Coordinates: 47°09′25″N 27°35′25″E

Iași
Iași (UK: /ˈjæʃi/ YASH-ee, US: /ˈjɑːʃ(i)/ YAHSH(-ee), Romanian: [ˈjaʃʲ]
( listen) ), also referred to as Jassy[8][9] (UK: /ˈjæsi/ YASS-ee, US: /ˈjɑːsi/ YAH- Iași
Jassy
see), is the second largest city in Romania,[10] and the seat of Iași County. Located
in the historical region of Moldavia, Iași has traditionally been one of the leading County Seat
centres of Romanian social, cultural, academic and artistic life. The city was the
capital of the Principality of Moldavia from 1564 to 1859, then of the United
Principalities from 1859 to 1862, and the capital of Romania from 1916 to 1918.

Known as The Cultural Capital of Romania, Iași is a symbol in Romanian history.

The historian Nicolae Iorga said "There should be no Romanian who does not
know of it".[11] Still referred to as The Moldavian Capital, Iași is the main
economic and business centre of the Moldavian region of Romania.[12] In
December 2018, Iași was officially declared Historical capital of Romania.[13]

At the 2011 census, the city proper had a population of 290,422 (making it the
fourth most populous in Romania at the time). With 500,668 residents (as of 2018),
the Iași urban area is the second most populous in Romania (after Bucharest),[6]
whereas more than 500,000 people live within its peri-urban area.[7][14]

Home to the oldest Romanian university and to the first engineering school, Iași is
one of the most important education and research centres of the country, and
accommodates over 60,000 students in 5 public universities.[15][16] The social and
cultural life revolves around the Vasile Alecsandri National Theater (the oldest in
From top left: Palace of Culture, Vasile
Romania), the Moldova State Philharmonic, the Opera House, the Iași Athenaeum,
Alecsandri Statue in front of the
a famous Botanical Garden (the oldest and largest in Romania), the Central National Theatre, Alexandru Ioan Cuza
University Library (the oldest in Romania), the high quality cultural centres and University, Golia Tower, Metropolitan
festivals, an array of museums, memorial houses, religious and historical Cathedral, and the Botanical Garden
monuments. The city is also known as the site of the largest Romanian pilgrimage
which takes place each year, in October.[17]

Contents
Etymology and names
History
Ancient times
Coat of arms
Early development
Capital of Moldavia Nickname(s): The Cultural Capital of
Romania, The City of Great Loves, The
Mid–19th century to 20th century City of the Famous Destinies, The City
Jewish community of Great Ideas, The City of the Three
World War II Unions, The City on Seven
Hills[1][2][3][4]
Post-World War II era
Geography
Topography
Climate
Cityscape
Architecture
Religious buildings
Pilgrimage
Gardens, parks and natural landmarks
Location of Iași and its metropolitan
Demographics area in Iași County
Economy
Largest employers
Iași
Politics and administration
Culture
Theatres and orchestras
Museums
Foreign culture centres
Cultural events and festivals
Education Location in Romania
Coordinates: 47°09′25″N 27°35′25″E
Media
Country Romania
Sports
County Iași
Current teams
Status Municipiu
Former teams
Settled Before 14th
Transport century
Public transport First official record 1408
Air Government
Rail • Mayor Mihai Chirica[5]
Road (National
Liberal Party)
Health care
Air pollution concerns Area
• County Seat 93.9 km2
Monuments and history (36.3 sq mi)
Twin towns/sister cities • Metro 808 km2
(312 sq mi)
Consulates in Iași
Elevation 60 m (200 ft)
People
Population (2011 census)[7]
References and sources • County Seat 290,422
Bibliography • Estimate (2018)[6] 378,954
External links • Density 3,092/km2
(8,010/sq mi)
• Metro 500,668[6]
Etymology and names Time zone UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST) UTC+3 (EEST)
Historical names in various languages Postal Code 700xxx
Bulgarian: Яш (Yash) Area code(s) +40 x32
English, Polish: Jassy Car Plates IS
French: Iassy Climate Dfb
German: Jassy, Jassenmarkt, Jasmarkt Website www.primaria-
Greek: Ιάσιο (Iásio) iasi.ro (http://w
ww.primaria-ias
Hebrew: ‫( יאסי‬Iasi) or ‫( יאשי‬iaši).
i.ro)
Hungarian: Jászvásár
Italian: Iassi
Persian: Yās
Russian: Яссы (Yassy)
Serbian: Јаши or Jaši
Turkish: Yaş
Ukrainian: Ясси, Яси - also, Я́сси, Я́си (Yassy, Yasy)
Yiddish: ‫( יאס‬Yas)

