Reference Report
Reference Report
USING CSI-BRIDGE SOFTWARE”
A thesis
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree o
f
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
Civil Engineering
with specialization
in
Structural Engineering
under the supervision of
Dr. Gyani Jail Singh
and
Dr. Ashok Kumar Gupta
by
Akshi Dhanotia
(Roll No. 152651)
to
JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
WAKNAGHAT, SOLAN – 173 234
HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA
May-2017
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work
which is being presented in t
he project report titled “ANAL
YSIS
AND DESIGN OF STEEL I-
GIRDER BRIDGE USING CSI-
BRIDGE SOFTWARE” in partia
l fulfillment
of the requirements for the a
ward of the degree of Master
of Technology in Civil Engine
ering
and submitted to the Depa
rtment of Civil Engineering,
Jaypee University of Inform
ation
Technology, Waknaghat is
an authentic record of wor
k carried out by Akshi Dh
anotia
(Enrolment no. 152651) durin
g a period from July 2016 to
May 2017 under the supervis
ion of
Dr. Gyani Jail Singh (Assista
nt Professor) and Dr. Ashok K
umar Gupta (Professor), Depa
rtment
of Civil Engineering, Jaypee
University of Information Tech
nology, Waknaghat.
The above statement made is
correct to the best of our know
ledge.
Date: -
C
Dr. Asho
k Kumar
Gupta
Dr. Gya
ni Jail Si
ngh
Profes Assist
sor & ant Pr
Head ofesso
r
Department Department o
f Civil Engine f Civil Engine
ering ering
JUIT JUIT
Wakn Wakn
aghat aghat
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work r
eported in the M-Tech thesis en
titled “ANALSIS AND DESIGN OF
STEE-I-GIRDER USING CSI BRID
GE SOFTWARE” submitted at Ja
ypee University of Information
Technology, Waknaghat, Indi
a, is an authentic record of
my work carried out under th
e
supervision of Dr. Gyani Jail Si
ngh and Dr. Ashok Kumar Gupt
a . I have not submitted this wor
k
elsewhere for any other degree
or diploma.
D A
P
l (
Department of Civil Engineering
Jaypee University of Informatio
n Technology
Waknaghat
India
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Foremost I would like to express my sincer
e gratitude to my advisor Dr. Gyani Jail Sin
gh and
Prof. Lav Singh for the continuous support
of my Master study and research, for his pa
tience,
motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowle
dge.
His guidance helped me in all the time of re
search and writing of this thesis. I could not
have
imagined having a better advisor and men
tor of my MTech study. He instructed me
how to
search literature, how to write paper and how
to collect data.
Last but not least , I would like to thank my f
amily ,my parents for supporting me emoti
onally ,
financially and supporting spiritually thr
oughout my life. Without their support i
t was
impossible for me to finish my college and po
st graduation education seamlessly.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate………………………………
………………………………………… i
……………………..
Declaration………………………………
……………………………………………
………….…….... ii
Acknowledgement……………………
………………………………………… iii
……………………….
List of figures……………………………
……………………………………………
……..….….……. iv
List of Tables…………………………
………………………………………… vi
………………….........
List of Symbols…………………………
……………………………………………
………………….. viii
Abstract…………………………………
……………………………………………
………………….. ix
Chapter 1 Introduction…………………
……………………………………………
…………………... 1
1.1 General………………………………
……………………………………………
…………………. 1
1.2 Advantages…………………………
………………………………………… 5
……………………..
1.3 Scope…………………………………
……………………………………………
………………… 5
Chapter 2 Literature review ………………
……………………………………………
……………….. 6
Chapter 3 Material And Methodology
………………………………………… 11
……………………..
3.1 Types of load………………………
………………………………………… 11
……………………...
3.2 Standard Specification For Loading
Using IRC……………………………13
……………………….
Chapter 4 Objective …………………
………………………………………15
………………………….
Chapter 5 Analysis of Steel-I-Girder
dge …………………………………… 16
………………………
5.1 Design Using CSI-
Bridge………………………………… 16
…………………………………………
5.2 Flow Chart of Design ………………
………………………………………… 18
……………….........
5.3 Design Data………………………
………………………………………… 19
……………….………
5.4 Correlation between Grade of Concrete
and Moments……………………………
………………... 25
54
Chapter 6 Conclusion…………………
…………………………………………
……………………...
References……………………………
………………………………………… 55
………………………..
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Composite Bridge……
……………………………………
……………………...………… 2
Figure1.2. Steel-I- Girder………
……………………………………
…………………………….........
3
Figure 1.3. Shear Connectors……
……………………………………
………………………………... 4
Figure 1.4. Deck slab..
………………………………… 4
…………………………………
…………….
Figure 5.1. Bridge Model………
……………………………………
………………………………….
16
Figure 5.2 Flowchart……………
……………………………………
…………………………………
18
Figure 5.3 Shear Force…………
……………………………………
………………………….............
23
Figure5.4 Bending Moment of Ent
ire ………………………………
………………………………….
24
Figure 5.5 Variation of web with s
pan………………………………
………………………………….
26
Figure 5.6 Variation in Span
Bending Moment For Grade M30 27
…………………………….........
.
Figure5.7.Variation in Span
Bending Moment for Grade 28
…………………………….........
...
Figure 5.8 Variation in Span
Bending Moment for Grade 29
…………………………….........
..
Figure 5.9 a. Variation in Span
ength and Stress ……………… 30
…………………………………
….
Figure 5.9 b. Variation in Span
Length and Stress……………… 31
…………………………………
….
Figure 5.9 c. Variation in Span
ength and Stress……………… 32
…………………………………
…..
Figure 5.9 d Variation in Span
ength and Stress……………… 33
………………………………….
......
Figure 5.9 e. Variation in Span
ength and Stress……………… 34
…………………………………
…..
