Quick Start Tutorial 1-1

Quick Start Tutorial

10 MPa 20 MPa

30 °

0 , 15

-5 , 10 5 , 10

-5 , 0 5,0

external boundary expansion factor = 3

This “quick start” tutorial will demonstrate some of the basic features of
Phase2 using the simple model shown above. You will see how quickly
and easily a model can be created and analyzed with Phase2.

The finished product of this tutorial can be found in the Tutorial 01

Quick Start.fez file, located in the Examples > Tutorials folder in your
Phase2 installation folder.

Model

If you have not already done so, run the Phase2 Model program by
double-clicking on the Phase2 icon in your installation folder. Or from the
Start menu, select Programs → Rocscience → Phase2 6.0 → Phase2.

If the Phase2 application window is not already maximized, maximize it

now, so that the full screen is available for viewing the model.

Note that when the Phase2 Model program is started, a new blank
document is already opened, allowing you to begin creating a model
immediately.

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Project Settings
The Project Settings dialog is used to configure the main analysis
parameters for your Phase2 model.

Although we do not need to customize the Project Settings for this

tutorial, let’s take a look at the dialog.

Select: Analysis → Project Settings

Since we will be using Metric (MPa) units for this tutorial, you should
just make sure that the Units option is set to Metric, stress as MPa,
under the General tab. (Phase2 remembers the most recently selected
Units in Project Settings, and uses this as the setting for all new
documents.)

If you like, you can enter a project title. Select the Project Summary tab
and enter Quick Start Tutorial as the Project Title.

Do not change any other settings in the dialog. Select OK.

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Entering Boundaries
First create the excavation as follows:

Select: Boundaries → Add Excavation

Enter the following coordinates in the prompt line at the bottom right of
the screen. Note: press Enter at the end of each line, to enter each
coordinate pair, or single letter text command (e.g. “a” for arc).

Enter vertex [t=table,i=circle,esc=cancel]: -5 10

Enter vertex [t=table,a=arc,i=circle,u=undo,esc=cancel]: -5 0
Enter vertex [...]: 5 0
Enter vertex [...]: 5 10
Enter vertex [...]: a
You will see the Arc Options dialog.
Select the 3 Points on Arc option, Number of Segments = 20.
Select OK.
Enter second arc point [u=undo,esc=cancel]: 0 15
Enter third arc point [u=undo,esc=cancel]: c

By entering “c” at the last prompt, the arc closes on the first point of the
excavation. Note that arcs in Phase2 are actually made up of a series of
straight line segments. The Arc option and many other useful shortcuts
are also available in the right-click menu.

Select Zoom All (or press the F2 function key) to zoom the excavation to
the center of the view.

Now we will create the external boundary. In Phase2, the external

boundary may be automatically generated, or user-defined. We will use
one of the ‘automatic’ options.

Select: Boundaries → Add External

You will see the Create External Boundary dialog. We will use the
default settings of Boundary Type = Box and Expansion Factor = 3, so
just select OK, and the external boundary will be automatically created.

The boundaries for this example have now been entered.

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Meshing
The next step is to generate the finite element mesh. In Phase2, meshing
is a simple two-step process. First you must Discretize the boundaries,
and then the Mesh can be generated. You can also configure various
Mesh Setup parameters before generating the mesh. We will do this first,
although default parameters are in effect if you do not use the Mesh
Setup option.

Select: Mesh → Setup

9 Enter:
Mesh Type = Graded
Elem. Type = 3 Noded Tri.
Gradation Factor = 0.1
9 # Excavation Nodes = 60

Enter the # of Excavation Nodes = 60, and select OK.

Now discretize the boundaries.

Select: Mesh → Discretize

The discretization of the boundaries, indicated by red crosses, will form

the framework for the finite element mesh. Notice the summary of
discretization shown in the status bar, indicating the actual number of
discretizations for each boundary type.

Discretizations: Excavation=59 External=49

Note that the number of excavation discretizations is 59, but we entered

60 in the Mesh Setup dialog. Don’t worry, this is normal. Due to the
nature of the discretization process, the actual number will not always be
the same as the number you entered. If you are not happy with a given
discretization, it can always be customized using the Custom Discretize
option (this is covered in later tutorials), or with the Advanced
Discretization option in the Mesh Setup dialog.

Now generate the finite element mesh, by selecting the Mesh option from
the toolbar or the Mesh menu.

Select: Mesh → Mesh

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The finite element mesh is generated, with no further intervention by the

user. When finished, the status bar will indicate the number of elements
and nodes in the mesh:

ELEMENTS = 981 NODES = 516

If you have followed the steps correctly so far, you should get the same
number of nodes and elements as indicated above.

TIP: you can Discretize and Mesh in one step, by selecting the
Discretize and Mesh option.