Arabic: / / ("Yassy/Iashy/Yashy")
Scholars have different theories on the origin of the name "Iași".[18] Some argue that the
name originates with the Sarmatian tribe Iazyges (of Iranian origin), one mentioned by
Ovid as Latin: "Ipse vides onerata ferox ut ducata Iasyx/ Per media Histri plaustra
bubulcus aquas" and "Iazyges et Colchi Metereaque turba Getaque/ Danubii mediis vix
prohibentur aquis".[19]

A now lost inscription on a Roman milestone[20] found near Osijek, Croatia by Matija
Petar Katančić in the 18th century, mentions the existence of a Jassiorum
municipium,[21] or Municipium Dacorum-Iassiorum from other sources.[22] An 1871 Romanian telegraph stamp,
using the historic name of Jassy
Other explanations show that the name originated from the Iranian Alanic tribe of Jassi,
having same origin with Yazyges tribes Jassic people. In medieval times the Prut river
was known as Alanus fluvius and the city as Forum Philistinorum.[23][24][25] From this population derived the plural of town
name, "Iașii".

Another historian wrote that the Iasians lived among the Cumans and that they left the Caucasus after the first Mongolian
campaign in the West, settling temporarily near the Prut. He asserts that the ethnic name of Jasz which is given to Iasians by
Hungarians has been erroneously identified with the Jazyges; also he shows that the word jasz is a Slavic loan word.[26] The
Hungarian name of the city (Jászvásár) literally means "Jassic Market"; the antiquated Romanian name, Târgul Ieșilor (and the
once-favoured Iașii), and the German Jassenmarkt, may indicate the same meaning.

History

Ancient times

Archaeological investigations attest to the presence of human communities on the

present territory of the city and around it as far back as the prehistoric age.[22] Later
settlements included those of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, a late Neolithic
archaeological culture.

There is archaeological evidence of human settlements in the area of Iași dating from the
6th to 7th centuries (Curtea Domnească) and 7th to 10th centuries; these settlements
contained rectangular houses with semicircular ovens.[27] Also, many of the vessels
(9th–11th centuries) found in Iași had a cross, potentially indicating that the inhabitants
were Christians.[28]

Early development
Coat of arms of the Principality of
The name of the city is first found in a document from 1408. This is a grant of certain Moldavia at Cetățuia Monastery
commercial privileges by the Moldavian Prince Alexander to the Polish merchants of
Lvov. However, as buildings older than 1408 still exist, e.g. the Armenian Church
believed to be originally built in 1395, it is certain that the city existed before its first surviving written mention.

Capital of Moldavia

Around 1564, Prince Alexandru Lăpușneanu moved the Moldavian capital from Suceava to Iași. Between 1561 and 1563, a
school and a Lutheran church were founded by the Greek adventurer Prince, Ioan Iacob Heraclid.

In 1640, Vasile Lupu established the first school in which the Romanian language replaced Greek, and set up a printing press in
the Byzantine Trei Ierarhi Monastery (Monastery of the Three Hierarchs; built 1635–39). Between 15 September - 27 October
1642, the city hosted the Synod of Jassy (also referred to as the Council of Jassy). In 1643, the first volume ever printed in
Moldavia was published in Iași.