Figure 5.9 f Variation in Span Len
gth and Stress……………………
……………………………........
35
Figure 5.9 g Variation in Span
ength and Stress……………… 36
…………………………………
…...
Figure 5.9 h Variation in Span
ength and Stress……………… 37
…………………………………
…...
Figure 5.9 i Variation in Span
ngth and Stress………………… 38
…………………………………
…
Figure 5.9 j Variation in Span Len
gth and Stress……………………
…………………………………
39
Figure 5.9 k Variation in Span
ength and Stress……………… 40
………………………………….
......
Figure 5.9 l Variation in Span
ngth and Stress………………… 41
…………………………………
…
Figure 5.9 m Variation in Span Le
ngth and Stress……………………
………………………………. 42
Figure 5.9 n Variation in Span
ength and Stress……………… 43
………………………………….
......
iv
Figure 5.9 o Variation in Span44
ength and Stress………………
…………………………………
…...
Figure 5.9 p Variation in Span
ength and Stress……………… 45
………………………………….
......
Figure 5.9 q Variation in Span
ength and Stress……………… 46
………………………………….
......
Figure 5.9 r Variation in Span
ength and Stress……………… 47
………………………………….
......
Figure 5.10 Variation of Torsion
with Different Span Length…… 49
……………………………….....
...
Figure 5.11 Variation of Torsion
with Different Span Length…… 50
…………………………….
……...
Figure 5.12 Variation of Torsion
with Different Span Length…… 51
…………………………………
…
Figure 5.13 Comparison of Axial f
orce For IRC and AASHTO codes
…………………………........... 5
3
Figure 5.14 Comparison of Shear
Force for IRC and AASHTO codes
………………………………... 5
3
v
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 5.1 Material And Its
roperties……………………… 19
…………………..
…………………
TABLE 5.2Geometrical Proper
ties…………………………… 19
………………………………
……..
TABLE 5.3 Bridge Width……
……………………………… 20
………………………………
………
TABLE 5.4 Manual Calculatio
ns…………………………… 21
……………………………..
………..
TABLE 5.5. Shear Force of
ire Bridge…………………… 23
………………………………
……...
TABLE 5.6 Bending Moment
f Entire Bridge……………… 24
………………………………
……...
TABLE 5.7 Variation In The
25
eight Of The Web With Differe
nt Span ………………………
……
TABLE 5.8 a Variation of Bendi
ng Moment with Span…………
……………………………..........
26
TABLE 5.8 b Variation of
ding Moment with Span…… 27
………………………………
……….
TABLE 5.8 c Variation of
ding Moment with Span……28
………………………………
……….
TABLE 5.9 a Variation of Stress
with Span Length………………
…………………………………
30
TABLE 5.9 b Variation of Stress
with Span Length………………
…………………………………
31
TABLE 5.9 c Variation of
ss with Span Length………… 32
………………………………
………
TABLE 5.9 d Variation of Stress
with Span Length………………
…………………………………
33
TABLE 5.9 e Variation of
ss with Span Length………… 34
………………………………
………
TABLE 5.9 f Variation of Stress
with Span Length………………
………………………………….
35
TABLE 5.9 g Variation of Stress
with Span Length………………
…………………………………
36
TABLE 5.9 h Variation of Stress
with Span Length………………
…………………………………
37
TABLE 5.9 I Variation of
ss with Span Length………… 38
………………………………
………
TABLE 5.9 j Variation of Stress
with Span Length………………
………………………………….
39
TABLE 5.9 k Variation of Stre
ss with Span Length………… 40
………………………………
…….
TABLE 5.9 l Variation of Stress
with Span Length………………
………………………………….
41
TABLE 5.9 m Variation of
ess with Span Length…………
TABLE 5.9 n Variation of Stress
with Span Length………………
…………………………………
43
TABLE 5.9 o Variation of Stress
with Span Length………………
…………………………………
44
TABLE 5.9 p Variation of Stress
with Span Length………………
…………………………………
45
TABLE 5.9 q Variation of Stress
with Span Length………………
…………………………………
46
vi
TABLE 5.9.r.Variation of 47
ss with Span Length…………
………………………………
………
TABLE 5.10 Variation Of Torsi
48
on With Different Span Lengths
………………………………
…..
TABLE 5.11 Variation Of
49
sion With Different Span Lengt
hs……………………………
……...
TABLE 5.12 Variation Of
50
sion With Different Span Lengt
hs……………………………
……...
TABLE 5.13. Comparison
RC and AASHTO codes…… 52
………………………………
……….
vii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
fck Characteristic strength
fy Yield strength
σc Permissible direct compres
sive strength
σcbc Permissible flexural compr
essive strength
σst Permissible flexural tensile
stress
σco Permissible direct compress
ive stress
τmax Maximum shear stress
Md Dead load moment
M(d+l) Dead and live load moment
Ml Live Load Moment
Vu Shear force
D Depth of I – girder
tw
Thickness of web
tf Thickness of flange
bf Width of flange
M
Moment of entire bridge
V Shear force of entire bridge
viii
ABSTRACT
Today overall significanc
e has been accomplished
by bridge construction. In
road network, the
most important element i
s bridge. There is requir
ement for understanding
the interaction of
vehicle-bridge due to de
gradation of bridges und
er repetition of traffic loa
ding. The principle
point is to utilize parts of
composite material to wo
rk in an compelling way.
A different design guidelin
e has been composed dur
ing the work and is introd
uced in this thesis.
The principal attention of t
his article is to view the st
rategies currently used. T
his report presents
the relative study of the pr
ovision of the codes and s
pecifications of IRC and A
ASTHO.
These provisions cover t
he design of steel I-
Girder bridge. CSI-
BRIDGE finish a parame
tric
object based modeling wh
ile at the same time establ
ishing analytical bridge sy
stems. This object
oriented approach reduce
s the modeling process an
d merge all materials.
