have to and need (when itis used as a main verb), + form questions and negations without auxiliary verbs, You shouldn’t leave children alone at home. You should have answered the phone. He needs to see the doctor. He must call the plumber immediately. Your car needs to be repaired/repairing. Can he repair his car? except have to, used to and need (when it is used asa He cannot/can't repair his car. ‘main verb). Do you have to see the doctor tomorrow? He doesn’t need to get up early every day. Modal verbs have several meanings and uses A. Ability Modal verbs Use Examples Can Ability in the present or future. Can you use a computer? Be able to Eric will be able to play tennis after he has ‘Can is more commonly used for the present. ‘had some lessons. Could Could expresses general ability inthe past. He could swim at the age of five. Wasiwere Was/were able to express ability ina particular George could swim, so he was able to save the wee situation in the past. boy from drowning, + Both can be used in negative sentences with no. difference in meaning, + Ifthe action was very difficult, we ean use ‘managed to instead of was/were able to, Neil hasn't been able fo find o job yet He had a terrible accident but managed te survive. Perfect ond future tenses ore formed only with be able to, | think Steve will be able fo pick you up from the airport B. Possibility Modal verbs: Use Examples can present Possibility in the present or future. Tina may/coutdfmighe (not) be at home now. could—| , infinitive + Cam is used when something is only George could be working late ronight. may (simple or sometimes possible. ‘My brother can be very rude sometimes. might progressive) conta Perfect Possibility inthe past. ‘She could have left her umbretta in the infinitive + Innegative sentences only may not —_lassraom. my] 7 impieor and might not can be used to express I'm surprised to hear tha Fim was nota the might progressive) possibility in the past (not eoukd not), competition. He might not have known about it. could, erest For an event that was possible in the Be careful! You could have crashed into that might * infinitive past but did not eventually happen. tree?Posi rae i ths fkely th Modal verbs present infinitive should (simple o upheto* propessive) perfect infinitive should sot J imple o progressive) Modal verbs Tmust + presentinfnitive (simple or progressive) fan't + proweat ininive (simple or fist +. perfctintahive (Grp or Siraecee) cout’) perfect infinitive (simple or progressive) Asking for permission Can I (possibly)...2 Could I..? May I...? Might 1.2 Informal Polite/Formal May ond might expressi Is it likely...? are used instood you think she might be C. Probability Use Probability in the present or future Something was expected to happen in the past, but either didn’t happen or it is not certain if it happened. D. Deduction Use Positive deduction about the present ‘or future. (We are fairly sure that Something is true.) Negative deduction about the present or future. (We are almost ‘certain that something is not true.) Positive deduction about the past. ative deduction about the past E. Permiss Informal Formal F. Requests Modal Verbs could, would Examples There are plenty of flats available for ‘rent in town. It should/oughe to be easy enough to find a place to live ‘She has been working very efficiently lately; she should/oughe to have been promoted. Examples John must be at the dentist's; he was complaining about a toothache. The 6:30 pm train to Liverpool can't be leaving yer; it’s only 6:10 pm. 1 can't nd my glasses; I must have left them at the office. He can couldn't have been working yesterday; he was ill ‘Synonymous expressions T wonder if I could/might. As itallrightif L.2 Would it be possible for me t0..? Do/Would you mind if 1..? Examples Can you help me with the ironing? Will you please give me a lift to the airport? Could/May Ihave some coffee, please? Would you pass me the salt, please?0 | Grammar Practice A Complete using can, can’t, may, may not or must. you lend me your dictionary, please? I really need it. .. Ryan is eighteen months old. Now that he walk, I have to watch out for him all the time! Roger__come to the park with us because he has a lot of studying to do. Frank __have bought a ear. I saw him driving past my house this morning. ‘Tm surprised that John didn’t answer the door. I rang the doorbell many times.” “He have been sleeping.” I play a game on your computer? They __have walked all the way to own, I's too fart T have some more coffee, please? ‘They _afford to rent a summer house this year, so they've decided to go camping insteed. 10. ‘Tye got a temperature and a sore throat “Oh, you be feeling aw B Choose the correct answers. 