AI

RCR
AFTDE
SIGNP
ROJ
ECT–I
(
AE8613)
(HE
AVYWE
IGHTCAR
GOAI
RCR
AFT)
AP
ROJ
ECTR
EPOR
T
Su
bmi
t
tedby
MOHANR
AJ.
J R
EGNO:
110517101020
UDHAYAKUMAR
.L R
EGNO:
110517101031
SAKT
HIVE
L.C R
EGNO:
110517101027
KAR
THI
CK.
S R
EGNO:
110517101014
I
npar
t
ial
ful
f
il
l
men
tfort
her
equ
ir
eme
ntof
thede
gre
eOf

BACHE
LOROFE NGI
NEERI
NG
I
N
AE
RONAUTI
CALENGINE
ERING

GOJ
ANSCHOOLOFBUSI
NESSANDT
ECHNOL
OGY
ANNAUNI
VER
SIT
Y:CHE
NNAI
600025
MAR
CH2020
 BONAF
IDECE
RTI
FI
CAT
E
Ce
rt
if
i
edt
hat
thi
spr
oj
ect
repor
tt
it
l
ed“AIR
CRAF
TDESIGNPR
OJE
CT-
1(HEAVYWE I
GHTCAR GOAIR
CRAFT)”
I
sth
ebon
afi
dewor
kof

MOHANR
AJ.
J R
EGNO:
110517101020
UDHAYAKUMAR
.L R
EGNO:
110517101031
SAKT
HIVE
L.C R
EGNO:
110517101027
KAR
THI
CK.
S R
EGNO:
110517101014

wh
ocar
ri
edou
tth
ewor
kun
dermys
upe
rvi
si
on.

SI
GNAT
URE SI
GNAT
URE

Mr
.ASh
ank
ar Mr
.LSu
res
hraj
(
Ass
is
tan
tPr
ofe
ssor
) (He
adof
thede
par
t
men
t)
De
par
t
men
tof
aer
onau
ti
cal
engi
nee
ri
ng, Ae
ron
aut
i
cal
engi
nee
ri
ng,
Goj
ans
chool
ofbu
si
nes
san
dte
chn
ology
, Goj
ans
chool
ofbu
si
nes
s&t
ech
,
Ch
enn
ai-
600052. Ch
enn
ai-
600052.

CE
RTI
FI
CAT
EFORE
VAL
UAT
ION

Col
l
egen
ame
: Goj
ans
chool
ofbu
si
nes
san
dte
chn
ology
Br
anc
h: Ae
ron
aut
i
cal
engi
nee
ri
ng
Se
mes
ter
: 06

S.
NO ST
UDENT
S P
ROJ
ECTT
ITI
LE PROJ
ECT
NAME I
NCHARGE
1 MOHANR
AJJ AIRCRAFT
DESI
GH
2 UDHAYA
PROJE CT
-
KUMARL Mr
.Sh
ank
ar
1(HE AVY
3 SAKT
HIVE
LC WEIGHT (Ass
is
tant
4 KAR
THI
CKS CARGO prof
ess
or)
AIR
CR AFT)

Thereport
soft
heproje
ctworksubmi
tt
edbytheabovest
udent
sinpar
t
ial
f
ul
fi
l
lmentf
orth
eawar dofBache
lorofEngi
neer
in
gdegreeinAer
onaut
ical
E
ngine
e r
in
gof An
nau ni
ver
si
tywereeval
uatedandt
obethereport
soft
he
workdonebytheaboves t
ude
n t
sandt
heneval
uatd.
e
I
NTE
RNALEX
AMI
NER E
XTE
RNAL
E
XAMINE
R

ABST
RACT

T
h epur
poseof thi
sprojec
tistodesignac argoaircr
aft
.Th
eaircraftwi
llposs
es
ahi
ghwi ng,Tr
i-cycl
elandinggearan dai nve
rtedTwin
-Tai
larrangeme nt
.
Su c
hanai r
c r
aftmustposs
essawi debodyc onf
igur
ati
ontoprovidesuffi
ci
ent
capaci
tyforloadin
g.Itmustposs
es st
ur
bof anenginest
opr ov
idet h
ere qui
red
amountofspeed,rangean dfuel
e con
omyf ort
h eoper
ator.
T h
eai rc
raftwi
ll
poss
essfouren gi
nes.

AI
M OFT
HEP
ROJ
ECT

Desi
gnanair
cr
aft
that
wil
lt
ran
spor
tcar
goof
wei
ght
arou
nd
60000kg.
T
oope
rat
efr
omr
egi
onal
andi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
air
por
t
s.
T
opr
odu
ceac
omme
rci
alan
aly
si
sof
theai
r
craf
tpr
oj
ect
.
T
oof
f
erau
niqu
ean
dcompar
at
iv
eai
rt
ran
spor
tse
rvi
ce.

S.
NO CONT
ENT
S

1 Compar
at
iv
econ
fi
gur
at
ions
tu
dyof
dif
f
ere
ntai
r
plan
es

2 Compar
at
iv
est
udyonai
r
craf
t
’spe
rf
or
man
cean
dspe
cif
i
cat
i
ons

3 P
repar
at
ionof
compar
at
iv
edat
ash
eet

4 Wor
ksh
eet
lay
out
proc
edu
res

5 Compar
at
iv
egr
aph
spr
epar
at
ionan
ds el
ect
i
onof
mai
npar
ame
ter
sfor
thede
sign

6 P
rel
i
min
arywe
igh
tes
ti
mat
i
on

7 P
owe
rpl
ant
sel
ect
i
on,
aer
of
oi
ls
ele
cti
on,
win
gtai
lan
dcon
tr
ols
urf
ace
s

8 T
hre
evi
ewdi
agr
ams
 9 Dr
age
sti
mat
i
on

10 V-
ndi
agr
am

1.
COMP
ARAT
IVECONFIGUR
ATI
ONSTUDYOFDI
FFE
RENT
TYP
ESOFAIR
PLANE
S
DAT
E:

AI
M:
Abr
ie
fst
udyofdi
f
fer
ent
type
sofai
rc
raf
ti
sst
udi
edands
tude
ntsar
e
gi
venoneai
rcr
af
tf
ordes
ign
.Theai
rcr
af
tar
est
udi
edbasedon
,
E
ngi
neu
sed
P
ass
enge
rorc
argo(u
seof
air
cr
af
t)
F
use
lagean
dav
ion
icsar
ran
geme
nt
 Ae
rody
nami
cdat
a.
P
URP
OSEANDSCOP
EOFAI
RPL
ANEDE
SIGN:
Theprocessofdesi
gningen er
alinvol
vesuseofknowle
dgei ndiv
ers
efi
el
dst
o
arr
iv
eat aproduct
. Ai
rpl
anede si
gninvol
vessyn
thesi
zi
ngk nowle
dgeinar
eas
l
ikeaerodynamic
s,str
uct
ur
es,propu l
si
on,s
yst
emsan dman uf
act
uri
ng
t
echni
qu es
,toarr
iv
eat th
ec onf
igurati
onofanair
planet
h atwil
ls
ati
sf
y
re
quir
e ment
sregardin
gfunct
ionalaspect
s,oper
ati
onalsafe
tyandcost
.
T
hedesi
gnofanai
r
plan
eisac
ompl
exe
ngi
nee
ri
ngt
ask
.It
gen
eral
l
yin
vol
ves
t
hef
ol
lowi
ng.
  Obt
ai
ni
ngt
hes
pec
if
ic
ati
onsan
dde
ter
min
ingt
hege
ome
tr
icpar
ame
ter
s.
 Se
lec
ti
onof
powe
rpl
ant
.
 St
r
uct
ur
alde
signan
dwor
ki
ngou
tde
tai
l
sof
con
st
ru
cti
on.
F
abr
i
cat
i
onof
prot
ot
ype
.
R
ESUL
T:
T
hust
hec
onf
i
gur
at
ionof
dif
f
ere
ntt
ype
sof
air
cr
af
ti
sst
udi
ed.
2.
COMPAR
ATI
VEST
UDYONSPECI
FI
CATI
ONSAND
P
ERF
ORMANCEDET
AIL
SOFAIRCR
AFT

