Métodos de diseño de vehículos marinos

Questions. Ship Design and Performance for Master and Mates

Chapter 1. Preliminary estimates for new ships: Main Dimensions

1. For a ‘STAT 55’ proposal it is known that: L/B is 6.23, B/H is 2.625, C B is 0.805, CD is 0.812, dwt is
55 000 tonnes. Calculate the LBP, Breadth Mld, W and lwt for the proposed design.
Solution.
1/3 1 /3
dwt × ( L/B )2 × ( B/ H ) 55000 tonnes× ( 6.23 )2 × ( 2.625 )
L=
[ p × CB× CD ] [ =
1.025tonnes /m3 ×0.812 ×0.805 ] =202.98 m

L/B=6.23 B=L/6.23= 202.98m/6.23= 32.58 m

dwt dwt 55 000 tonnes

CD= ∴W= = =67733.99tonnes
W CD 0.812

lwt =W −dwt =67733.99tonnes−55000 tonnes=12733.99 tonnes

2. Define and list the components for:

(a) lightweight: Is the weight of the ship completely empty, with boilers topped up to working
level. It is made up of steel weight, wood and outfit weight and machinery weight.
(b) deadweight: Is the weight that a ship carries. It can be made up of oil fuel, fresh water,
stores, lubricating oil, water ballast, crew and effects, cargo and passengers.
(c) load displacement: Is the weight of the volume of water that a ship displaces.
(d) block coefficient CB: It is the form coefficient that describes the shape of the ship’s hull.
(e) deadweight coefficient CD: It links the deadweight with the displacement, will depend on the
ship type.

3. From a database, information for a new ship is as follows: C D is 0.701, B=(L/10)+6.72, dwt is
13750 tonnes, service speed is 14.5 kT, Draft Mld is to be a maximum of 8.25m. Estimate the
LBP, Breadth Mld, CB, and a fully loaded displacement.
Solution
From the values we can see the new ship will be a General Cargo vessel, so we are going to use
the graphical intersection procedure for this ship.
dwt 13750 tonnes
W= = =19614.83 tonnes
CD 0.701
L=5.32 ×dwt 0.351=5.32×(13750)0.351 =150.81m

19614.83
C B=W / ( L× B × H × p )= =1.20−0.39 ( V / L0.5 ) =1.20−0.39 ( 14.5 /L0.5 ) =1.2
L
[ (
L×
10 )
+ 6.72 ×8.25 ×1.025
]
B= ( 10L )+6.72=B=( 150.81
10 )
+6.72=21.8 m

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Métodos de diseño de vehículos marinos

4. A 110 000 tonnes dwt tanker is 258m LBP, 43m Breadth Mld and 14.20m Draft Mld. A new
similar design of 120 000 tonnes is being considered. Using the geosim method, estimate the
LBP, Breadth Mld and Draft Mld for the larger ship.
Solution
3 1/ 3 1 /3
( L2 / L1 ) =W 2 /W 1 ∴ L2 / L1=( W 2 /W 1 ) =( 120 000/110 000 ) =1.0294
LBP=old LBP ×k =258 m× 1.0294=265.58 m
Breadth Mld=old Breadth Mld ×k =43 m ×1.0294=44.26 m
Draft Mld=old Draft Mld × k=14.20 m× 1.0294=14.617 m

5. Three new standard General Cargo vessels are being considered. They are to have deadweights
of 4500, 8500 and 12500 tonnes respectively. Estimate (as a first approximation), the LBP for
each of these ships.
Solution
L=5.32 ×dwt 0.351 =5.32×(4500)0.351=101.9 m
L=5.32 ×dwt 0.351=5.32×(8500)0.351=127.39 m
L=5.32 ×dwt 0.351=5.32×(12500)0.351 =145.86 m

6. A container ship is to have a service speed of 21.5 kt and a LBP of 180m. Using two methods,
estimate her CB value at her Draft Mld.
Solution
C B=1.20−0.39 ( V / L0.5 ) =1.20−0.39 ( 21.5 /180 0.5 )=0.575
C B=1−0.265 ( V / L0.5 )=1−0.265 ( 21.5/1800.5 ) =0.575

Chapter 2. Preliminary estimates for group weights for new ship

Section 1
1. List the components that make up a ‘balance of weights’ table for a ship.
Answer Steel weight, wood and outfit weight, hull weight, machinery weight, lightweight,
deadweight and fully loaded weight.