Keywords: Structural an
alysis, CSI- Bridge, IRC,
AASHTO
ix
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTIO
N
1.1 GENERAL
Bridge is a structure whi
ch permits the section of
people on foot or vehicle
s worked over any
. There are several bridge
designs that serve an app
ropriate purpose.
.
:-
1. Timber bridge
2.
Concrete bridge
3.
Steel bridge
4.
Composite bridge
Bridge has mainly two se
ctions the superstructure
and the substructure. Th
e superstructure has
deck slab, I-Girder and sh
ear connectors though su
bstructure has of the foot
er, stem and the cap.
Composite construction
consists of two unique
materials which are stro
ngly bound to form a
solitary unit.
“Composite” implies that
the concrete portion of the
deck is associated with th
e steel portion of the
. Shear connectors are fu
ndamentally fixed on steel
beams and then
they are embodied in the c
oncrete slab. Shear conne
ctors can be associated by
welding, or utilizing
.A steel beam which is as
sembled composite by util
izing the shear connector
s and
concrete which is more str
ong and stiff as compared
to beam.
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
Figure 1.1 Composite bri
dge
Various types of bridges:
•
Arch bridges
•
Rigid frame bridges
•
Cable stayed bridges
•
Truss bridge
•
Girder bridge
Arch bridges: Arches ha
ve curved structure whic
h provides high resistanc
e to bending
forces. Arches are used
where foundation or gro
und is stable and solid.
Basic types of
bridges are hinge less, 2 hi
nged, 3 hinged.
Rigid frame: In this the pi
ers and girders are one fr
ame structure. They are a
lso known as
Rahmen bridges. The cros
s section of the beam is us
ually I- shaped or Box type
Cable stayed bridges: St
eel cables are flexible an
d strong. They can be us
ed for greater
span lengths as they are li
ghter and economical.
Truss bridge: In this type
of bridge small beams ar
e joined together to carry
large amount
of loads.
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
Girder Bridge: There are t
wo basic types of bridges
I shaped girder and Box
girder. Box girder
has two flanges and two w
ebs. Box girders are more
stable and strong and are
preferred over I-
shaped girder.
Composite bridge con
sists of various memb
ers :
1. Steel I-Girder: - They a
re the primary support for
the deck and are responsi
ble to transfer the
load to the foundation. C
ross girders are the tran
sverse beams which are
provided for the
transverse stiffness
Figure1.2 Steel-I- Girder
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
Shear connectors: - They
are commonly referred to
as “shear studs.” To achi
eve the composite
effect between the girder
and the deck slab they ar
e provided on the top flan
ge of the girder thus
increasing both stiffness a
nd strength
Figure 1.3 Shear Connect
ors
3. Deck slab: - It is the im
portant part of the bridge
which is supported on the
I-Girder. It
transfers various loads su
ch as vehicular load to the
girder.
Figure 1.4 Deck slab
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
1.2 ADVANTAGES
The benefits of composit
e bridge are that there is
weight reduction because
of higher specific
strength. They have a pre
valent situation resistance
in all conditions. It is cost
effective and has a
low life-cycle cost. The mo
dular approach not only le
ssens the cost of construct
ion but also saves
time.
1.3 SCOPE
Presently, Composite brid
ges are utilized over norm
al bridges since they are e
xceptional slender
and aesthetic. It has low
dead weight which additi
onally helps in the design
of foundation and
investigation of settlement
of supports
There are many issues
like deflection and desi
gn criteria, long term p
erformance, and
extraordinary temperatur
e behaviour. By utilizing
CSI-BRIDGE software,
modelling of bridge
systems, loading, analysis,
design and output can be
done.
1. Modelling of the bridg
e: - It applies the paramet
ric object based modellin
g approach.
2. Loading and analysis:
- In software we need to a
pply the load cases and it
s combinations.
Vehicle, wind loading et
c are produced accordi
ng to the building code I
RC :5-1998
(Road bridges),IRC :006
-2014 (Load and stress
es) , IRC :18-2000 (Co
ncrete road
bridges), IRC: 21-2000 (
Concrete road bridges rei
nforcement),IRC :83(part
3-2000),IRC
:112-
(Concr
2011 road
bridges) ,IRC:S
ete P:075-2008(Steel
bridges),IRC:SP
:71-
2006(Girders for bridges)
,AASTHO LRFD 2012( B
ridge design specification
),AASTHO
1973(Highway bridge spe
cification).
3. Design and output: - T
he design process along
with the analysis a report i
s automatically
generated. Moment, shea
r force, axial response, lo
ad rating, displacement re
action etc all
are the parts of output ge
neration
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE
REVIEW
• F.N. Catbas, H. Darwa
sh and M. Fadul (200
4)
to expect 20% higher liv
e load capacity for interi
or girder and 40% highe
r for exterior
girder using the FIB gird
er as contrasted to AAS
THO girder by lessening
the cost by
about 24%. FIBs are de
signed so that they can
have higher load capacit
y. Efficient
fabrication and increase in
lateral stiffness because o
f thick top and bottom flan
ges.
• Aixi Zhou, Thomas K
eller (2004)
the load resistance capabi
lity of the associated syste
m can be increased as co
ntrasted to
the individual componen
ts. A potential ductile b
ehavior can be seen by
providing a
ductile bonding layer in t
he connection. Even if un
expected failure occurs,
underneath
girders can still take the lo
ads.
•
n K.Harris
2005)
Amir
Ghei
tasi, In this the au
[11]
Devi thor indicate
d the overall
execution of steel-
concrete composite brid
ge superstructure. A nu
merical modeling
approach was establishe
d to study the impact of
deck delamination of the
reinforced
concrete slab. The main
source of material nonli
nearities are inelastic str
ess-strain
relationships, cracking, cr
ushing, yielding and plasti
city of steel components.
