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Experiment 1 Nitesh Hatankar (I-48) Title: Objective: Abstract

This document describes an experiment to study electromagnetic relay circuits. The objectives are to implement relay circuits for given problems and understand relay functioning. It discusses relay operating principles, specifications including coil ratings, contact ratings, and change over time. Hardware implementations include circuits to turn a motor on/off using relays and indicators. Observations note that latching circuits are not ideal for emergency stopping. The postlab questions discuss relay chattering, differences between AC and DC relays, and common relay faults.

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112 views5 pages

Experiment 1 Nitesh Hatankar (I-48) Title: Objective: Abstract

This document describes an experiment to study electromagnetic relay circuits. The objectives are to implement relay circuits for given problems and understand relay functioning. It discusses relay operating principles, specifications including coil ratings, contact ratings, and change over time. Hardware implementations include circuits to turn a motor on/off using relays and indicators. Observations note that latching circuits are not ideal for emergency stopping. The postlab questions discuss relay chattering, differences between AC and DC relays, and common relay faults.

Uploaded by

Kk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 1

Nitesh Hatankar (I-48)


Title: Study of Electromagnetic relay.
Objective: To implement electromagnetic relay circuits for given problem
statements.

Abstract:
- The electromagnetic relay is the most essential component inside any factory
or for any control engineer.
- So, to understand the functioning of the relay we implement this experiment to
understand the types of relay i.e. NO/NC ,the different change over times and
the different specifications of the relays, construction of the relays.

Prelab:
Q1) Write on operating principle of electromagnetic relay?
- Electromagnetic relays are those relay which operates on the principle of
electromagnetic attraction. It is a type of a magnetic switch which uses the
magnet for creating a magnetic field.-
- The magnetic field then uses for opening and closing the switch and for
performing the mechanical operation.
- By their working principle, the electromagnetic relay is mainly classified into
two types. These are
1) Electromagnetic Attraction Relay.
2) Electromagnetic Induction Relay.

a. Electromagnetic Attraction Relay


In this relay, the armature is attracted to the pole of a magnet. The
electromagnetic force exerted on the moving element is proportional to the
square of the current flow through the coil. This relay responds to both the
alternating and direct current.

b. Electromagnetic Induction Relay


The electromagnetic relay operates on the principle of a split-phase induction
motor. The initial force is developed on the moving element that may be disc
or another form of the rotor of the non-magnetic moving element. The force is
developed by the interaction of electromagnetic fluxes with eddy current, that
is induced in the rotor by these fluxes.
Q2)Write on specifications of electromagnetic relay?

 Specifications of relay:
Coil Ratings :
For DC operated relays electromagnet excitation voltage and coil
resistance are specified while for AC operated relays AC Voltage and
VA ratings are specified.

Contact Ratings
The commonly used contact ratings are the maximum voltage and
current it can handle continuously.
The three current ratings specified are: - a) Inrush or 'make contact'
capacity. b) Normal or continues carrying capacity'. c) The opening or
breaking capacity.

Change Over Time


It is also known as Operation Time. Turn – ON (Switch – ON) time is
the time required for the relay to make ON contact after energizing the
electromagnet and Turn – OFF (Switch – OFF) time is the time
required to make OFF contact after de-energizing the
relay.

Enclosure and Mounting


Relays are available in enclosure and in open execution. If the relays
are used in cabinet of a device, then you may use open execution type
However, if there is a possibility of dust gathering in to electrical
contacts, it is better to use enclosed type relays. There is also a
possibility of sparks in contacts, thus in hazardous environments
properly enclosed relay must be selected.
Hardware Implementation:

1. When the Pushbutton is closed R1 relay will be ON, when R1 is ON then R2 will be
energized R1 off indicated by Green LED condition will be indicated by red LED and
R2 ON condition will be
2. . Design a relay circuit to turn ON and OFF the motor. Indicate the output
with the help of Red Lamp to show motor is OFF and Green lamp to show
motor is ON

Fig:- Motor Latching

Observations:
- When we run the motor using the relay logic then we must not use the latching but we
must make use of the momentary push buttons as the case of emergency we will
require the immediate stopping of the circuit which is not possible in the case o the
latching circuit case.

Postlab:
1) What is meant by relay chattering? Suggest an example showing effect
of it. How it will be overcomed? What is the difference between AC and
DC relay? What are probable faults in relays?

- Relay chatter/Contact chatter is extended contact bounce that is not an


inherent part of the relay.
- Contact chatter usually occurs because of either shock or vibration to the
relay or an improper control signal to the relay. A control voltage is applied to
the coil of the relay in order for the relay to operate.
- Relays are electrically controlled devices that open or close electrical contacts
to affect the operation of other devices in the same or different circuits.
- A relay's most basic components are its coil, armature, and contacts. When
the relay is put into a given circuit, the current from that circuit induces a
magnetic field in the relay coil. The magnetic field then affects the armature in
such a fashion that it causes the contacts to make or break the part of the
circuit that is attached to the relay output.
- When a pair of contacts closes and makes the circuit, there is a mechanical
impact between them and they rebound and bounce. This is sometimes
referred to as "contact chatter." Most of the time, contact bounce and contact
chatter are often referred to as the same thing. However, contact bounce is
the uncontrolled opening and closing of the contacts due to forces within the
relay (internal forces), whereas contact chatter is the uncontrolled opening
and closing of contacts due to external forces.

2) What is the difference between AC and DC relay?


DC Relay:
- Direct current (DC) is steady and never reverses. A DC relay uses a single
coil of wire wound around the iron core to make the electromagnet. When the
DC coil is energized, the magnetism generated in the core is steady because
the DC just keeps going. The steady magnetism keeps the lever attracted as
long as the DC is flowing. Once the current is turned off and the iron core is
no longer magnetized, the spring-loaded lever returns to a relaxed position
and the electrical contacts are switched back.
AC Relay:
- To prevent this chatter, the AC relay has two coils to make a transformer to
keep the core magnetized. The wire of the traditional coil is the transformer
primary. The secondary of the transformer looks like a D-shaped copper
washer or ring. Some of the magnetism from the primary coil produces current
inside the copper ring. The current in the ring, or transformer secondary, is
actually delayed compared to the current in the primary coil to keep the core
always partially magnetized. The lever won't chatter against the core because,
while the AC is flowing, the continuously magnetized core never releases it.

3) What are probable faults in relays?


 Their parts can wear out as the switch contacts become dirty - high voltages
and currents cause sparks between the contacts.
 They cannot be switched on and off at high speeds because they have a
slow response and the switch contacts will rapidly wear out due to the
sparking.
 Their coils need a fairly high current to energies, which means some micro-
electronic circuits can't drive them directly without additional circuitry.
 The back-emf created when the relay coil switches off can damage the
components that are driving the coil.
Conclusion:
 A relay circuit is used to realize logic functions
 Relays are used to provide time delay functions. They are used to time the delay open
and delay close of contacts.
 Relays are used to control high voltage circuits with the help of low voltage signals.
Similarly they are used to control high current circuits with the help of low current signals.

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