Boundary Conditions
For this tutorial, no boundary conditions need to be specified by the user.
The default boundary condition will therefore be in effect, which is a
fixed (i.e. zero displacement) condition for the external boundary.

Field Stress
Field Stress determines the initial in-situ stress conditions, prior to
excavation.

In Phase2 you can define either a Constant field stress or a Gravity field
stress. For this tutorial we will use a Constant field stress.

Select: Loading → Field Stress

9 Enter:
Fld. Str. Type = Constant
9 Sigma 1 = 20
Sigma 3 = 10
Sigma Z = 10
9 Angle = 30

Enter Sigma 1 = 20, Angle = 30, and select OK.

Notice that the small “stress block” in the upper right corner of the view
indicates the relative magnitude and direction of the field stress you
entered. Note the definition of the Constant Field Stress Angle in Phase2 –
the Angle is the counter-clockwise angle between the Sigma 1 direction
and the horizontal axis.

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Properties
We will now define the properties of the rockmass.

Select: Properties → Define Materials

With the first tab selected, enter the following properties:

9 Enter:
9 Name = rock mass
Init.El.Ld.=Fld Stress Only
Material Type = Isotropic
Young’s Modulus = 20000
Poisson’s Ratio = 0.2
Failure Crit. = Mohr Coul.
Material Type = Elastic
Tens. Strength = 0
Fric. Angle (peak) = 35
9 Cohesion (peak) = 12

Enter Name = rock mass, and cohesion = 12 MPa, and select OK.

Since you entered properties with the first (Material 1) tab selected, you
do not have to Assign these properties to the model. Phase2
automatically assigns the Material 1 properties for you.

If you define properties with the Material 2, Material 3, Material 4 etc.

tabs (e.g. for a multiple material model), then you will have to use the
Assign option to assign these properties. We will deal with assigning
properties in Tutorial 2.

Excavating
We have one last thing to do to complete our simple model. Although we
do not have to assign material properties, we do have to use the Assign
Properties option, in order to excavate the material from within the
excavation boundary. This is easily done with a few mouse clicks.

Select: Properties → Assign Properties

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You will see the Assign Properties dialog, shown in the margin.

1. Use the mouse to select the Excavate button at the bottom of the
Assign Properties dialog.

2. A small cross-hair icon ( + ) will appear at the end of the cursor.

Place the cross-hair anywhere within the excavation boundary,
and click the left mouse button.

3. The elements within the excavation boundary will disappear,

indicating that the region within the boundary is now
“excavated”.

4. That is all that is required. Select the X button at the upper right
corner of the Assign dialog (or press Escape twice, once to exit the
“excavate” mode, and once to close the dialog). The Assign dialog
will be closed, and the excavation will be complete.

We are now finished with the modeling, the model should appear as
shown below.

Figure 1-1: Finished model – Phase2 Quick Start Tutorial

TIP: assigning can also be done using a right-click shortcut (right-click in

the desired area and the popup menu will have an Assign Material sub-
menu).

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Compute

Before you analyze your model, save it as a file called quick.fez. (Phase2
files have an .fez filename extension.)

Select: File → Save

Use the Save As dialog to save the file. You are now ready to run the
analysis.

Select: Analysis → Compute

The Phase2 Compute engine will proceed in running the analysis. When
completed, you will be ready to view the results in Interpret.

Interpret

To view the results of the analysis:

Select: Analysis → Interpret

This will start the Phase2 Interpret program.

Principal Stress
By default, after a Phase2 stress analysis, you will always see a contour
plot of the major principal stress Sigma 1, when a file is opened in
Interpret. This is shown in the figure below.

Figure 1-2: Contours of Major Principal Stress

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Notice the effect of the field stress orientation (30 degrees from
horizontal) on the Sigma 1 contours.

Now let’s zoom in to get a closer look at the stress contours around the
excavation. An easy shortcut to zoom in to your excavation(s), is to use
the Zoom Excavation option.

Select: View → Zoom → Zoom Excavation

Notice the stress buildup at the upper left and lower right of the
excavation. The maximum Sigma 1 is at the sharp corner at the lower
right.

Stress Trajectories
Now toggle the display of principal stress trajectories on, by selecting the
Stress Trajectories toolbar button.

The principal stress trajectories are shown as small cross icons where the
long axis of the cross is oriented in the direction of the major in-plane
principal stress (Sigma 1) and the short axis is the direction of the minor
in-plane principal stress (Sigma 3).

Figure 1-3: Display of principal stress trajectories

Toggle off the display of stress trajectories by re-selecting the Stress

Trajectories toolbar button. (Stress Trajectories can also be turned on or
off in the Display Options dialog.)

To display the entire model again (after zooming), select Zoom All (or you
can use the F2 function key for the same purpose).

Select: View → Zoom → Zoom All

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Strength Factor
Let’s now look at the Strength Factor contours. Select Strength Factor
from the data list in the toolbar.