The city was burned down by the Tatars in 1513, by the Ottomans in 1538, and by Imperial Russian troops in 1686. In 1734, it
was hit by the plague.
 It was through the Peace of Iași that the sixth
Russo-Turkish War was brought to a close in
1792. A Greek revolutionary manoeuvre and
occupation under Alexander Ypsilanti
(Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης) and the Filiki Eteria
(Φιλική Εταιρία) (1821, at the beginning of the
Greek War of Independence) led to the Iași in the 1700s
storming of the city by the Turks in 1822. In
1844 a severe fire affected much of the city.
Trei Ierarhi Monastery (1639)
Mid–19th century to 20th
century
Princely Court of Moldavia
Between 1564 and 1859, the city was the
capital of Moldavia; then, between 1859 and
1862, both Iași and Bucharest were de facto
capitals of the United Principalities of Moldavia
and Wallachia. In 1862, when the union of the
two principalities was recognised under the
name of Romania, the national capital was
established in Bucharest. For the loss caused to
Al. Lăpușneanu Street the city in 1861 by the removal of the seat of
government to Bucharest the constituent
assembly voted 148,150 lei to be paid in ten Union Square
annual instalments, but no payment was ever made.

During World War I, Iași was the capital of a much reduced Romania for two years, following the Central Powers' occupation of
Bucharest on 6 December 1916. The capital was returned to Bucharest after the defeat of Imperial Germany and its allies in
November 1918. In November–December 1918 Iași hosted the Jassy Conference.

Jewish community

Iași also figures prominently in Jewish history, with the first documented presence of Sephardi Jews from the late 16th century.
The oldest tomb inscription in the local cemetery probably dates to 1610.[29] By the mid-19th century, owing to widespread
Russian Jewish and Galician Jewish immigration into Moldavia, the city was at least one-third Jewish.

In 1855, Iași was the home of the first-ever Yiddish-language newspaper, Korot Haitim,
and, in 1876, the site of what was arguably the first-ever professional Yiddish theatre
performance, established by Avraham Goldfaden. The words of HaTikvah, the national
anthem of Israel, were written in Iași by Naftali Herz Imber. Jewish musicians in Iași
played an important role as preservers of Yiddish folklore, as performers and
composers.

According to the 1930 census, with a population of 34,662 (some 34% of the city's
population), Jews were the second largest ethnic group in Iași. There were over 127
synagogues. After World War II, in 1947, there were about 38,000 Jews living in Iași.
Great Synagogue (1671)
Because of massive emigration to Israel, in 1975 there were about 3,000 Jews living in
Iași and four synagogues were active.[29]

Currently, Iași has a dwindling Jewish population of ca. 300 to 600 members and two working synagogues, one of which, the
1671 Great Synagogue, is the oldest surviving synagogue in Romania.[30]

World War II

During the war, while the full scale of the Holocaust remained generally unknown to the Allied Powers, the Iași pogrom stood
as one of the known examples of Axis brutality toward the Jews. The pogrom lasted from 29 June to 6 July 1941, and over
13,266 people,[31] or one third of the Jewish population, were massacred in the pogrom itself or in its aftermath, and many were
deported.
In May 1944, the Iași area became the scene of ferocious fighting between Romanian-German forces and the advancing Soviet
Red Army and the city was partially destroyed. The German Panzergrenadier Division Großdeutschland won a defensive
victory at the Battle of Târgu Frumos, near Iași, which was the object of several NATO studies during the Cold War. By 20
August, Iași had been taken by Soviet forces.[32]

Post-World War II era

Iași experienced a major wave of industrialisation, in 1955–1989.[33] During this period of time, it received numerous migrants
from rural regions, and the urban area expanded.[34] In the communist era, Iași saw a growth of 235% in population and 69% in
area. The local systematization plans of the old city started in 1960 and continued in the 1970s and 1980s as part of the larger
national systematization program; however, the urban planning was sometimes arbitrary and followed by dysfunctions.[35] By
1989, Iași had become highly industrialised, with 108,000 employees (representing 47% of the total workforce) active in 46
large state-owned enterprises, in various industries: machine building and heavy equipment, chemical, textile, pharmaceutical,
metallurgical, electronics, food, energy, building materials, furniture.[36][37]

After the end of communist rule and the transition to a free market economy, the private sector has grown steadily, while much
of the old industry gradually decayed.