• S.J.Fatemi, The autho
S. Mohamed r did the p
Ali, A.H. Sheiarametric
kh (2005)
study to determine the l
oad distribution factor fo
r moment and shear of
horizontally
curved girder. The load d
istributions according to t
he AASTHO are extensiv
ely higher
than the Australian Bridg
e Design Code. The lo
ad distribution factor is
utilized to
calculate stress resultant f
rom total shear, bending
moment and torsion.
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
The author pro
• poses that the
load carrying
capacity of the slab decrea
ses as the angle of skewne
ss of the slab increases. T
he load gap
between the solid and the
non composite slab decre
ases as the angle of skew
ness of the
slab increases. The shear
connectors which are prov
ided in the transverse dire
ction do not
improve the behaviour.Wi
th the increases in the co
nnectors in the longitudin
al direction,
the load carrying capacity
also increase.
• Telmo Alexa
The author in
[14]
ndre Alves
dicate that th
Mendes e deck with
6)
double composite action u
se less structural steel per
unit area having higher re
sistance to
bending moments and bet
ter response to torsional e
ffects, when compared to
composite
steel-concrete deck even t
hough the deck section be
comes heavier
Fang-Yao Yen, Kuo-
• Chun Chang, Kuo-
Chun Chang, Hsiao-
Hui Hung, Chung-Che
Chou
2007) The author propose
d a movable tempor
ary bridge that is fol
dablend
stretchable. Following de
sign requirements were t
aken as For light weight r
equirement
composite structure can b
e used and for short to me
dium span beam or truss t
ype bridge
is considered. The disadv
antages are that the low
modulus and low stiffness
which leads
to large deflections.High p
rice of composite material
s.
• Yingli Significant res
o, Liangearch has bee
Huang(20n done that, u
08) nder
adverse weather conditio
ns the friction coefficient o
f the pavement decreases
and finally
leads to thawing. In order
to prevent this various m
ethods like scavenging wi
th artificial
and mechanical,with sc
attering snow melting a
gent,with heating cable
method.The
disadvantages are that it
has low efficiency ,waste
of man power and can ea
sily harm the
pavement.It can easily e
rode the pavement mate
rial due to snow melting
material.It
doesn’t meet the current
demand of energy conser
vation. The authors hav
e proposed
that the steel pipes used i
n the phase change functi
onal provide reinforce
ment which
improves the strength of t
he bridge deck. The secti
ons with steel pipes and
PCM(Phase
Change Materials) thaw i
ce more easily and henc
e improving the anti freez
ing and anti
sliding capabilities of brid
ge deck
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
IbrahimIn this the aut
• S.I. Harb
hor indicated t
a (2009)
hat for skew b
ridges
maximum live load ,bend
ing moment and deflectio
n decreases while maxim
um shear,
torsion and support reactio
n increases.
• Pranathhi
In this the autho
[18]
eddy, Karu
r has compared
na S (2010)
the behavior of
normal bridge to skew bri
dge at different angles. M
agnitude of shear force re
duces with
the increase in skew an
gle.In case of moving lo
ads, the shear force incr
eases with
increase in skew angle.
Arind
Dhar
Mith
Mazu
Mandaki Somna
• ham
, il mdar, and
ni chow
th
dhary
Karmakar(2012)
moment which steadily in
creases with the increase
in the skew angle for obtu
se angles
girder and decreases for t
he acute angle. In obtuse
angled girder there is rapi
d increase in
the torsional moment with
the increase in the skew a
ngle.
•
B. Williamson,
C.nd K. H. Frank
012)
opka
ya,
.
Yura : In thi
, s the
author indicates the concr
ete deck behavior and the
interface of steel girder at
early stages
.The deck, due to large v
olume of concrete is cast
ed in two stages , in orde
r to control
shrinkage. The measure
d and the predicted qua
ntities are observed and
it gives an
indication that concrete ac
t compositely with bridge
at early times.
Amir Reza Ghiami A
• zad, Hemal Patel, Mic
hael Engelhardt, Tod
d Helwig, Eric
Williamson, Richard Kl
ingner (2013)
girder bridges which are
continuous and post inst
alled shear connectors a
nd moment
distribution is possible an
d efficient in extending th
e life of the bridge. By str
engthening
the composite by 30%, t
he load ratings can be in
creased by 60 %. By si
mple plastic
analysis ultimate strength
can be calculated.
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
VICTORIA E. ROŞC
• A*, ELENA AXINTE ,
CARMEN E. TELEM
AN (2013)
In this the author propose
s the composite I beam’s
cost optimization .Non li
near approach
is followed for the optimiz
ation.The design of comp
osite beams are performe
d by design
module,cost ofcomposite
beams by cost module,se
arch for optimaldesign by
optimization
module.
Vikash Khatri, Pram
• od Kumar Singh , P.
R.Maiti (2013)
of prestressing force and
the totalarea of steel is de
scribed and the stresses i
n the deck
slab.By anchoring tendo
ns, shrinkage strain can
be modified.Prestressing
force for 5
girder bridge is more tha
n that of four girder bridg
e.The maximum stress fo
r five girder
bridge ismore than that of
4 girder bridge.
Zhou Wangbao, Jiang
• Lizhong, Kang Juntao,
Bao Minxi (2013)
author the coupling effect
of loads are improved by
elastic methods . Critical
methods are
developed and are compa
red with traditional method
s. There is linear relation b
etween
vertical loads and lateral s
trains. Critical bending bu
ckling is rarely affected by
the
moment and length.
Y.P.Pawar, S.S.Kada
[25]
• m, D.D.Mohite, S.V.
ale, C.M. Deshmukh
2013)
the author explained the
moment variation in T gird
er. In T- section only one f
lange and
web will be in low resistan
ce against torsion. It expl
ained the variation in ben
ding
moment along long span
and short span due to gir
der’s self weight.