Select:

Let’s change the number of contour intervals, so that we get even

numbered intervals.

Select: View → Contour Options

In the Contour Options dialog, select the Custom Range option and enter
the Number (of contour intervals) = 7, and select Done. (Note: Contour
Options is also available in the default right-click menu).

Figure 1-4: Strength Factor Contours.

Notice that the minimum strength factor contour interval is between 1

and 2. Therefore, based on this elastic analysis, no failure is to be
expected for this model.

Creating a Query
Let’s quickly verify this with the Query option. A Query allows you view
and plot contour data from any location in the model (Queries are
discussed in more detail in later tutorials).

1. Right-click on the excavation boundary and select Query

Boundary from the popup menu.

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2. Select OK in the dialog and a Query will be created for the

boundary (you will see data values displayed along the
boundary).

3. Right-click again on the excavation boundary, and select Graph

Data from the popup menu.

4. Select Create Plot in the dialog, and you should see the following
graph.

Figure 1-5: Strength Factor around excavation boundary.

As can be seen from the graph, the Strength Factor at the boundary is
greater than 1 at all points (although it is close to 1 at two locations,
which correspond to the high stress regions shown in Figure 1-2).

Because the strength factor is greater than 1 throughout the model, no

additional information would be gained from a plastic analysis of this
model. It is left as an exercise for the user to define the material as
plastic, and re-run the analysis.

Close the Strength Factor graph.

Displacements
Let’s look at the displacements. Select Total Displacement from the data
list in the toolbar.

Select:

The total displacement contours will be plotted, and the status bar will
indicate the maximum displacement for the entire model (about 11 mm).

Maximum Total Displacement = 0.01155 m

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Now select Zoom Excavation again.

Select: View → Zoom → Zoom Excavation

As can be seen from the contours, the maximum displacement is

occurring at the excavation walls. Now let’s display the deformation
vectors and the deformed boundaries.

Select the Deformed Boundaries and Deformation Vectors buttons in the

toolbar.

The deformed shape of the excavation boundaries is graphically

illustrated by the use of these options. The deformation is magnified by a
scale factor, which can be user-defined in the Display Options dialog.
This is left as an optional exercise. In the figure below, the maximum
deformation was set to 8 mm, as displayed on the screen.

Many of the Display

Options are also available
in the toolbar.

Figure 1-6: Total displacement contours, with deformation vectors and deformed
boundaries displayed.

Toggle off the deformation vectors and deformed boundaries by re-

selecting the corresponding buttons in the toolbar.

Now we will change the number of contour intervals, and add some
Contour Options is
available in the right-click contour labels. Right-click the mouse and select Contour Options.
menu.
In the Contour Options dialog, change the Number (of contour intervals)
to 6. Select Done.

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Contour Labels
Now let’s add some labels to the contours, to identify the values
represented by each contour boundary.

Select: Tools → Add Tool → Label Contour

A cross-hair cursor will appear on the screen. Click the left mouse button
anywhere on a contour boundary, and a contour label will be placed at
that point. The following figure illustrates what the display might look
like after you have added some contour labels to the model. When you
have added all of the labels that you wish, press the Esc key or right-click
and select Cancel.

Figure 1-7: Contour labels added to displacement contour plot.

NOTE: the number of decimal places and number format used for the
contour labels, can be customized in the Legend Options dialog. This is
available in the View menu or by right-clicking on the Legend. The style
(font size etc) used for the Contour Labels can be customized by double-
clicking on a Contour Label.

Data Tips
A useful feature of Phase2 are the popup Data Tips which allows the user
to obtain model and analysis information, by simply placing the mouse
cursor over any model entity or location on the screen.

To enable Data Tips, click on the box on the Status Bar (at the bottom of
the Phase2 application window), which says Data Tips. When you click on
this box, it will toggle through 4 different Data Tip modes (including Off
mode). Click on this box until it displays Data Tips Max.

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Now move the mouse cursor over the model, and you will see that the
material properties of the rock mass are displayed when the cursor is
placed anywhere within the material. Place the cursor over the Stress
Block in the upper right corner of the screen, and the Field Stress
parameters will be displayed.

Click on the Data Tips box in the Status Bar, until it displays Data Tips
Query. This mode allows you to obtain exact interpolated values of data
at any point on the contour plots. Move the mouse around the contour
plot, and notice that the exact value of the currently contoured variable,
will be displayed, as well as the exact location coordinates.

Click on the Status Bar and toggle Data Tips Off. Data Tips can also
display a variety of other information, including support properties etc.
The user is encouraged to experiment with this option in later tutorials.

Data Tips can also be toggled using the Data Tips sub-menu in the View
menu.

Info Viewer
The Info Viewer option in the Analysis menu or the toolbar, displays a
summary of Phase2 model parameters and analysis results, in its own
view.

