Assignment:

Operating system
Roll-NO:
BS-CS-003
Submitted by:
Iram Majeed
Submitted to:
Prof.Adnan Waheed
Question NO. 1:

Definitions and Examples of Operating system:

Batch:
This type of operating system does not interact with the
computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar
jobs having same requirement and group them into
batches. It is the responsibility of operator to sort the jobs
with similar needs. It was the earliest operating system.
Such type of operating systems required a special
administrator who operate each operation.
Example:
Payroll System, Bank Statements are the examples of
batch operating system.

Network:
Network operating system was established to work
in group or to share resources. It provides the
environment of server client. These systems run on a
server by which server become able to manage data,
users, groups, security, applications, and other networking
functions. These types of operating systems allow shared
access of files, printers, security, applications, and other
networking functions over a small private network. In the
network operating system when systems are in link which
each other, each client can examine the activities or
configuration of other system so such computers are
popularly known as tightly coupled systems.
Example:
Novell NetWare, Banyan VINES and Microsoft Windows
NT.

Real Time:
These types of Operating systems serves the real-time
systems. The time interval required to process and
respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is
called response time.
Real-time systems are used when there are time
requirements are very strict like missile systems, air traffic
control systems, robots.

Example:
Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air
traffic control systems.

Distributed Operating system:

These types of operating system is a recent advancement
in the world of computer technology and are being widely
accepted all-over the world and, that too, with a great
pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers
communicate each other using a shared communication
network. Independent systems possess their own memory
unit and CPU. 
The major benefit of working with these types of operating
system is that it is always possible that one user can
access the files or software which are not actually present
on his system but on some other system connected within
this network i.e., remote access is enabled within the
devices connected in that network.
Example:
 LOCUS is the example of distributed network.

  Time-Sharing Operating Systems:

Each task is given some time to execute, so that all the
tasks work smoothly. Each user gets time of CPU as they
use single system. These systems are also known as
Multitasking Systems. The task can be from single user or
from different users also. The time that each task gets to
execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over
OS switches over to next task. Scheduling of time is
important factor in this operating system.
Example:
Multics, Unix are the example of time sharing operating
system.

Interactive Operating Systems:

The word interactive represent the purpose of this
operating system. Basically, interactive operating system
are those, which provide the interface of directly
interaction. In an Interactive Operating System, the User
is capable of directly interact with the operating system to
Supply the data or Commands as the Commands execute
and the user will get the result of the execution
immediately.
Example:
Mac and windows are the example of interactive operating
 

system.

Handheld Operating system:

Handheld operating systems are those who operate handy
devices. They are usually of limited size due to which most
handheld devices have a small amount of memory,
include slow processors, and feature small display
screens. These systems include Palm-Pilots or Cellular
Telephones with connectivity to a network such as the
Internet.
Example:
Operating system use to operate handheld devices.

Cluster operating system:

As its name show, cluster operating system is like parallel
operating system. It holds multiple CPU. In the cluster
environment resources can be shares as sharing of
storage space is also possible. This operating system is
use to group server computer to work together. A group of
server is connected to each other by single sys em.
Example:
Window server 20, Solaris, cluster knoppix.

SMP operating system:

SMP(Symmetric Multiprocessing) is a computing
architecture in which two or more processors are attached
to a single memory and operating system (OS) instance.
SMP combines multiple processors to complete a process
with the help of a host OS, which manages processor
allocation, execution and management.
Question NO. 2:

Operating system:
Introduction:
Operating system is the software that give the
environment in which user can communicate with the
computer. All the tasks are handled by the operating
system. It handles the processing of the processor, time
scheduling, memory management, processing and the
execution of the task by turn or priority base. All these
tasks are performed by the operating system. Without
operating system computer is idle like car without petrol.