2. Define the following steel weight terms:

a) Net scantling steel weight: This is the steel weight that is actually orders in bye the
shipyard.
b) Invoiced steel weight: This is the steel purchased by shipyard
c) Net steel weight: This is the weight that ends up in the new ship.
d) A nested place: Is the steel that ends up on the cutting floor that can be 8%-10% if the
delivered plate.

3. List the factors that affects the steel weight for a basic ship or a new design.
Answer Dimensions, proportions, block coefficient, deckhouses, length of superstructures,
mast-houses, number of decks, deck sheer, number of bulkheads an engine seatings.

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Métodos de diseño de vehículos marinos

4. A basic ship has an LBP of 121 m with a midship rate of 12 tonnes/m run and a finished steel
weight of 2750 tonnes. Estimate, as a first approximation, the steel weight for a new similar
design that has an LBP of 125m and a midship rate of 12.25 tonnes/m run
Solution
Wd L2 12.25 125
W d =W b × ( )( )
Wb
×
L1
=2750 ×
12
×
121
=2900 tonnes

5. The following information is known for a basic General Cargo ship and a similar new design:

Item Basic Ship New ship

LBP(m) 140 145
Br Mld(m) 19.5 20.5
Depth Mld(m) 12.6 12.3
CB at SLWL 0.726 0.735
Aft deck sheer (m) 1.52 1.43
For’d deck sheer(m) 3.20 2.94
Residual steel additions (tonnes) - +39
Total finished steel weight (tonnes) 4035 Xxxx

Estimate the steel weight for the new design after modifications have made to the basic ship’s
steel weight for Main Dimensions, CB, proportions, sheer and residual additions.
Solution
Basic ship
Rate along the length ¿ 85 % × 4035/140=24.498 tonnes/mrun
Rate across the breadth ¿ 55 % × 4035/19.5=113.81 tonnes /m run
Rate down the depth ¿ 30 % × 4035/12.6=96.07 tonnes/mrun

L B D
Basic ship 140 19.5 12.6
New design 145 20.5 12.3
Differences +5 +1 -0.3
Rates in tonnes/m run 24.498 113.81 96.07
Modifications +122.49 +113.81 -28.821
New design’s steel weight= basic steel weight+modifications=4035+207.48 = 4242.48 tonnes
0.735−0.726 +1
Cb correction=
0.010
× (2 )
% × 4242.48=+19.09 tonnes

122.49 113.81 28.821

Scantling correction= + − =+ 54.872tonnes
3 4 2
1.43+2.94 1.52+3.20
Deck sheer correction= ( 6
−
6 )
×96.07=−5.60 tonnes

The new design’s steel weight¿ basic steel weight +modifications

¿ 4035+ 207.48+ 19.09+54.872−5.60+39=4349.84 tonnes=4350 tonnes

6. Sketch a diagram of a modern prefabrication assembly line for the steel work for a new ship. List
five advantages of building ships when using prefabrication methods.

Donaxi Raquel Burke Duarte

Métodos de diseño de vehículos marinos

Answer

Section 2

1. List the items generally includes in the W&O weight for a new ship.
Answer Winches, windlass, lifeboats, fridge machinery, galley equipment, hold and tween deck
insulation, navigation instruments, etc.
2. List the reasons why the W&O weight is less today compared to say 15 years ago.
Answer The crew numbers is lower, the plastic have replaced the wood in some places
3. Why are plastics fitted on ships? Suggest for which ship structures, plastics may be used?
Answer The plastic in some structures can replaced the steel, wood or aluminum; they are also
weight saving, non-corrosive, non-magnetic, rot- resistant, abrasion resistant, easy
maintenance, ability to tailor, smooth frictional characteristics, and more. Plastic have been
used on ships for the following structures:
 Bulkhead facings
 Cabin furniture
 Deck awnings
 Lifeboats
 Sidelights and windows
 Cold water piping
 Deck floor coverings in accommodation and navigation spaces
 Electrical fittings
 Mooring lines
 Insulation in reefer ships
 Tank top ceilings
 Sounding and ullage pipes
 Superstructures on small luxury craft