DAT
E:

AI
M:
Tocompar
eth
eex
is
ti
ngai
r
plan
est
hat
areof
samet
ypeast
hat
ofou
r
de
sir
edai
r
plane.
P
ARAME
TER
STOBECOMP
ARE
D:
Ai
r
craf
tname
Count
r
y
L
engt
h
Hei
ght
Max
imu
mwe
igh
t
Empt
ywe
igh
t
S(
spanar
ea)
 Max
imu
mve
loc
it
y
Cr
ui
sev
eloc
it
y
Range
Power
pl
ant
use
d
T
ype
T
hru
stpr
odu
ced
Noofengi
nes

R
ESUL
T:
T
hust
her
equ
ir
edpar
ame
ter
sar
ecompar
ed.

3.
PRE
PAR
ATI
ONOFCOMP
ARAT
IVEDAT
ASHE
ET

DAT
E:

AI
M:
Topre
par
eac
ompar
at
iv
edat
ash
eet
forou
rde
sir
edai
r
plan
e
s
pec
if
ic
ati
ons
.
COMP
ARI
SONSHE
ET:
DAT
ASHE
ET
 NAMEOF
S.
NO T
HEAIR
CRAF
T P
AYL
OAD(
Ton
s) CR
EW L
ENGT
H(m) HE
IGHT
(m)

ANTONOV
1 An-
225Mri
ya 250 6 84 18.
1
DOUGLASDC
2 -
3 2.
72 2 19.
7 5.
16
F
AIRCHI
LDC-
3 82Pac
ket 13.
607 3 23.
5 8.
03
AI
RBUSA330
4 MRT
T 45 3 58.
8 17.
4
AI
RBUSA300-
5 600ST 154.
99 2 56.
15 17.
24
BOE
ING747-
6 8 442.
252 2 76.
3 19.
4

BOEINGKC-
135
7 St
r
atot
ank
er 17.
055 3 41.
53 12.
7

BOEI
NG
8 DR
EAMLI
FTE
R 113.
39 2 71.
68 21.
54

ANTONOVAn-
9 124Ru
sl
an 54.
431 6 69.
1 21.
08

AI
RBUSA400M
10 At
l
as 37.
013 4 45.
1 14.
7
 NAMEOFTHE ASP
ECT EMPT
Y
S.
NO AIR
CRAF
T WI
NGSP
AN(
m) RAT
IO WE
IGHT
(kg) P
OWE
RPL
ANT

ANT
ONOVAn- 6*pr
ogr
essD-
18T
1 225Mr
i
ya 88.
4 8.
6 285000 t
ur
bof
ans

2*prat
tand
DOUGL
ASDC- whi
t
neyR-
1830-
2 3 29 9.
17 7650 S1C3Gtwinwasp
2*pratt
and
F
AIRCHI
LDC- wh
it
neyR-2800-
85
3 82Pac
ket 32.
46 8.
09 14773 R
adials
AI
RBUSA330 2*r
ol
ls-
roy
cet
r
ent
4 MRT
T 60.
3 10.
04 125000 772B

2*gen
e r
alel
ect
r
ic
AI
RBUSA300- CF6-
80C2A8
5 600ST 44.
84 16.
42 86500 t
urbof
an
BOE
ING747-
6 8 68.
4 9.
6 197131 Ge
nx-
2B67

BOEINGKC-
135 CF
Mint
er
nat
ional
7 St
r
atot
ank
er 39.
88 8.
56 44663 CFM56t
ur
bofan

BOEI
NG
8 DR
EAMLI
FTE
R 64.
4 9.
34 140000 P
W 4062

4*pr ogr
essD-
ANTONOVAn- 18Thigh-
bypas
s
9 124Ru
sl
an 73.
3 8.
6 181000 t
urbof
ane n
gine
s
4*e u
ropr
op
AI
RBUSA400M TP
400-D6
10 At
l
as 42.
4 7.
98 76500 TURBOPROP
 CRUI
SE
NAMEOF MAXI
MUM WI
NG SPEE
D
S.
NO T
HEAIR
CRAF
T SPE
ED(
km/h
) R
ANGE
(km) L
OADI
NG(
kg/m^2) (
km/hr
)

ANTONOV
1 An-
225Mri
ya 850 15400 662.
9 800

DOUGLAS
2 DC-
3 370 2400 125 333

F
AIRCHI
LDC-
3 82Pac
ket 399 6239 146 351

AI
RBUSA330
4 MRT
T 880 14800 35.
183 860

AI
RBUSA300-
5 600ST 857 2779 72.
009 830

BOE
ING747-
6 8 914 7630 41.
233 903

CRUI
SE
BOEI
NGKC- 135 MAXI
MUM WI
NG SPEE
D
7 St
r
atot
ank
er SPE
ED(
km/h
) R
ANGE
(km) L
OADI
NG(
kg/m^2) (
km/hr
)

BOEI
NG
8 DR
EAMLI
FTE
R 850 15400 662.
9 800
 ANTONOVAn-
9 124Ru
sl
an 370 2400 125 333

AI
RBUSA400M
10 At
l
as 399 6239 146 351

NAMEOFTHE
S.
NO AIR
CRAF
T T
HUR
ST/WE
IGHT T
HRUST
(KN)

ANT
ONOVAn-
225
1 Mr
i
ya 0.
234 229.
5

2 DOUGL
ASDC-
3 1.
11 85
F
AIR
CHILDC-82
3 Pac
ket 0.
609 90.
3

4 AI
RBUSA330MR
TT 0.
256 320
AI
RBUSA300-
5 600ST 0.
297 257

6 BOE
ING747-
8 0.
15 296

BOEI
NGKC- 135
7 St
r
atot
ank
er 0.
215 96.
2

BOEI
NG
8 DR
EAMLI
FTE
R 0.
201 282

ANT
ONOVAn -
124
9 R
usl
an 0.
23 229
 10 AI
RBUSA400M At
l
as 0.
294 225

R
ESUL
T:
T
husac
ompar
at
iv
edat
ash
eet
ispr
epar
ed.

4.
WOR
KSHE
ETL
AYOUTP
ROCE
DUR
ES

DAT
E:

AI
M:
Ani
magi
nar
yprof
i
leoft
heai
rc
raf
ti
spr
epar
edandt
hev
alu
esl
i
kes
pan
,
l
engt
handsu
rf
acear
eaarecal
cul
at
edfr
omnex
tst
ep.