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
Ashraf Ayoub, Assoc
• iate Member, ASCE, a
nd Filip C. Filippou, M
ember, ASCE
: In this analysis of steel g
irders isdone by inelastic
beam element. BY interfa
ce
model
shear
connect
partial
interac
can
be
mainta
The
stabilit
ors’s tion ined y
characterstics are present
ed in a program using non
linear analysis
•
area influence of the slab
stiffeness. The influence
d flexural behavior of non
structural
parts canbe ignored,mino
r difrences are explained.
The structural behavior c
an be done
by spatial model ofcompo
site bride approximation
Epuri Pavan Kumar, A
• repally Naresh, Sri Ra
moju Praveen Kumar,
Amgoth Ashok
: In this paper it showsthe
comparative study of the
AASHTO and IRC codes.
The stress values are co
mpared for different sectio
ns. It concluded that AAS
HTO code
hasless value than IRC co
de.
•
increase in grade ,mo
ment decreases. Analy
sis of box girder is ca
rried out by
mathematical models.
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
CHAPTER 3
MATERIAL AN
D METHODLOG
Y
3.1 TYPES OF LOA
D
Different loads and stress
es ought be considered in
to account while outlining
the superstructure:-
1. Dead load
2. Live load
3. Dynamic load
4. Longitudinal forces du
e to tractive exertion of ve
hicles.
DEAD LOAD :
1. Self weight of structur
e for example Deck main
girder, cross girder and d
eck itself.
2. Wearing coarse
LIVE LOAD :
1. Footway and kerb loa
ding: - The loading ought
to be 4000 N/m for all foo
tways.
2. The load is increased
from 4000 N/m to 5000 N
/m in crowd loads.
3. Live load shall not be
applied and kerbs ought to
be less than 60 cm.
4. For effective span
ver 7.5 m but less than
9
30 m, 𝑃 = 𝑃 − (
5. Traffic loads on bridge
decks are utilized to stimu
late the impact of vehicles
. Some traffic
loads represent the weight
of real vehicles that can tr
avel over the bridges, othe
r values
and distribution is selecte
d so that they produce ma
ximum internal forces in b
ridge
structures similar to the on
es by real vehicles
6. The positive longitudi
nal moment in the span i
s controlled by vehicular l
oads, greatest
longitudinal moment at ch
ange of girder cross secti
on, maximum shear at su
pports and
maximum reaction.
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
DYNAMIC LOADS: - T
he vehicle bridge intera
ctions play a huge role i
n the behavior of
dynamic forces. It relies o
n the dynamic properties
of the bridge and the vehi
cle, bridge surface
roughness .The dynamic
vehicle load causes vari
ous issues which could
prompt to fatigue,
surface wear, cracking of
concrete which at last pro
mpts disintegration.
LONGITUDINAL FORC
ES DUE TO TRACTIVE
EFFORT OF VEHICLE:-
1. Through increasing sp
eed of driving tractive imp
act is brought about.
2. Application of brakes i
n the braked vehicles, bre
aking impact is brought o
n.
3. The development of f
ree bearing is offered frict
ional resistance because
of progress in
temperature or any other c
ause.
J
P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
3.2 STANDARD SPEC
IFICATION FOR LOAD
ING USING IRC
1. IRC Class AA loadi
ng: - Within certain mu
nicipal limits in certain
existing or
industrial areas, in other i
ndicated zones and along
certain predefined roadwa
ys this
loading is adopted. In ord
er to design Bridge for cl
ass AA loading, it is ough
t to be
checked for class A loadi
ng as well, Heavier stres
ses may be taken under
class A
loading under specific con
ditions.
2. IRC class A loading: -
On permanent bridges an
d culverts this loading is a
pplied.
3. IRC class B loading: -
Temporary structure and
bridges in specified areas
this loading
is adopted.
Detail of IRC loading:-
The designed live load
might comprise of stand
ard wheeled or tracked v
ehicle or
train of vehicles for brid
ges. The standard vehic
le or trains might be exp
ected to
parallel to the length of
bridge and to possess
any position which will
produce
maximum stresses, withi
n the kerb to kerb width
of roadway. For every ve
hicle or
train all the axles of unit
of vehicle shall be in pos
ition causing maximum s
tresses.
Vehicle in adjacent lane
s should be considered
as headed in the directi
on of
maximum stresses. The s
paces on carriageway left
uncovered by the standard
train of
vehicles shall not be assu
med. For wind load all the
structure ought to be desi
gned for
the lateral wind forces. Th
ese forces ought to be co
nsidered to act horizontall
y and in
the direction that resultant
stresses in member under
consideration are maximu
m. The
intensity of wind forces sh
ould be based on wind pr
essures and wind velocitie
s which
are allowed for design.
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
LOAD COMBINATIONS
:-
•
DL +(LL+IL)
• DL +(LL+IL)+ BRAKI
NG LOAD
• DL +(LL+IL) + BRAKI
NG LOAD + WIND L
OAD
• DL + VLL
• DL+VLL+BRAKING
LOAD
• DL+VLL+BRAKING L
OAD +WIND LOAD
J
P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
CHAPTER 4
OBJECTIVE
1. To review the modeli
ng of the bridge using C
SI-BRIDGE 2000(softwar
e) and establish
an object based modelin
g approach. It assigns bri
dge composition as an a
ssembly of
objects.
2. Application of load an
d its combination to furthe
r analyze the bending mo
ment and shear
force. Software gives diff
erent building code (AAS
THO, IRC), by using tho
se vehicle,
wind, seismic loading can
be calculated.
3. To determine all the
variables of design, cons
truction and material rela
tive to the basic
structural calculations.