History:
The first operating system was developed by General
motor in 1956 by the IBM. After it, with the passage of the
time variations occur. Earliest operating system was the
batch system, which requires a special operator to perform
task. All the tasks of the computer were performed by an
operator. Computer takes the instruction and performs
operation on it. Batch system was very slow and even
days passed to perform a single task.
After the batch system Disk operating system was
developed, it was the command line operating system.
All the commands are given to the computer by typing on
the keyboard. It does not support GUI, However it was the
fast operating system, who performs task very fastly.
After the Disk operating system, GUI operating systems
come, window mac etc.
They are very simple are provide the friendly user
interface through which user can communicate easily with
the computer and give instruction, and computer perform
task. Now, a lot of progress is made in the advancement
of operating system. In present days latest operating
system is Windows 10, Window server MAC, ubuntu etc.

Abstraction:
Operating system are developed abstract. Abstraction
means all the complex task and process of the computer
are kept hidden from the normal users and the normal
developers.
Operating system performs thousands of tasks on the
background. Its processing speed is so fast, humans
cannot observe the processing secduel behind attractive
interface. Operating system holds thousands of
instructions for the processor to manage all operations of
the processor, it also manage memory, storage devices
input output device, commands of the components of the
computer and the command of user. All these things are
kept abstracted from the user. Similarly, system
programming is also abstracted.

Major development:
Operating systems will continue to develop to meet the
growing and changing needs of users and new hardware.
It can only be hoped that the competition that gave rise to
the PC revolution, the innovation that brought about GUI
systems, and the free exchange of ideas that gave rise to
Linux will all continue into the twenty-first century.
Evolutions from 1945-1954, was the development of
EDVIAC,UNIVAC,ENIAC and FORTRAN.
After 1950:
 It was able to perform Single stream batch
processing.
 It could use Common, standardized, input/output
routines for device access.
 Program transition capabilities to reduce the
overhead of starting a new job was added.
 Error recovery to clean up after a job terminated
abnormally was added.
After 1960:
  Compatible Time-Sharing System, The dawn of
minicomputers, Disks became mainstream
 Mouse was invented,
After 1970:

 Multi User and Multi-tasking was introduced.

 Dynamic address translation hardware and Virtual
machines came into picture.
 Modular architectures came into existence.
 Personal, interactive systems came into existence.
After it different development were made like GUI interface
was introduced

Architecture:
There are different architectures of operating system.
Monolithic architecture
Layered architecture
Microkernel architecture

Applications:
The operating system exists to support applications.
The operating system manages things like: opening a file,
closing a file, deleting files, allocating memory, handling
multiple users or multiple tasks, keyboard input, hardware
control and interface, networking, and to handle all these
task different applications are developed. Operating
system itself is the combination of many applications and
also support many applications to perform different tasks.

Conclusion:
Operating system is the software that manages the
computer hardware and software resources. It provides
the services for the computer program.

Future work:
Operating system in the future will not talk about files,
folders, desktop, web server and email and so on, but they
will talk about business, resources, administration,
persons and will be well organized in managing their joint
and active relationships.

Reference:
All this material is summarize after studying from these
resources
 Deitel Deitel Choffnes operating system
 Wikkipedia operating system
 Silerbchatz operating system concept
 Computer science book intermediate(part 1)
Question NO. 3:

Traditional vs leatest Operating system:

Traditional operating system:
Older operating systems are the traditional operating
systems. They have no graphical user interface. To work
on traditional was little tough.

Leatest operating system:

Latest operating system are in today’s age. They provide
friendly user interface. User can easily interact with the
computer.
 Dos is only single tasking while Windows is
multitasking.
 Dos is based on plain interface while Windows is
based on Graphical user interface (GUI).
 Dos is difficult to learn and understand while
Windows is easy to learn and understand.
 Dos is less preferable by users while Windows is
more preferable operating system.
 Limited users can work on dos while in Windows
there are many users.
 We cannot see mouse in Dos while in Windows we
can see and use mouse to click on icons or links.
 simple text commands are written in Dos while in
Windows we operate computer with the help of
mouse.
 In Dos we cannot Play games, watch movies and
listen songs while in Windows we can enjoy playing
games, watching movies and listening songs.
 In Dos new hardware cannot work properly while in
Windows it can detect and installs software
automatically.
 Application and system software did not work
properly in Dos while in Windows it runs at a great
speed.
 Dos is not user friendly while Windows operating
system is user friendly.
 Dos performs operations speedily as compared
with Windows operating system.