I
MAGI
NAR
YPR
OFI
LE:
 P
AYL
OAD:
250t
ons
CR
EW:
6me
mbe
rs
L
ENGT
H:84m
HE
IGHT
:18.
1m
WI
NGSP
AN:
88.
4m
ASP
ECTR
ATI
O:8.
6
CR
UISESP
EED:
800k
m/h
r
MAXVE
LOCI
TY:
850k
m/h
r
R
ANGE
:3300k
m
P
OWE
RPL
ANT
:D-
18Tt
ur
bof
ans
R
ESUL
T:
T
husani
magi
nar
ypr
of
il
eof
air
cr
af
ti
spr
epar
ed.

5.
COMP
ARAT
IVEGRAPHSP
REPAR
ATI
ONANDSE L
ECT
IONOF
MAINPARAMETER
SFORTHEDE
SIGN
DAT
E:

AI
M:
T
odrawt
hec
ompar
at
iv
egr
aph
sfr
omt
heai
r
craf
t
scol
l
ect
edf
or
r
ef
er
ence.
COMP
ARAT
IVEGR
APHS:

R
ANGEVSVE
LOCI
TY

WI
NGL
OADI
NGVSVE
LOCI
TY
(
T/W)VSVE
LOCI
TY
 T
HRUSTVSVE
LOCI
TY

CR
UISESP
EEDVSASP
ECTR
ATI
O
SE
LECT
IONOFP
ARAME
TER
S:
T
hec omparat
iv
edataf
ordif
f
ere
nt
ai
rcr
af
tswerest
udi
edandthefol
l
owi
ngfu
ndamen t
alde
s i
gnpar
amet
erswer
e
se
lect
ed.(gr
aphsf
orcomparat
iv
edat
aareenc
losed)
 R
ESUL
T:
MAI
NPAR
AME
TER
S
S.
NO P
ARAME
TER
S VAL
UES
1 CR
UISI
NGVE
LOCI
TY 800k
m/h
r
2 ASP
ECTR
ATI
O 8.
5
3 WI
NGL
OADI
NG g/m2
125k
4 R
ANGE 4000k
m
5 SP
ANTOL
ENGT
H 5.
11
R
ATI
O

6.
PRE
LIMI
NAR
YWE
IGHTE
STI
MAT
ION

DAT
E:

AI
M:
T
ocal
cul
atet
hewei
ghtoft
heair
cr
aft
.Wewi
llbese
parat
i
ngt
hewe
igh
t
s
t
e
sti
mat
i
onas1 wei
ghte
sti
mati
onandfi
nal
wei
ght
esti
mat
ion
.
F
IRSTWE
IGHTE
STI
MAT
ION:
Th
ewei
ghtbr
eak
ageofvar
iou
s
c
ompon
ent
st
hat
con
tr
ibu
tesi
t
smaj
orr
ol
eint
hewe
igh
toft
heai
r
craf
tth
athas
beenl
is
teddownandth
eprel
i
minar
ywe i
ght
ofth
eair
craf
thasbe
en
cal
cul
at
ed.Theai
r
craf
ti
ssu
bdivi
dedin
tosi
xsegmen
tsaswrit
t
enbel
ow.
WTOTAL=WSTRUC+WP/L+WCREW+WFUEL+WP/P+WFE
wh
ere
,
Wt
ot=t
al ot
alt
ake
off
wei
ght
oft
heai
r
craf
t
Wst
r
uc=ai
r
craf
ts
tr
uct
ur
alwe
igh
t
Wp/l
=we
igh
tof
thepay
load
Wcrew=we
igh
tof
thec
rewme
mbe
rs
WFUEL=We
igh
tof
fue
l
WP/P=we
igh
tof
powe
rpl
ant
WFE=f
i
xede
qui
pme
ntwe
igh
t
Not
e:
T
heu
nit
forwe
igh
tcane
it
herbei
nNork
g,be
tt
ert
ohav
eit
inN.
Weprac
ti
cet
hewe i
ghtbr
eakagemethodt
ocal
cul
at
eth
ewe
igh
tin
it
i
all
y.T
he
s
ixwe
igh
tbre
akageforai
r
craf
tisgi
venbel
ow.

Wst
c=0
r .
30wo=374.
634KN
Wp/l=250KN(
1000*pay
loadi
nton
s)
Wcrew =6KN(
1000*n
umbe
rof
cre
wme
mbe
rs)
Wf
ue=0.
l 30wo=374.
634KN
Wp/p=0.
15wo=187.
317KN
Wf
e=0.
045wo=56.
1951KN
Us
in
gth
ewe
igh
tbr
eak
aget
heappr
oxi
mat
ewe
igh
tof
theai
r
craf
ti
s
c
alc
ulat
ed.
Wo=0.
30wo+250000+6000+0.
30wo+0.
15wo+0.
045wo
Wo=1248780.
1N

E
NGI
NESE
LECT
ION:
Thety peof engi
n etobeu s
edisde ci
ded
basedonth ecomparati
vest
udyofdiff
erentair
craf
t.Fromt h
egr aph-5,t
he
(f
/w)rati
oc or
respon
dingtotheprel
imi
n ar
ywe ighth asbe e
ntak enandthe
t
hrus
tthathastobeproducedc or
res
pon dingtothepr e l
i
minar
ywe i
ghtoft
he
ai
rcr
afthasbee ndet
ermine
d.Fort
histhr
u s
tprodu c
e d, asui
t
ablee ngin
eis
sel
ect
ed. T
h eSFCandwe i
ghtoft
hee ngineisnoted. Als
othediame te
rand
l
engt
hof theenginei
sn ot
ed.

F
romt
hegr
aph
,weh
ave
F
/W =0.
234
F=0.
234*1248780N
F=292214.
52N

T
abl
eforc
ompar
i
ngt
hee
ngi
nei
spr
epar
ed,
 T
ABL
E:3COMP
ARI
SONOFE
NGI
NE

THR
USTPER E
NGINE SF
C
S.
NO E NE E
NGI NGINE(
KN) WEI
GHT (
mg/N-s)
(
KN)PE
R OR
E
NGINE (
Lb/L
b-h
r)
1 GECF6- 293 49.
95 9.
8
80E
1
2 P
W4170 311.
4 57.
39 11.
8

3 GE
nx-
2B67 296 60.
30 12.
4

4 P
W4000 370 63.
86 10.
2

5 GE
-GE
90 400 74.
06 15.
4

E
NGI
NESE
LECT
ED:
T
hee
ngi
nedat
aist
abu
lat
ed.
T
ABL
E4:
ENGI
NEDAT
A
 P
ROP
ERT
IES DAT
A UNI
T

T
akeof
ft
hr
ust 293 KN

We
igh
tof
thee
ngi
ne 49.
95 KN

SF
C 9.
8 (
mg/N-
s)

We
igh
tof
thef
uel 374.
63 KN

F
UELWE
IGHTCAL
CUL
ATI
ON:
T
her
ef
or
efr
oms
impl
eran
gef
or
mul
aweh
ave
,

WFUEL=SF
C*F
*NOOFE
NGI
NES*(
RANGE
/VE
LOCI
TY)
WFUEL=0.
03528*292214.
52*1*(
3300/800)
WFUEL=42525.
97k
g
 ND
2 WE
IGHTE
STI
MAT
ION:
Usi
ngth
ee ngin
ewe ightandSFC,th
e
wei
ghtofthefueli
sde t
ermi
ned.Nowintheweigh
t br
eakage,theweight
of
t
hefuel
,t
h ewe i
ghtofth
ee ngi
neareknownandtheyaredire
ctl
yu s
edinthe
wei
ghtbreakagee quat
ionandthese
condweightoft
heaircr
aftandthe
de
signprocessi
spr oce
e de
d.

