LECTURE 2 OF 5

TOPIC : 5.0 FUNCTIONS AND

SUBTOPIC : 5.1 Functions

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students
should be able to
c) identify a one-to-one function by using
algebraic approach or horizontal line
test.
e) state the domain and range of a
function.

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c) Identify a one-to-one function by using
algebraic approach or horizontal line test

There are two methods to determine whether

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a) Algebraic method
A function f is said to be one-to-one if
f ( x1 )  f ( x2 ) implies that x1  x2 .

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Example 1
Determine whether the following functions are
one-to-one by using algebraic method.
a ) f ( x)  4 x  1

b) f ( x)  x 2  6 x  4

c) f ( x)  x4

d ) f ( x)  x  2

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Solution
a ) f ( x)  4 x  1
f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
4x1  1  4x2  1
4 x1  4 x2
x1  x2
f is one-to-one function.

CCL/CHC/KKW/CCW
b) f ( x)  x 2  6 x  4
f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
x12  6 x1  4  x22  6 x2  4
x12  x22  6 x1  6 x2  0 a 2  b 2  (a  b)(a  b)

( x1  x2 )( x1  x2 )  6( x1  x2 )  0
( x1  x2 )( x1  x2  6)  0
x1  x2  0 or x1  x2  6  0
x1  x2 or x1   x2  6
f is not one-to-one function.
CCL/CHC/KKW/CCW
c) f ( x)  x4
f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
x1  4  x2  4

x1  4  x2  4
x1  x2
f is one-to-one function.

CCL/CHC/KKW/CCW
d ) f ( x)  x  2
f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
x1  2  x 2  2
x1  2  x2  2 or x1  2  ( x2  2)
x1  x2 or x1  2   x2  2
x1   x2  4

f is not one-to-one function.

CCL/CHC/KKW/CCW
b) Graphical method
The horizontal line test is a graphical
method use to determine whether a
function is one-to-one.
If a horizontal line drawn intersects the
graph at only one point, then the function
is one-to-one.

CCL/CHC/KKW/CCW
Example 2
Determine whether the following functions are
one-to-one.
a ) f ( x)  4 x  1 b) f ( x)  x 2  4
f(x) f(x)

0 x 4
-1 x
0

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c) f ( x)  x4 d ) f ( x)  x  2
f(x) f(x)

0 4 x -2 0 x

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Solution
a ) f ( x)  4 x  1
f(x)

0 x
-1

A horizontal line intersects the graph at one

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b) f ( x)  x  4
2

f(x)

4
x
0

A horizontal line intersects the graph at two

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c) f ( x)  x4

f(x)

0 4 x

A horizontal line intersects the graph at one

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d ) f ( x)  x  2
f(x)

-2 0 x

A horizontal line intersects the graph at two

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e) State the domain and range of a function

For function y  f (x) .

Domain, D f , is the set of all values of x for

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There are two methods of finding the domain
and range of a function
a) graphical method
b) algebraic method

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a) Graphical method
If a graph of y=f(x) is given, then the domain
is obtained from the x-axis while the range is
obtained from the y-axis.

Note:
For polynomial linear function and cubic
function
D f  ( , )
R f  ( , )

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Example 3
Based on the graph y=f(x), state the domain
and range of function f .
a ) f ( x)  4 x  1 b) f ( x)  x 2  4
f(x) f(x)

0 x
4
-1 x
0

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c) f ( x)  x4 d ) f ( x)  x  2
f(x) f(x)

0 4 x -2 0 x

2
e) f ( x )  x 3  2 f ) f ( x) 
x
f(x) f(x)

2
0 x x
0
CCL/CHC/KKW/CCW
Solution
a ) f ( x)  4 x  1 b) f ( x)  x  4
2

f(x) f(x)

0 x
4
-1 x
0

D f  ( , ) D f  ( , )

R f  ( , ) R f  [4 , )

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c) f ( x)  x4 d ) f ( x)  x  2
f(x) f(x)

0 4 x -2 0 x

D f  [4 , ) D f  ( , )
R f  [0 ,  ) R f  [0 ,  )

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 2
e) f ( x )  x  2
3
f ) f ( x) 
x
f(x) f(x)

2
0 x x
0

D f  ( , ) D f  ( , 0)  (0 , )
R f  ( , ) R f  ( , 0)  (0 , )

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b) Algebraic method
For a function to be defined, the values of x
that cause division by zero or negative
values under a square root have to be
exclude from the domain.

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Example 4
By using algebraic method, determine the
domain and range of each of the following
functions.
a ) f ( x)  4 x  1 b) f ( x)  x 2  4

c) f ( x)  x4 d ) f ( x)  x  2
2
e) f ( x )  x  2
3 f ) f ( x) 
x

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Solution
a ) f ( x)  4 x  1
D f  ( , )
R f  ( , )

b) f ( x)  x 2  4
D f  ( , )
Since x 2  0
x 44
2

f ( x)  4
R f  [4 , )
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c) f ( x)  x4
For f defined
x40
x4
D f  [4 , )

Since x4 0
f ( x)  0
R f  [0 ,  )

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d ) f ( x)  x  2
D f  ( , )
Since x  2  0
f ( x)  0
R f  [0 ,  )

e) f ( x )  x 3  2
D f  ( , )
R f  ( , )

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 2
f ) f ( x) 
x
For f defined
x0
D f  ( , 0)  (0 , )
2
Let y 
x
2
x
y
For x defined
y0
R f  ( , 0)  (0 , )
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