1. Samantha, asleep because there's no light on in her room. a must be b. cam be e.can’t be 2.Lmight___ the test but I'm not sure, I haven't received the results yet. a. pass: 'b. have been passed c. have passed 3. use your phone? I need to make an urgent phone call. a, Would ». Will Can 4, Tom is a talented artist. He should the competition. won have won c.t0 win 5. You__have asked me first before you invited them, a. could . may c. must 6. Don’t make any plans for Tuesday because we ___ leave in the morning. I'l let you know tonight a.can b. may «. would 7. Martha have left. The lights in her house are on, can't b. shoulda’t c.meedn’t 8, Mike leaves work at 3:00 pm, so he bbe home by now acan b. should ©. would C Using the words given and other words, complete the second sentence so that it has @ similar meaning to the first sentence. Do not change the word given. (Use 2-5 words in total.) 1. There is possibility that they won't visit us atthe weekend. might They atthe weekend 2. 1'm sure it wasn’t Tim who called you because I saw him outside, been wo Tim who cated you because I saw him ouside 3. [think you'll find the house easily, as the directions are quite clear. ought The directions are quite clear, so you the house easily, 4.1 suppose Bruce has gone to the dentist since he had a terrible toothache. have Bruce to the dentist since he had a terrible toothache.soe [e's frustrating when you can’t communicate with foreigners. able It's frustrating when you with foreigners. 6, Perhaps you didn’t buy that watch from this shop. could You that watch from another shop. 7. Gary couldn’t remember where he hid put his wallet. was, Gary where he had put his wallet 8. Karen, I'd like you to help me with the washing-up. will Karen, With the washing-up? —_—.0 | Vocabulary Practice A Complete using the phrasal verbs given. Ec erm 1, We hadn't paid the bill, so our water supply was. eut down (on): reduce the consumption 2. 'm afraid P'11__ failing my exams if I don't study of sth harder. cut off: (1) stop providing sth (2) interrupt (e.g. 0 telephone conversction) emergency. cut up: cut sth into several smaller pieces end up: ‘eventually arrive 5. The small boy’s mother__ his food into smalll pieces somewhere or find yourself 10 enable him to eat it easily. ino sitvation, usually without planning to can never my brother for help in times of 4. The doctor told the diabetic patient 10 _ oon sugar B complete using the prepositional phrases give iy aceon ae 1. Tdon’t have any cash on me, so T'l have to pay you by air/rail/ = road/sea: ‘travelling via that route When I feel depressed, I like to sit by bus/car/ 7 plane/boat: travelling using a fad ebook particular means of transport | picked up the wrong keys and by chance: unexpectedly, not couldn't get into the office. planning to by cheque: —_poyment by meons of cheque, not using cash UI ne by force: using violent action ‘The advertisement says that you can order the book either by heart: when you learn sth so well thot you con remember it without hoving to read it end-of-year celebrations. by mistake: in eror Paul found the lost document completely by oneself: clone; without helo by phone/post: using that poriculor means of communication only, ‘The boys went across the lake ‘The villagers wouldn't surrender, so the enemy soldiers took the Leamt the poem off____ to say at our When my brother bought his new car, he travelled everywhereat C Complete using the correct form of the words in bold type. DON’T GIVE UP HOPE! The economic crisis facing many countries today has created (1) EMPLOY problems. (2) _____ young people, willing to work, are confronted ENERGY bby many (3) __ when trying to find a job, Filling in countless DIFFICULT a forms can be time-consuining and hearing that they APPLY are (5) ____ forthe job because they don’t have the right sur © ‘can be very disheartening. For some, finding a job QUALIFY ean seem (7) However, they shouldn't give up and should POSSIBLE try to deal with the (8) in a constructive way. There is no DISAPPOINT struightforward (9) ____ other than to be persistent and have a lot SOLVE, of (1) PATIENT D Complete using the correct form of the words given. travel {y|(a): going from one olace to another trip (a): 0 short journey to a place (and back again} four (7): on organised trip during which you visit diferent places voyage (n): a journey by ship or spacecraft ‘ervise (0): a holiday during which you trovel on o ship flight (9): © journey by plane journey (9): 0 long tip, travelling from one place to onother route (0): the way from one ploce to another 1 Our business 0 Brussels was productive and vi 3. As soon as they arrived, they went on a __ of the ery pleasant, 2. What's the quickest from your house to the city centre? city. 4. At the airport they told us that the ___to Rome had been cancelled. 5, Instead of going to an island, we decided to go on 2 luxury 6, People say that the safest andl quickest way to__ around the Mediterranean, is by aeroplane. 7. The __ from Boston to Montreal by car takes around five hours. 8. The old captain had spent his life making __ to the Far East