W2=WSTRC+WP/L+WP/P+WFUEL+WFE+WCREW

W2=1297808.
866N

T
hust
heac
tual
wei
ght
oft
heai
r
craf
ti
scal
cul
at
ed.

CAL
CUL
ATI
ONOFMAI
NPAR
AME
TER
SS,
b,
l:
F
romgr
aph
,weh
ave
,
2
W/S=125k
g/m
355m2
S=1058.
F
romgr
aph
,weh
ave
,
B2/S=8.
5
B=94.
84m
F
romgr
aph
,weh
ave
,
B/l
=1.
129
L=84m

R
ESUL
T:
T
hust
hewe
igh
tof
theai
r
craf
ti
scal
cul
at
ed.

7.
POWE
RPL
ANTSEL
ECT
ION,
AIRF
OILSEL
ECT
ION,
WING
TAI
LANDCONTROLSURF
ACES.
DAT
E:

AI
M:
T
osel
ect
afav
orableai
r
foi
lf
ort
heai
rc
raf
tas
sumi
ngt
h at
thef
uel
is
pl
acedint
hewi
ng,t
hetypeofhor
i
zon
tal
sur
fac
eandver
ti
cals
urf
acei
sal
so
cal
cul
at
ed.
T
HEOR
Y:

Th
eaerofoi
li
sacuts
ect
i
onofwi
ng,
wh i
chi
sanst
r
eamli
nedbody.I
t
pr
odu
ce sli
f
tanddr
agwhenmov
edinai
r.T
her
earedi
f
fer
ent
type
sofae
rof
oi
l.

T
YPE
SOFAE
ROF
OIL
:

 Sy
mmet
r
icalae
rof
oi
l
 Camber
e daer
of
oil

SYMME
TRI
CALAE
ROF
OIL
:

Us
edfors
upe
rsoni
cfl
i
ghtan
ddoesnothav
ecambe
r.T
her
ear
edi
f
fer
ent
type
s
of
prof
i
lel
i
keWe dgeshape
,con
ical
shape
,et
c.

CAMBE
REDAE
ROF
OIL
:
Us
edfors
ubsoni
cfl
i
ghtandhav
eu ppe
ran
dlowe
rcambe
r.T
hec
ambe
ris
di
r
ect
l
yproport
i
onalt
otheL/Drat
i
o.

NACASE
RIE
S:

Nati
onalAdvi
sor
yCommit
te
eforAeronaut
ic
s.T
hes
hapeof
theNACA
aer
ofoi
l
sisdescr
i
bedusi
ngaser
iesofdigi
t
sfol
l
owi
ngt
heword“
NACA”.
The
se
ri
esofaerof
oil
sar
eli
st
edbel
ow,

 F i
ve-
di
gits
eri
es
 On e-
digi
tser
i
es
F our-
di
gits
eri
es
 Si x-
digi
ts
eri
es
 Se
ven-
digi
tser
ies
E i
ght-
di
git
seri
es

P
ROCE
DUR
E:

Cal
cul
at
ionof
t/c(
t
hic
kne
sst
och
ordr
at
io)
:

T
hevol
umeavai
l
ablei
nthewi
ngi
scal
cul
at
edus
in
gth
e
t
ape
rwi
ngv
olu
mefor
mul
a.Th
eu n
knownt/cr
at
ioi
scal
cul
at
edu
si
ng,

Vol
ume=(
Wt.
oft
hef
uel
)
/(Spe
cif
i
cgr
avi
t
y)
=42525.
97/0.
8*1000

Vol
u 157m3
me=53.

Vol
ume=2[
(2/3)*(
t
/c)*(
b/4)*Ĉ*Ĉ]*0.
75

=0.
0141

(
t
/c)=1.
41%

SWE
EPBACK:

The(
t/c
)rat
i
ooft
heai
rf
oi
li
scal
cul
at
edusi
ngt
hewei
ghtof
thefue
landth
e
meanchor
dfr
omt
heti
pchor
dandroot
chor
dtak
enf
romth
ec ompar
ati
ve
dat
a.

Th
esweepbac
ktot
hewi
ngisdet
ermi
nedf
romt
hegr
aphpl
ot
te
dbe
twe
enM
CRDal
ongy-axi
sand(
t
/c)alon
gx -
axi
s.

F
romth
egr aphpl
ot
te
dbe t
weenMCRvs.(
t
/c )“
Ref4”wec
anc
alc
ulat
e
t
hesweepbackt
hath
astobegiv
ent
oth
ewin gs
.
F
orMCR D=an d(t
/c)=%,th
eswee
pbackisgi
venas,
 de
gre
e
Qu
art
erc
hor
dswe
ep=30.
81
L
eadi
nge
dges
wee 162degree
p=47.

AI
RFOI
LSE
LECT
ION:

Fr
omthe(t
/c)de
ter
mined,t
heair
f
oili
ssel
ectedfr
omtheNACAs er
iesoft
he
ai
rf
oi
lscomi
ngundert
hecate
goryfr
om“ R
ef 5”.T
heair
foi
lwhi
chbests
ui
tst
he
ai
rc
raft
’
scat
egor
yischose
nan dt
hen e
cessarygr
aphsarepl
ot
ted.
3/4
(
μ/μ
₀)=(
T/T
₀)

T=T
₀–λ
h

At
cru
is
eal
t
it
ude10000m,

μ=1.
6959*10^-
5Pa-
s

At
amac
hnu
mbe
rof
0.6767,

V=M *a

=222.
22m/s
At
alt
i
tude10000m,

De
nsi
t
y,

ρ=0. g/m3
4135k

R
eyn
oldsn
umbe
r,

R
e=(
ρVĈ/μ
)

R
eyn
oldsn
umbe
r=68.
291*10^6

Fr
omthe“R
ef5”,
theai
rf
oi
li
sse
lec
ted.
Fromt
hebookf
or(
t
/c)=1.
41%t
he
ai
rf
oi
lsf
oun
dareli
st
edbel
ow:

T
abl
e5Ae
rof
oi
lcompar
i
son

NACASE
RIE
S CL CD
0006 0.
4972 0.
00878
0008 0.
7442 0.
01089
0010 1.
0509 0.
01498
0012 0.
8686 0.
01149
0018 1.
0998 0.
01412
F
ort
heaboves
elec
tedai
r
foi
lt
hede
tai
l
sobt
ai
nedf
r
omt
hebookar
e
t
abu
lat
edasbe
low:

T
abl
e6Ai
r
foi
ldat
a

AL
PHAi
nf
in
it
y CL CD AL
PHA(AR)

-
4.
000 -
0.
4446 0.
00812 -
4.
7047
-
3.
000 -
0.
3401 0.
00737 -
3.
3796
-
2.
000 -
0.
2394 0.
00570 -
2.
1619
-
1.
000 -
0.
1251 0.
00426 -
1.
0389
0.
000 0.
000 0.
00338 0.
0000
1.
000 0.
1251 0.
00426 0.
9639
2.
000 0.
2394 0.
00570 1.
8606
3.
000 0.
3401 0.
00737 2.
6970
4.
000 0.
4446 0.
00812 3.
4788
4.
500 0.
4972 0.
00878 3.
8510

Graph
saredr
awtos
howt
hec
har
act
er
is
ti
cof
par
t
icu
larai
r
foi
l
,ex
ampl
e
gr
aphsar
egiv
en,
CLVSAL
PHA

CLVSCD
F
LAPSE
LECT
ION:

F
ortheairc
raf
tse
lec t
i
on,th
etotalr
unwaydist
ancei
sdeci
de dandtherequ
ir
ed
l
i
ftcoef
fi
ci
enti
sdetermine
d.Th e
nthec h
angeinl
if
tcoe
ff
ic
ienti
scalcu
lat
ed.
T
hischangeinCLh astobec ompensat
edbythefl
aps
.Thusth
eflapsar
e
s
elect
edsoastoc ompe ns
atethi
schangeinCL.