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS OF S
TEEL-I-GIRDER
BRIDGE
5.1 DESIGN USING CS
I-BRIDGE :
Model the bridge :
Figure 5.1 Bridge Model
Start the modeling of brid
ge by specifying the lane
width. Utilizing bridge wiz
ard change
the material properties an
d also entering the vehicl
e classes i.e. IRC class A
A loading,
IRC class A loading ,IR
C class 70 R loading usi
ng Indian codes. Mentio
n the deck
section properties. Using t
he bride object data enter
the diaphragms along the
span of the
bridge at equal interval. M
ention the abutments, ben
ts, bent cap with its dimen
sions in the
frame properties, Specif
y where the bent assign
ment is being applied, it
is basically
applied at the end of the s
pan. The diaphragm assig
nment includes a diaphra
gm location,
property, and orientation
, in span diaphragms are
assigned as a part of bri
dge object
definition. Diaphragms that
occur at abutments, bents
and hinged are assigned a
s a part of
the bridge object abutment
, bent and hinge assignme
nts respectively.
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
Load the bridge model av
ailable in CSI- Bridge. A
moving load analysis can
be utilized
to decide the reaction of
a bridge structures as a r
esult of weight of vehicula
r live loads.
Lanes are required if vehi
cular loads are to be adde
d to a bridge model. Vehic
les move in
both directions along eac
h lane of the bridge. Vehi
cles are consequently situ
ated at such
positions along the length
and width of the lanes to
produce the maximum an
d minimum
response quantities throug
hout the structure.
After the bridge model ge
ometry, load patterns and
load cases have been ch
aracterized,
the bridge model is prepar
ed for analysis .the result i
s shown graphically.
J
P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
5.2 FLOW CHART OF
DESIGN
Figure 5.2 Flowchart
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
5.3 DESIGN DATA :
TABLE 5.1 Material An
d Its Properties
1.C 2
h 5
a
r
a
c
t
e
ri
s
ti
c
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
f
c
k
2.P 6
e .
r
m
i
s
s
i
b
l
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
c
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
σ
c
3.
P 8
e
r
m
i
s
s
i
b
l
e
fl
e
x
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
σ
cb
c
4. i
M s
a
xi
m
u
m
p
e
r
m
1.75
MPa
5.
P 2
e
r
m
i
s
s
i
b
l
e
f
l
e
x
u
r
a
l
t
e
n
s
il
e
s
t
r
e
s
s
σ
st
6. m
P i
e
r
170
MPa
7. h
S t
24
N/m
h
8.S t
e
2
2
TABLE 5.2 Geometrical
Properties
s
1. E p
f
4
0 f
2. N
u
2
f
3. N
u
4
f
4. S
p
1
. e
5. O p
v
0
. k
6. D e
e
0
. f
7. N
u
3
f
8. S
p
0
. s
9. T
h
0
.
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.3 Bridge Widt
h :
w
1. C a
a
7
. o
2. D f
e
2
2 s
3. I
R
3
7 w
4. D e
e
1
. s
5. T
h
0
. s
7. T
h
0
. F
8. W l
i
0
. o
9. D f
e
2
4
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.4 Manual Calc
ulations
Steel - I Girder Bridge
Material
Y 415
i Mpa
2
U 2
n 2
G 30
r Mpa
Dimensions
S 40
p m
C 7.5
a m
L 3
a .
L 3
a .
S 0
l .
L 4
o
C 3
r
G 1
i .
F 0
l .
F 0
l .
W 0
e .
C 0
o .
T 0
h .
Load calculations
D 4
e .
D 1
e .
a
d
w
ei
g
h
t
o
f
w
e
a
ri
n
g
sl
a
b
7 k
6 N
T 6
o .
I 3
R 7
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
Moment And Shear Force
S 40
m
W 7.5m
Moment calculation
Mo 196
men 8Nm
t of
dea
d lo
ad
Moment du
e to dead + 13218
live load Nm
Mom
ent d 1125
ue to l 0Nm
ive lo
ad
Shear force calculation
S 1321.
h 8 kN
D 1.
e 2
m
T t w
hi
c
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
w
e
025
m
Thi
ck 0.0
ne 5m
ss
of f
lan
ge
W
i 0.
d 6
t m
h
o
f
F
l
a
n
g
e
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
• Shear Force Of Entire
Bridge
TABLE 5.5. Shear Force
of Entire Bridge
Layout L Shear
ine Dista Force
nce (L) (V)
m k
N
0 -
3
6
.
9
0
7
5 -
3
6
.
9
0
7
1 -
0 3
6
.
9
0
7
1 -
5 3
6
.
9
0
7
2 -
0 3
6
.
9
0
7
2 3
5 6
.
9
0
7
3 3
0 6
.
9
0
7
3 3
5 6
.
9
0
7
4 3
0 6
.
9
0
7
Shear Force
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10 50
0
-20
-30
-40
-
5
LA
0
YO
UT
Figure 5.3. Shear Force
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
• Bending Moment of E
ntire Bridge
TABLE 5.6 Bending Mo
ment of Entire Bridge
Layout L Mome
ine nt
Distanc (M)
e
M kN-m
0 -
220.64
6
5 1966.25
2
10 2179.2
83
15 418.44
61
20 -
3316.2
6
25 418.44
61
30 2179.2
83
35 1966.2
52
40 -
220.64
6
Bending Mome
nt
3000
2000
1000
0
0 50
-1000
-2000
-3000
-
4 LA
0 YO
0 UT
0
Figure 5.4. Bending mom
ent of entire bridge
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
5.4 Correlation between
Grade of concrete and m
oments
With the increase in grad
e of concrete moment dec
reases, for different span l
engths. Figure 5.5
shows the variation of th
e height of web with spa
n length. With the increa
se in span length,
height of the web is incre
ased consecutively and h
ence it is further utilized f
or the analysis of
bending moment. From t
he TABLE 5.8 a, TABL
E 5.8 b, TABLE 5.8 c v
ariation of bending
moment is compared wit
h different grades of con
crete i.e. M30, M35and
M40. And it can be
analysed that bending mo
ment increases with the d
ecrease in grade of concre
te and hence it can
further help in the effectiv
e design.