Select: Analysis → Info Viewer

Figure 1-8: Phase2 Info Viewer listing.

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The Info Viewer information can be copied to the clipboard using the
Copy option in the toolbar or the Edit menu, or by right-clicking in the
view and selecting Copy. From the clipboard, the information can be
pasted into word processing programs for report writing.

The Info Viewer information can also be saved to a text file. The Save As
text file options are available in the File menu, (while the Info Viewer is
the active view), or by right-clicking in the Info Viewer view.

Close the Info Viewer view, by selecting the X in the upper right corner of
the view.

Drawing Tools
In the Tools menu or the toolbar, a wide variety of options are available
for customizing views. We will briefly demonstrate some of these options.

First, let’s delete the contour labels we added previously.

Select: Tools → Delete Tools

Right-click the mouse and select Delete All from the popup menu. Select
OK in the dialog which appears, and all contour labels will be deleted.

Now press F2 to Zoom All.

Let’s add an arrow to the view. Select the Arrow option from the toolbar
or the Tools menu.

Select: Tools → Add Tool → Arrow

Click the mouse at two points on the screen, to add an arrow pointing
anywhere within the rockmass. Now let’s add some text.

Select: Tools → Add Tool → Text Box

Click the mouse at a point near the tail of the arrow. You will see the Add
Text dialog. The Add Text dialog allows you to type any text and add it to
the screen. The Auto-Text option can be used to annotate the model with
pre-formatted input and output data.

For example:

1. In the Add Text dialog, select the Material Properties “+” box
(NOT the checkbox). Then select the Material: rock mass “+” box.
Then select the Material: rock mass checkbox.

2. Now select the Insert Auto-text button. The Material Properties

for the rock mass, will be added to the editing area at the left of
the Add Text dialog.

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3. Now select OK. The text is added to the view, and your screen
should look similar to Figure 1-9.

Figure 1-9: Auto-text and arrow added to view.

TIP: after adding a drawing tool, you can easily change the position, size
or formatting style, by clicking on the tool with the mouse. This is
described in the next section.

Many other drawing tools are available in Phase2, including options

which allow the user to add a variety of dimensioning notations on the
model, calculate areas of polygons, etc. The user is encouraged to
experiment with the many different capabilities of the Drawing Tools in
Phase2.

Editing Drawing Tools

We will now describe the following properties of all drawing tools added
through the Tools menu options:

Right-click

If you right-click the mouse on a drawing tool, you will see a popup menu,
which makes available various editing options.

For example:

• right-click on the arrow. Delete, Format and Duplicate options

are available in the popup menu.

• right-click on the text box. Various options are available,

including Delete, Format and Edit Text.

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Single-click

If you single-click the left mouse button on a drawing tool, this will
“select” the tool, and you will see the “control points” highlighted on the
tool. While in this mode:

• You can click and drag the control points, to re-size the tool.
• If you hover the mouse over any part of the drawing tool, but
NOT on a control point, you will see the four-way arrow cursor,
allowing you to click and drag the entire drawing tool to a new
location.
• You can delete the tool by pressing Delete on the keyboard.

• You can create a copy of the tool by pressing Ctrl-C on the

keyboard, or by selecting Copy from the toolbar or the Edit menu.

Double-click

If you double-click the mouse on a drawing tool, you will see the Format
Tool dialog. The Format Tool dialog allows the user to customize styles,
colours etc. Only the options applicable to the clicked-on tool, will be
enabled in the Format Tool dialog. (Note: this is the same Format option
available when you right-click on a tool).

It is left as an optional exercise, for the user to experiment with the

various editing options that are available for each Tools option.

Saving Drawing Tools

To save drawing tools, select the Save Tools and Lines option from the
toolbar or the File menu. This will save all drawing tools, so that next
time you open the file, the tools will re-appear on the view.

If you close a file in Interpret, you will automatically be prompted to save

the drawing Tools, if you have not already saved them.

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Exporting Images
In Phase2, various options are available for exporting image files.

Export Image File

The Export Image option in the File menu or the right-click menu, allows
the user to save the current view directly to one of four image file
formats:

• JPEG (*.jpg)
• Windows Bitmap (*.bmp)
• Windows Enhanced Metafile (*.emf)
• Windows Metafile (*.wmf)

Copy to Clipboard
The current view can also be copied to the Windows clipboard using the
Copy option in the toolbar or the Edit menu. This will place a bitmap
image on the clipboard which can be pasted directly into word or image
processing applications.

Black and White Images (Grayscale)

The Grayscale option, available in the toolbar or the View menu, will
automatically convert the current view to Grayscale, suitable for black
and white image requirements. This can be useful when sending images
to a black and white printer, or for capturing black and white image files.

That concludes this ‘quick start’ tutorial. To exit the Interpret program:

Select: File → Exit

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