CHANGEI
NLI
FTCOE
FFI
CIE
NT:

CLCR
UISE=[
(2W/S)
/ρV2]

=[(
2*125*9.
81)
/0. 222]
4135*222.
 =0.
120

T
otal
run
waydi
st
anc
e=3500m

L
ANDI
NGVE
LOCI
TY:
2
VL=2αs
1/2
=(
2*0.
25*9.
81*2100*0.
6)

=78.
61m/s

ST
ALL
INGSP
EED:

VS=VL/1.
15

VS=68.
35m/s

R
EQUI
REDL
IF
TCO-
EFF
ICI
ENT
:

CLr
eq=[
(2W/S)
/ρ₀
V2]

=[
(2*125*9.
81)
/1. 352]
225*68.

=0.
428

CHANGEI
NLI
FTCO-
EFF
ICI
ENT
:

ΔCL=CLr
eq–CLav
 ΔCL=0.
428–0.
120

ΔCL=0.
308

F
lapsar
eloc
ate
dat
0.3Ĉof
thewi
ng.
Fromt
he“
Ref
5”,
thebe
lowde
tai
l
sar
e
t
abul
ate
d:

T
abl
e7ΔCLv
alu
esf
ordi
f
fer
ent
fl
apan
gle
s:
de
gre
es
F
or(
t
/c)=1.
4%,
atmax
imu
mfl
apde
fl
ect
i Δf
on( )=35 ,
ΔCL=1.
05

ΔCL
par
tspan=1.
05*0.
35

=0.
3675

T
otal
cl
ave
rage=0.
120+0.
3675

=0.
4875
T
YRESE
LECT
ION:

Th
eenti
rewe i
ghtoftheaircrafti
sspl
itu
pamon gthenoseandmain
l
andi
ngge ars
.Of t
hese,then oselandi
nggearwill
take10%ofth
eweight
andt
hemai nl
andingge arwi llt
ake90%of t
heairc
raf
t’
swei
ght.T
henumber
ofwh
e e
lsforeachlandingge ar
saredete
rmin
edbas edonth
ewe i
ght
the
l
andi
ngge arhast
oc arry.Bas edontheweightc
arri
ed,t
het
yresf
ort
he
whee
lsareselec
tedfr
omt h e“ Ref6”
.
Totalwe ight(
W)=132294. 4818kg

Nos
elan
din
gge
ar=0.
1W

=0.
1*132294.
4818k
g
 =13229.
44818k
g

Mai
nlan
din
gge
ar=0.
9W

=119065.
0336k
g

No.
ofn
osewh
eel
s=4

We
igh
ttak
enbye
achwh
eel
=3307.
362045k
g

No.
ofmai
nwh
eel
s=28

We
igh
ttak
enbye
achwh
eel
=4252.
322629k
g

F
ort
heabovev
alu
esofl
oadsf
ore
achl
andi
ngge
ar,
thede
tai
l
sar
etak
en
f
r
omthe“Re
f6”andar
enote
d.

i
) Nos
eWh
eel
:

Di
ame
ter=1.
12m;
radi
us=0.
56m
Wi
dt
h=0.
45m
Wh
eel
ri
mdi
ame
ter=0.
4826m
Wh
eel
ri
mwi
dt
h=0.
4572(
1in
chwi
der
)
R
adi
usat
max
imu
mde
fl
ect
i
on=32.
66m(
70de
gre
e)

i
i
) Mai
nWh
eel
:

Di
ame
ter=1.
27m;
radi
us=0.
635m
Wi
dt
h=0.
51m
 Wh
eel
ri
mdi
ame
ter=0.
5588m
Wh
eel
ri
mwi
dt
h=0.
4845812m(1i
nchwi
der
)
R
adi
usat
max
imu
mde
fl
ect
i
on=53.
76m(
70de
gre
e)

R
UNWAYL
OADI
NG:

F
ig:
2Ty
redi
men
si
ondi
agr
am

a2=R
2 2
–r

a=22.
457i
n

R
unwayl
oadi
ng=129.
55492/(
0.263756944*32)
2
=15.
3497t
ons
/ft
8.
PRE
PAR
ATI
ONOFL
AYOUTSOFBAL
ANCEDI
AGR
AM ANDT
HRE
E
VI
EW DR
AWINGS

DAT
E:
AI
M:
Todrawth
ebalancedi
agr
amandt
ocalc
ulat
eth
ec.
gpos
it
i
onsof
the
Ai
r
craf
tf
ordi
ff
er
entf
l
igh
tcondi
t
ion
sof
Air
cr
af
t.

T
HEOR
Y:

Anaircraf
tisar i
gid(assume d)s yst
emc ompr i
si
ngof man ymore
compon ent
swi t
hall t
h e
sec ompon entstobei ntheairmediu m. Tohave
astableair
craf
t sys
teman de asi
lycon tr
oll
able,it
sce nt
erof gravit
yShoul
dbe
posit
ionedi
nanappr opri
ateman ner.Sothewe i
ghtsint
heai rcrafts
houl
dbe
di
str
ibut
eds uchthatithasade f
inedc .
gpos i
ti
on ,
whichiscri
t
ical
. Als
ot hewe ightdist
ributi
onshou l
dbes u
cht hat oncert
ai
n
si
tu
ationswhe r
es omec ompon entsmaybec onsume dore venr emoved,i
ts
c.
g. movemen tshouldbei nac on t
rollabl
eman nersothatisnot compromi
sed.
On eimport
an tcondit
ionisthat whenf ull
yloade d,t
hec .
g. i
sat 30%of mean
aerodynamicc hordan dindi f
ferentsit
uati
onssuc haslanding, wit
horwith
out
payload,th
ec .g.mov eme ntshouldber es
tri
ct
e dwithi
n25%of me an
aerodynamicc hordan d35%of me anae rodynamicc hord.

BAL
ANCE
DDI
AGR
AM:

Thes
tandar
dspe
cif
i
cat
ion
simpl
emen
tedbyt
heFAAf
ort
heen
ti
re
f
us
elagel
ayoutwasr
ef
err
edandabi
dedandth
enth
ebal
anc
eddi
agrami
s
dr
awnbasedonit
.

CGCAL
CUL
ATI
ON:

T
heCGc
alc
ulat
i
onf
ort
hef
us
elagean
dth
ewi
ngar
epe
rf
or
med
separ
atel
y.F
romthebalanceddiagr
am, t
heCGpos i
t
ionforeachandever
y
componenti
sdet
ermi
nedan dfin
all
ytheenti
r
eCGof thefusel
agehasbeen
l
oc at
ed.Nowthewings e
cti
onhasbe ent
akenan dvari
ouscomponent
sare
pl
ac e
dont h
ewing.TheCGpos i
ti
onsofvar
iouscompone n
tspl
acedonthe
wingarecal
cul
at
edindivi
dual
lyandtheCGf ort
heenti
r
ewi ngsect
i
onis
l
oc at
ed.