TABLE 5.7 Variation in t
he height of web with diff
erent span
G Hei
r ght
Of
We
b
3 1
0 .
3 1
0 .
3 2
0 .
3 2
0 .
3 2
0 .
3 3
0 .
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
Variation In Height O
f Web With Span Len
gth
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 60
Span Length
Figure 5.5. Variation of w
eb with span
TABLE 5.8 a Variation
of Bending Moment with
Span
Grade M30
S B
p e
n
d
i
n
g
M
o
m
e
n
t
2 3
5 0
3 4
0 9
3 7
5 2
4 9
0 8
4 1
5 2
5 1
0 6
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
Figure 5.6. Variation in S
pan and Bending Moment
For Grade M30
TABLE 5.8 b Variation
of Bending Moment with
Span
Grade M35
S B
p e
n
d
i
n
g
M
o
m
e
n
t
2
5
3 4
0 9
3 7
5 2
4 9
0 8
4 1
5 2
5 1
0 6
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
Figure 5.7.Variation in S
pan and Bending Momen
t for Grade M35
TABLE 5.8 c Variation
of Bending Moment with
Span
Grade M40
S B
p e
n
d
i
n
g
M
o
m
e
n
t
2
5
3 4
0 9
3 7
5 2
4 9
0 8
4 1
5 2
5 1
0 6
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
Figure 5.8. Variation in S
pan and Bending Momen
t for Grade M40
J
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
5.5 STRESSES ON EN
TIRE BRIDGE ON DIFF
ERENT SPANS COMP
ARABLE TO
DIFFERENT GRADES:
With the decrease in span
length, stress increases wit
h the gradual decrease in
grade of concrete.
Compression occurs in to
p portion of the deck and t
ension occurs at the botto
m side. And mostly
stress is on flange of the st
eel –I- Girder.
TABLE 5.9 a Variation of
Stress with Span Length
Grade M40
S S
p t
a
n
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
5
0
m
)
r s
e s
0 5
7
2 5
5 6
5 1
0 5
7 5
5 6
1 5
0 7
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 120
Span Length
Figure 5.9 a. Variation in
span length and stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 b Variation o
f Stress with Span Length
Grade 40
S S
p t
a
n
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
4
5
m
)
r s
e s
0 6
0
2 4
2 3
4 1
5 4
6 4
7 3
9 6
0 0
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 100
Span Length
Figure 5.9 b. Variation in
Span Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 c Variation of
Stress with Span Length
Grade 40
S S
p t
a
n
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
4
0
m
)
r s
e s
0 6
1
2 4
0 7
4 9
0 4
6 4
0 7
8 6
0 1
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 100
Span Length
Figure 5.9 c. Variation in
Span Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 d Variation o
f Stress with Span Length
Grade 40
S S
p t
a
n
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
3
5
m
)
r s
e s
0 6
4
1 5
7 0
3 1
5 3
5 5
2 0
7 6
0 4
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 80
Span Length
Figure 5.9 d.Variation in
Span Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 e Variation of
Stress with Span Length
Grade 40
S S
p t
a
n
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
3
0
m
)
r s
e s
0 6
7
1 4
5 6
3 1
0 2
4 4
5 6
6 6
0 7
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 70
Span Length
Figure 5.9 e. Variation in
Span Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 f Variation of
Stress with Span Length
Grade 40
S S
p t
a
n
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
2
5
m
)
r s
e s
0 7
0
1 3
2 3
2 1
5 0
3 3
7 3
5 7
0 0
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 60
Axis Title
Figure 5.9 f. Variation in
Span Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 g Variation of
Stress with Span Length
Grade 35
S S
p t
a
n
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
5
0
m
)
r s
e s
0 5
7
2 5
5 8
5 1
0 5
7 5
5 8
1 5
0 7
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 120
Span length
Figure 5.9 g. Variation in
Span Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 h.Variation o
f Stress with Span Length
Grade 35
S S
p t
a
n
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
4
5
m
)
r s
e s
0 6
1
2 6
2 1
4 1
5 5
6 6
7 1
9 6
0 1
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 100
Span Length
Figure 5.9 h. Variation in
Span Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 i.Variation of
Stress with Span Length
Grade 35
S S
p t
a
n
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
4
0
m
)
r s
e s
0 6
7
2 5
0 8
4 1
0 4
6 5
0 8
8 6
0 7
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 100
Span Length
Figure 5.9 i.Variation in S
pan Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 j.Variation of
Stress with Span Length
Grade 35
S S
p t
a
n
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
3
5
m
)
r s
e s
0 6
7
1 5
7 2
3 1
5 4
5 5
2 2
7 6
0 7
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 80
Span Length
Figure 5.9 j.Variation in S
pan Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9.k.Variation o
f Stress with Span Length
Grade 35
S S
p t
a
n
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
3
0
m
)
r s
e s
0 6
7
1 4
5 8
3 1
0 2
4 4
5 8
6 6
0 7
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 70
Span Length
Figure 5.9 k. Variation in
Span Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 l Variation of
Stress with Span Length
Grade 35
S S
p t
a
n
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
2
5
m
)
r s
e s
0 7
0
1 4
2 5
2 1
5 0
3 4
7 5
5 7
0 0
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 60
Span Length
Figure 5.9 l Variation in S
pan Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 m Variation o
f Stress with Span Length
Grade 30
S S
p t
a
n
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
5
0
m
)
r s
e s
0 5
7
2 7
5 2
5 1
0 6
7 7
5 2
1 5
0 7
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 120
Span Length
Figure 5.9 m Variation in
Span Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 n Variation of
Stress with Span Length
Grade 30
S S
p t
a
n
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
4
5
m
)
r s
e s
0 6
2
2 6
2 4
4 1
5 5
6 6
7 4
9 6
0 2
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 100
Span Length
Figure 5.9 n Variation in
Span Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 o Variation of
Stress with Span Length
Grade 30
S S
p t
a
n
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
4
0
m
)
r s
e s
0 6
8
2 5
0 9
4 1
0 6
6 5
0 9
8 6
0 8
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 100
Span length
Figure 5.9 o Variation in
Span Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 p Variation of
Stress with Span Length
Grade 30
S S
p t
a
n
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
3
5
m
)
r s
e s
0 6
5
1 5
7 5
3 1
5 4
5 5
2 5
7 6
0 5
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
-20000
0 50 80
Span
th
Figure 5.9 p Variation in
Span Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 q Variation of
Stress with Span Length
Grade 30
S S
p t
a
n
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
3
0
m
)
r s
e s
0 6
7
1 5
5 0
3 1
0 2
4 5
5 0
6 6
0 7
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 70
Span Length
Figure 5.9 q Variation in
Span Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
TABLE 5.9 r Variation of
Stress with Span Length
Grade 30
S S
p t
a
n
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
2
5
m
)
r s
e s
0 7
0
1 5
2 5
2 1
5 1
3 5
7 5
5 7
0 0
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 60
Span Length
Figure 5.9 r Variation in
Span Length and Stress
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
5.6 TORSION: - It is the
stress produced by twistin
g. The parts of steel are m
ore resistant to
torsion. Torsion in the bri
dge decks can be produ
ced by the motion of veh
icles and wind
motions.