4. Name four non-ferrous metals and suggest whereabouts on a ship they be fitted.
Answer The four non-ferrous metals are:
 Aluminium alloys: fitted in navigation spaces.
 Brass: Used in sidelights, handrails, sounding pipe caps, plus rudder and propeller
bearings.

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Métodos de diseño de vehículos marinos

 Copper: Used in steam pipes.

 Zinc: Used in sacrificial anodes around a ship’s rudder and sternframe.

5. (a) Using the table data, estimate the W&O weight for the new General Cargo ship by two
methods for correcting for Main Dimensions only.

Vessel LBP (m) Br. Mld (m) W&O weight

Basic ship 137.5 19.75 736 tonnes
New design 140.5 19.95 xxxx
Solution
Method 1: The coefficient procedure

W ∧0 weight for basic ship ×100 736 × 100

α B= = =27.10
LB× BB 137.5× 19.75

LD× BD 140.5× 19.95

W ∧0 weight for new ship=α B × tonnes=27.10 × tonnes=759.6tonnes
100 100
Method 2: Proportional procedure
W ∧0 weight W ∧0 weight LD × B D 736 736 140.5× 19
W ∧0 weight for new ship= ( 2 B
) (
+
2 ) (
B
×
LB × B B )
tonnes=
2
+
2
×
137.5× 19
(b) Give reasoning why one method should give a slightly more accurate prediction.
Answer

Section 3

1. List the components that make up the ‘all-up’ machinery weight.

Answer The main engine, the auxiliary machinery, propeller, propeller shaft and engine spares.
2. A new ship has a displacement of 19 500 tonnes, a service speed of 14.7 kt and a brake power of
4950 kW. Calculate her admiralty coefficient (A c).
Solution
W 2/3 ×V 3 195002 /3 × 14.73 kW
Ac= = =464.9 =465 kW /tonnes
P 4950 tonnes

3. A vessel has a power measured at the thrust block of 13 000 kW. Estimate the total machinery
weight if:
a) Diesel machinery was fitted.
M w =0.075 P+300=( 0.075∗13000 )+300=1275 tonnes
b) Steam Turbine machinery was installed.
M w =0.045 P+500=( 0.045∗13000 )+500=1085 tonnes

4. Data for selected basic ship with Diesel machinery is as follows:

PB=4600 kW, W=15272 tonnes, V=15.50 kt, machinery weight= 663 tonnes. A new similar design
has W= 14733 tonnes, V=15.25 kt. Estimate the machinery weight for the new design by two
methods.

Donaxi Raquel Burke Duarte

Métodos de diseño de vehículos marinos

Solution
Method 1. The rate procedure
Power 4600
Rate= = =6.94 kW /tonnes
Weight 663
Ac ( basic ) =Ac ( design)
152722 /3 ×15.503 147332 /3 × 15.253
=
4600 P(design)

2131426.316
P ( design )= =4277.31 kW
498.31

New power 4277.31 kW

total machinery weight= = =616.3 tonnes
Rate 6.94 kW /tonnes

Method 2. Use of the empirical formulae

M w =0.075 P+300=( 0.075∗4277.31 ) +300=620.8 tonnes

5. If the ‘all-up’ machinery weight for a ship is 560 tonnes, estimates approximately the weight of
the main engine unit if:
a) Diesel machinery is installed.
3 3
Diesel machinery =All−up weight × =560× =240tonnes
7 7
b) Steam Turbine machinery is fitted

1 1
SteamTurbine machinery =All−up weight × =560 × =80 tonnes
7 7

Donaxi Raquel Burke Duarte