P
roc
edu
re:

T
hee
xampl
edr
awi
ngsar
egi
veni
nFi
g:2,
3,4an
d5.

F
RONTVI
EW
T
OPVI
EW

SI
DEVI
EW
 i
) WE
IGHTBR
EAKAGEI
NFUSE
LAGE
:

T
abl
e:8f
use
lagec
ompon
ent
swe
igh
tbr
eak
age

T
YPE X
(m) W(
kg) W*X
(m*k
g)

pi
l
ot 4.
2 6000 25200

Nos
ewh
eel 8.
4 13229.
448 111127.
3632

Mai
nwh
eel 29.
4 0336 3500511.
119065. 988

F
use
lages
tr
uct
ur
e 17.
64 99083 673653.
38188. 7982

Hor
i
zon
tal
tai
l 75.
6 13229.
448 1000146.
269

Ve
rt
ic
alt
ai
l 79.
8 66147.
24 5278549.
752

X
fs=(
u ΣWx
/ΣW)

X
fs=4
u 1.
38662757m
i
i
) CGP
OSI
TI
ONS:

T
abl
e:9Wi
ngc
ompon
ent
sc.
gloc
ati
on

Compon
ent
s X(
m) Y(
m)
F
uel 21 4.
82

E
ngi
ne 18.
5 4.
90

Wi
ngs
tr
uct
ur
e 18 5

i
i
i) We
igh
tbr
eak
agei
nwi
ng:

T
abl
e:10Wi
ngc
ompon
ent
swe
igh
tbr
eak
age

COMP
ONE
NTS X
(m) W(
kg) W*X
(m*k
g)
P
OWE
RPL
ANT 18.
5 49950 924075

F
UEL 21 42525.
97 893045.
37

WI
NGST
RUCT
URE 18 38188.
99083 687401.
8349

X
win
g=(
ΣWx
/ΣW)

X
win
g=19.
167512m
 i
v) CGSHI
FT:

As
sumeX
fi
nalas0.
30Ĉ=0.
30*12.
604

X
fi
nal=3.
7812m

(
Aft
erpr
oj
ect
i
ngont
her
oot
chor
d)
F
ig:
9c.
gcal
cul
at
ion

(
Wfu
s*X
fus
)+Wwi
ng(
X+X
win
g)=(
Wfu
s+Wwi
ng)*(
X+X
fi
nal
)

X=12.
60619573m

a) 0.
1W ANDF
ULLP
ASSE
NGE
R:

T
abl
e:11c
.gs
hi
ft
bec
aus
eof
fue
lwe
igh
tde
cre
ase

COMP
ONE
NTS X
(m) W(
kg) W*X
(m*k
g)

P
OWE
RPL
ANT 18.
5 49950 924075

F
UEL 21 4252.
597 89304.
537

WI
NGST
RUCT
URE 18 38188.
99083 687401.
8349

X
win
g=(
ΣWx
/ΣW)

X
win
g=18.
40840072m

(
Wfu
s*X
fus
)+Wwi
ng(
X+X
win
g)=(
Wfu
s+Wwi
ng)*(
X+X
fi
nal
)
 X
fi
n =6.
al 803288724m
b) F
ULLF
UELANDL
IMI
TEDP
ASSE
NGE
RSORP
AYL
OAD:

T
abl
e:12F
use
lagec
.gs
hi
ft
duet
ore
duc
ti
oni
nPay
load

T
YPE X
(m) W(
kg) W*X
(m*k
g)

pi
l
ot 4.
2 6000 25200

Nos
ewh
eel 8.
4 13229.
448 111127.
3632

Mai
nwh
eel 29.
4 0336 3500511.
119065. 988

F
usel
age 17.
64 99083 673653.
38188. 7982
st
r
uct
ure

Hor
i
zon
tal
tai
l 75.
6 13229.
448 1000146.
269

Ve
rt
ic
alt
ai
l 79.
8 66147.
24 5278549.
752

F
uel 21 42525.
97 893045.
37

P
ayl
oad 17.
64 125000 2205000

ΣWf
us=(
ΣWx
/ΣW)

ΣWf
us=32.
32801822m

(
Wfu
s*X
fus
)+Wwi
ng(
X+X
win
g)=(
Wfu
s+Wwi
ng)*(
X+X
fi
nal
)

X
fi
nal=19.
44466725m
 c
) 0.
1W ANDL
IMI
TEDP
ASSE
NGE
RSORP
AYL
OAD:

T
abl
e:13Fu
sel
agec
.gshi
f
tdu
etor
edu
cti
oninPay
loadan
df u
el
TYPE X
(m) W( kg) W*X(m*kg)
pi
l
ot 4.
2 6000 25200
Nos
ewh
eel 8.
4 13229.
448 111127.
3632
Mai
nwh
eel 29.
4 119065.
0336 3500511.
988
F
use
lages
tr
uct
ur
e 17.
64 38188.
99083 673653.
7982

Hor
i
zon
tal
tai
l 75.
6 13229.
448 1000146.
269
Ve
rt
ic
alt
ai
l 79.
8 66147.
24 5278549.
752
F
uel 21 4252.
597 89304.
537
P
ayl
oad 17.
64 125000 2205000

ΣWf
us=(
ΣWx
/ΣW)

ΣWf
us=33.
45382218m

(
Wfu
s*X
fus
)+Wwi
ng(
X+X
win
g)=(
Wfu
s+Wwi
ng)*(
X+X
fi
nal
)

X
Fi
n =20.
al 00756923m
R
esu
lt
:

T
abl
e:14v
ari
ousc
.gl
ocat
i
ons

S.
NO CONF
IGUR
ATI
ON CGP
OSI
TI
ON
1 F
ull
yloade
d 3.
7812
2 0.
1wan
dful
lpas
sen
ger 6.
803288724m
orpay
load
3 Ful
lf
uelan
dli
mit
ed 19.
44466725m
pass
enger
sorpayl
oad

4 0.
1wandli
mit
ed 20.
00756923m
pas
sen
ger
sorpayl
oad
 9.
DRAGE
STI
MAT
ION

DAT
E:

AI
M:
Tocal
cul
atet
hedr
agprodu
cedi
nvar
i
ouss
tage
sof
fl
igh
tan
dtogi
ve
t
heDr
agpol
arfort
heai
r
craf
t
.

T
HEOR
Y:

Inthedesi
gnof anair
craf
t,i
t i
sac r
uci
als
tept
ode t
ermi
nethe
dr
agof t
heai r
craf
tsi
ncei tdir
ect
l
yaf f
ectst
hepowe rr
equi
re
dan dthe
per
for
man c
ei ssens
it
ivetoth edr
agof t
heairc
raf
t.
Dragduetoallc
ompon ent
s
i
stobec onsi
dered.Allpartsoft
heaircr
aftcont
ri
but
etowar
dsdrag,whi
ch
sh
ou l
dbec aref
ull
yreduc e
dbypr ope rsel
ecti
onanddesi
gn.Fr
ome xpe
ri
e n
c e
andexperi
me nt
alworks omeappr oxi
mat i
onhasbeendonefort
hecalcu
lat
ion
off
usel
agedr agandot herparts
.