𝐶𝜃
𝐿
We have considered differ
ent spans 25 m, 30 m, 35
m, 40 m, 45 m, 50 m and
have checked
torsion with different grad
es of concrete using IRC
code. As with the increas
e in length, torsion
decreases. The variation is
shown in the Figure 5.10,
Figure 5.11, Figure 5.12
and it can be
seen that due to warping e
ffect torsion occurs.
TABLE 5.10 Variation of
Torsion with Different Sp
an Lengths
Grade M 30
Span Lengt
h Torsion
25
227.47
30 94.312
35 12.42
40
-38.28
45 -28.918
50 -28.19
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
250
200
150
100
T
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-50
-100 Span len
gth
Figure 5.10 Variation of
Torsion with Different Sp
an Length
TABLE 5.11 Variation of
Torsion With Different Sp
an Lengths
Grade M35
S T
p o
2 1
5 3
3 8
0 9
3 3
5 6
4 2
0 6
4 -
5 1
5 -
0 2
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
160
140
120
100
80
6
0
T
40
20
0
-200 10 20 30 40 50 60
-40
SPAN LENG
TH
Figure 5.11 Variation of
Torsion with Different Sp
an Length
TABLE 5.12 Variation of
Torsion with Different Sp
an Lengths
Grade 40
S T
p o
2 1
5 3
3 8
0 6
3 8
5 .
4 -
0 2
4 -
5 2
5 -
0 3
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
160
140
120
100
80
60
T
20
0
-200 10 20 30 40 50 60
-40
-60
SPAN LENG
TH
Figure 5.12 Variation of
Torsion with Different Sp
an Length
J
P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
5.7 Axial Force and She
ar Force at Different Gir
ders
The principal motive is to
compare the shear force a
nd bending moment using
the AASHTO and
IRC codes. We have con
sidered two span Steel I-
Girder Bridge having spa
n of 20 m each. In
AASHTO HL-93K and H
L -93M and in IRC code
class A loading is used.
After analyzing as
shown in the Figure 5.13
, that axial force for IRC
code is more than that of
AASHTO code. In
Figure 5.14, variation in s
hear force is explained in t
he graph.
TABLE 5.13 Compariso
n of IRC and AASHTO co
des
Fo
rc
Left
Ext.
Girde
Int. Int Righ
r irder . t Ext
1 Gi . Gir
rd der
er
2
IRCAASAASAA AA AAS
THOTH ST ST THO
IRC
O HO HO
RC IR IR
C C
Axial
61.1
6. 34. 49. 34. 6.91
4 19 26 96 26
Force
Shear 168.32
126.6179 232.218.4
0 .47 40129 4 78.
48
.486 98. 12525.63
85 .63 4
Force
J
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
Axial Force
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 4
5
IRC
61. 68.565.896.0 77.5
14 4 84 84
AASHTO
6.19 34. 49.9 34. 6.91
26 6 26
Figure 5.13 Comparison
of Axial force For IRC an
d AASHTO codes
Shear Force
250
200
150
100
50
0
1 5
IRC
179.232.4
218.42
168.324
47 01 9
AASHTO
78.48 98.8125.6
125.678.48
6 5 3 34
Figure 5.14 Comparison
of Shear Force for IRC an
d AASHTO codes
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
In the present thesis the t
wo span bridges was mod
eled using CSI-Bridge and
compared with
the manual calculations
using different frame sect
ions and material propert
ies. The girder
section designed for IRC
class AA loading and IR
C class A loading . The b
ending moment
and shear force was co
mpared as analyzed by
CSI- Bridge. Therefore, t
he different trial
sections were taken in or
der to calculate the bendi
ng moments and deflecti
ons. However,
some conclusions were dr
awn as follow. The bendin
g moment decreases with
increase in the
grade of concrete in Steel
I-Girder Bridges as span l
ength increased. The exc
el sheets was
developed for the design
of medium to long Steel I-
Girder Bridges (from 25
m span to 50 m
span. However, the ana
lysis and design of Stee
l I-Girder Bridges for an
y span can be
obtained from mathemati
cal models without doing
lengthy calculations. The
effect of grade
of the concrete on the tor
sion was also explained f
or the different span lengt
h of in Steel I-
Girder Bridges. The valu
es of axial force and she
ar force for IRC and AAS
THO was also
compared.
J P
“Analysis and Design of Steel I 2017
Bridge using CSI-Bridge Software”
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