T
hev
ari
ousc
ompon
ent
sof
dragar
e

1.Par
asi
t
edrag
2.I
nduce
ddrag
3.I
nt
erf
er
encedr
ag
4.
Dragdu
etocompres
si
bi
li
t
ycor
rec
ti
on

CDt
=CD₀wi
ng+CD₀ot
her
s+kCL2
 T
hec
oef
f
ici
ent
ofdr
agf
ore
achc
ompon
ent
of

F
use
lagedi
ame
ter:
6.4m

E
ngi
nedi
ame
ter:
3.3m

Nos
ewh
eel
diame
ter:
1.12m

Mai
nwh
eel
diame
ter:
1.27m

Nos
ewh
eel
widt
h:0.
45m

Mai
nwh
eel
widt
h:0.
51m

F
LAPAR
EA:

Ar
eaof
ail
er
on=6%of
win
gar
ea

Ar
eaof
ail
er 5013m2
on=63.

w=0.
3Ĉ

w=3.
7812m

Ai
l
eron=w*Lai
l
eron

Lai
l
eron=16.
795m

b/2=Lai
l
eron+Lf
l
ap+Df
us
elage
/2

Lf
l
ap=27.
425m
 Af
ap=w*L
l f
l
ap

Af
ap=1
l 67m2
03.

i
) T
AKE
-OF
FCONDI
TI
ON:

T
abl
e:15Cal
cul
at
ionof
CD₀ot
her
sforT
ake
-of
fcon
dit
i
on

COMP
ONE
NT Sπ CDπ CDπSπ

F
USE
LAGE 32.
167 0.
0300 0.
96501

HOR
IZONT
ALT
AIL 157.
89 0.
0052 0.
821028

VE
RTI
CALT
AIL 58.
9698 0.
0052 0.
30664296

NOSEWHE
EL 2.
016 0.
1200 0.
24192

MAI
NWHE
EL 18.
1356 0.
1200 2.
176272

P
OWE
RPL
ANT 34.
2119 0.
0300 1.
026357

F
LAP
S-HAL
F 103.
67 0.
0090 0.
93303

CD₀Ot
hes=(
r ΣCDπSπ)
/Swi
ng

=0.
00611
 Du
etoI
nt
er
fe
ren
ceDr
ag,
thi
sval
uei
smu
lt
i
pli
edby“
1.05”
.

CD₀ot
her
s=0.
00611*1.
05

=0.
0064155

L
ete=0.
88(
f
ort
ape
rwi
ng)

Wh
ere
,k=1/pi
e*e
*AR

K=0.
04257

CR
USI
E:

Th
esameproc
edu
rei
spr
act
i
cedforcr
ui
seasth
atof
Take-
of
f,
the
rei
ssome
di
f
fer
encei
ndr
agbec
aus
eofre
tr
acti
onofl
andi
nggear
sandzerof
l
ap
def
l
ect
ion.

T
abl
e:17Cal
cul
at
ionof
CD₀ot
her
sforCr
ui
sec
ondi
t
ion

COMP
ONE
NT Sπ CDπ CDπSπ

F
USE
LAGE 32.
167 0.
0063 0.
202

HOR
IZONT
ALT
AIL 157.
89 0.
0038 0.
599

VE
RTI
CALT
AIL 58.
9698 0.
0065 0.
383

P
OWE
RPL
ANT 34.
2119 0.
0046 0.
157

WI
NG 1058.
355 0.
00557 5.
895
 CD₀Ot
hes=(
r ΣCDπSπ)
/Swi
ng

=0.
00683

Du
etoI
nt
er
fe
ren
ceDr
ag,
thi
sval
uei
smu
lt
i
pli
edby“
1.05”
.

CD₀ot
her
s=0.
00683*1.
05

=0.
0071715

L
ANDI
NG:

L
andi
ngcon
dit
ionwi
l
lhavemax
imumdragduedef
le
cti
onoff
ul
lf
lap,
Th
efi
nal
dragpol
arisdr
awaft
erc
alcu
lat
i
ngth
elandi
ngdr
ag.

T
abl
e:19Cal
cul
at
ionof
CD₀ot
her
sforL
andi
ngc
ondi
t
ion

COMP
ONE
NT Sπ CDπ CDπSπ
F
USE
LAGE 32.
167 0.
0300 0.
96501
HOR
IZONTAL 157.
89 0.
0052 0.
821028
TAI
L
VE
RTI
CALT
AIL 58.
9698 0.
0052 0.
30664296
NOSEWHE
EL 2.
016 0.
1200 0.
24192
MAI
NWHE
EL 18.
1356 0.
1200 2.
176272
P
OWE
RPL
ANT 34.
2119 0.
0300 1.
026357
F
LAP
S-HAL
F 103.
67 0.
0090 0.
93303
WI
NG 1058.
355 0.
00557 5.
895

CD₀Ot
hes=(
r ΣCDπSπ)
/Swi
ng
 =0.
01168

Du
etoI
nt
er
fe
ren
ceDr
ag,
thi
sval
uei
smu
lt
i
pli
edby“
1.05”
.

CD₀ot
her
s=0.
01168*1.
05

=0.
012264

DR
AGP
OLAR
:

Aft
erf
i
ndin
gt h
edr
agprodu
cedbyt
hevar
i
ous
c
omponent
s,
thenexts
tepi
stodrawa“DR
AGP OLAR”c
urv
e.I
ti
sapl
otof
Cl
v
sCdfordi
ff
er
e n
tcondi
ti
ons
.

T
AKEOF
F:(
K=0.
04257)

CL KCL2 CDO CDT

0.
1 0.
0004257 0.
00611 0.
106537

0.
25 0.
00266 0.
00611 0.
25877

0.
5 0.
0106 0.
00611 0.
51671

0.
75 0.
0239 0.
00611 0.
78001

1 0.
04257 0.
00611 0.
00611
 1.
25 0.
0665 0.
00611 0.
0665

1.
5 0.
0958 0.
00611 0.
0958

CR
UISE
:(K=0.
04257)

CL KCL2 CDO CDT

0.
1 0.
0004257 0.
0071715 0.
1075972
0.
25 0.
00266 0.
0071715 0.
2598
0.
5 0.
0106 0.
0071715 0.
5177
0.
75 0.
0239 0.
0071715 0.
7810
1 0.
04257 0.
0071715 1.
0497
1.
25 0.
0665 0.
0071715 1.
3236
1.
5 0.
0958 0.
0071715 1.
6029

L
ANDI
NG:
(K=0.
04257)

CL KCL2 CDO CDT

0.
1 0.
0004257 0.
01168 0.
01121
0.
25 0.
00266 0.
01168 0.
2643

0.
5 0.
0106 0.
01168 0.
5222
0.
75 0.
0239 0.
01168 0.
7855
1 0.
04257 0.
01168 1.
0542
1.
25 0.
0665 0.
011680 1.
3281
1.
5 0.
0958 0.
01168 1.
6074
R
esu
lt
:

Thedr
agpol
ari
sdr
awf
ort
heobt
ai
neddr
agv
alu
esf
orv
ari
ous
c
ondi
t
ion
.

10.
V-nDI
AGR
AM

DAT
E:

AI
M:

T
opl
otagr
aphbe
twe
enl
oadf
act
oran
dve
loc
it
y.

V-
NDI
AGR
AM:

Thev-
nDiagr
aml imi
tsthevari
ousex
tern
all
oadst
hatany
air
planecanwit
hs
tandatanypart
i
cularveloci
ty.
i.
ethegraphpl
ott
ed
betweenthel
oadfact
orver
susvel
oci
tyiskn ownasv-ndi
agram.Gener
al
ly
t
h eair
plan
eexperi
ence
smu chhi
gherloadst h
anthedesi
gnvalu
es.Hen
cea
safet
yfact
ori
susedi
nthest
ruct
ur
alde s
ign.

Cr
ui
si
ngVe
loc
it
y,Vc
r=222.
22m/s

St
al
li
ngVe
loc
it
y,VS=68.
35m/s

Di
veVe
loc
it
y,VD=322.
22m/s
 +
Vs=(
2*125*9.
81/0.
4135*0. ^1/2
4972)
+
Vs=109.
21m/s
-
Vs=(
2*125*9.
81/0.
4135*0.
75*0. ^1/2
4972)
-
Vs=126.
11m/s
CR
ITI
CALL
OADI
NGP
ERF
OR MANCEANDF
INALV-
NGR
APH
CALCUL
ATI
ON:

Loadfac t
orist
her ati
oofth
elif
tonanairc
raftt
othewei
ghtoft
heair
c r
af
t. T
he
l
oadf ac t
orise
xpre s
sedinmul
ti
plesofgwh ereonegrepr
esen
tscondi
ti
on si
n
st
rai
gh tandlevelf
li
ght.I
nst
rai
ghtandlev
elfl
ightt
hel
if
ti
sequalt
othewe ight
sother at
ioofl
if
ttowe i
ghti
sone ,
andtheloadfact
ori
soneg. L
oadfactors
greaterthanone,andlesst
hanon e,
areachievedbymaneuv
eri
ngof t
he
air
craf
t bythepi
lot,andbyatmospher
icgust
s.

E
xces
si
veloadf
act
ormust
beavoidedbec
auseoft
hepos
si
bi
li
t
yof ex
ceedi
ng
t
hest
ru
ctur
als
tr
engt
hoft
heair
craf
t.
Themax
imumloadf
act
or
sfordi
ff
er
ent
cl
ass
esofair
pl
anear
etypi
cal
ly
:

I
nai
r
li
neai
r
plan
es,
fr
om-
1gt
o+2.
5g
I
nli
ght
air
pl
ane
s,f
r
om-
1.
5gt
o+3.
8g
I
nae
robat
i
cai
r
plan
es,
fr
om-
3gt
o+6g

Wh enthel
oadf actori
s+1g,all
occupan t
soft
heair
c r
aft
feelt
hatt
hei
rwe i
ght
isn
ormal.Wh entheloadfact
ori
sgreatert
han+1gal locc
upantsf
eelheavi
er
thanusual
.Fore xampl
e,i
na+2gman e
uveral
loccupant
sfeelt
hatt
heir
weighti
stwicen or
mal.Whentheloadfact
orisz
e r
o,orverysmal
l,
all
occu
pan t
sf
e e
l weightl
ess
.Whentheloadfact
orisnegati
ve,
alloccu
pantsf
eel
t
heyareupsi
dedown .
 T
YPE L
OADF
ACT
OR MAX MI
N
N
Se
mi-
aer
obat
i
c n +4 -
2
n
ormal n +2.
5 -
1
ac
robat
i
c n +6 -
3
Humanbei
ngshav
eli
mit
edabi
li
tyt
owi
ths
tandaloadfac
tors
ign
if
ic
ant
ly
gr
eat
ert
han1g,bot
hposi
t
iv
eandn e
gat
i
ve.Forou
rairc
raf
twetakenor
mal
l
oadf
actorr
angi
ngf
r
om+2. 5t
o- 1.
GUSTANDMANE
UVE
RABI
LI
TYE
NVE
LOP
ES:

Forl
evelf
l
ightat uni
tloadfact
ort
hevalu
eof Vcorre
spondingtoCLmax
woul
dbes tal
li
ngs pe edofair
pl
ane.
Whentheairplaneisinl
e v
elf
li
ghtt
hel
oadfactori
su n
it
ybe f
orest
ri
ki
ngth
e
gus
t.T
hec hangeinl oadfact
ordel
tanmustbec ons
ider
edwi t
hth
eu ni
tl
oad
fac
tort
oobt ainthetotal
gustl
oadfact
or.
Aviat
i
ons peci
fi
cat
ionre
comme nd
gustef
fe
cti
ven
essKbetween0.6-1.2
Δn=K*( 0.
5/2)∗57.3* /( / )

Wh
ere
,

K=Gu
ste
ff
ect
i
ven
ess=1.
0

aw =Sl
opeof
thewi
ngc
urv
e=56.
62

W =132294.
4818Kg

S=1058.
355m2

ρcr=0.
4135Kg/m3

CAL
CUL
ATI
ON:

T
hegu
stV-
ndi
agr
ami
sgi
venbyt
hef
ol
lowi
ngf
or
mul
a,

n
lm =1±K
i *(
0.5/2)∗57.
3* /( / )

wh
ere
,Ue=e
qui
val
ent
gus
tve
loc
it
y(m/s
)

Ve=e
qui
val
ent
airs
pee
d(m/s
)

Gu
stal
l
evi
at
ionf
act
or
,KG =0.
88ʯg/(
5.3+ʯg)f
orc
argoai
r
craf
t
s
 Mas
srat
i
o,ʯg=2*(
w/s
)/de
nsi
t
y*g*Cl
*c

µ
g=7.
57

L
if
tcu
rves
lope
,=3.
96

Me
anCh
ord,
C=11.
39m

T
hus
,Kg=0.
518

At
highan
gleof
att
ack
,poi
ntB,
ub=10.
39ms-
1

At
lev
elf
l
igh
t,poi
ntC,
uc=7.
89ms-
1

At
div
econ
dit
i
on,
poi
ntD,
ud=3.
94ms-
1An
d,

VB=VS√n
c

VB=227.
34ms
-1

T
hei
ncr
eme
ntal
Gus
tLoadF
act
ori
sgi
venas
,

Δn=K*(
0.5/2)∗57.
3* /( / )

Udef
orVBgu
stl
in
es=75.
34
Udef
orVCgus
tl
ine
s=58.
34
Udef
orVDgu
stl
in
es=29.
17

P oi
nt B=2.7+2.
7
B=5.
4
PointC=2.5+8.01
C =10.51
P
oi n
tD΄=2. 6+6.
02
D=8.62
 P
oint
E=-1.52-6.02
E
=-7.
54
P
oint
F=-1.52-
8. 01
F
=-9.
53
Poi
ntG=-1.52-2.7
G=--
4.22

Win
gloadi
ngal
soaff
ect
sgus
tres
ponse
, t
hedegreet
owh i
cht
heairc
raf
ti
s
af
f
ect
edbytu
rbu
len
cean dv
ari
ati
onsi
nairden
si
ty.Asmal
lwi
ngh asl
essar
ea
onwhi
chagu s
tcanact
,bot
hofwh i
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3 WI
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4 WI
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5 ASP
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12 CR
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13 R
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2
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ST
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16 AREAOF 157.
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17 L
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18 L
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19 NOSEWHE
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20 MAI
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21 GL
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22 MAX.
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23 FUSE
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24 MAX
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25 RUNWAY 3400 m
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27 MAX
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28 CR
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