Geography

Topography

Located in the North-East of Romania, at the contact between the Jijia Plain and the
Bârlad Plateau, Iași used to be the crossroads place of the historic trade routes that
passed through Moldavia coming from the Kingdom of Poland, Habsburg Monarchy,
Tsardom of Russia, and Constantinople.

The city lies on the Bahlui River valley, a tributary of the Jijia River (tributary of the
Prut River). The surrounding country is one of uplands and woods, featuring
monasteries and parks. Iași itself stands amid vineyards and gardens, partly on hills,
partly in the in-between valley.
Panoramic view of the Copou Hill
The central part of the city is located on the 25 m (82 ft) fluvial terrace of the Bahlui
River (the so-called Palat Terrace).[38] From this nucleus, the city evolved after the
medieval times toward south and north on the Bahlui River floodplain and on the adjacent hills. The southern part of the city lies
on the Iași Ridge (Romanian: Coasta Iașilor) (the northern-most hill of the Bârlad Plateau). Considering the present day
extension of the administrative boundaries, the city territory has an altitudinal extension of 320 m (1,050 ft), between the 34.5 m
a.s.l. (113.19 ft) in the Bahlui River floodplain, at the Holboca bridge, and 354.77 m a.s.l. (1,163.94 ft), at the edge of the
Repedea Hill.

It is a common belief that Iași is built on seven hills (Romanian: coline): Breazu, Bucium, Cetățuia, Copou, Galata, Repedea and
Șorogari, thus triggering comparisons with Rome.

Climate
 Climate data for Iași, Romania (1981–2010)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 16.7 22.5 27.0 31.8 36.4 38.0 40.1 39.7 38.0 33.9 29.0 19.5 40.1
°C (°F) (62.1) (72.5) (80.6) (89.2) (97.5) (100.4) (104.2) (103.5) (100.4) (93.0) (84.2) (67.1) (104.2)

Average 1.1 3.3 9.3 16.7 23.1 26.1 28.1 27.8 22.4 16.1 8.1 2.3 15.4
high °C (°F) (34.0) (37.9) (48.7) (62.1) (73.6) (79.0) (82.6) (82.0) (72.3) (61.0) (46.6) (36.1) (59.7)

Daily mean −2.3 −0.9 3.9 10.5 16.7 19.9 21.7 20.9 15.9 10.2 4.0 −0.9 10.0
°C (°F) (27.9) (30.4) (39.0) (50.9) (62.1) (67.8) (71.1) (69.6) (60.6) (50.4) (39.2) (30.4) (50.0)

Average low −5.2 −4.2 −0.1 5.4 10.6 14.2 15.9 15.2 10.8 5.9 0.9 −3.7 5.5
°C (°F) (22.6) (24.4) (31.8) (41.7) (51.1) (57.6) (60.6) (59.4) (51.4) (42.6) (33.6) (25.3) (41.9)

Record low −30.6 −36.3 −22.7 −9.4 −3.0 3.5 6.3 4.6 −3.5 −9.6 −21.1 −29.5 −36.3
°C (°F) (−23.1) (−33.3) (−8.9) (15.1) (26.6) (38.3) (43.3) (40.3) (25.7) (14.7) (−6.0) (−21.1) (−33.3)

Average
27.9 25.9 30.8 46.1 55.2 88.2 74.9 54.9 54.9 37.0 34.3 31.6 561.7
precipitation
(1.10) (1.02) (1.21) (1.81) (2.17) (3.47) (2.95) (2.16) (2.16) (1.46) (1.35) (1.24) (22.11)
mm (inches)

Average
11.3 14.3 11.9 6.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 10.4 6.3 61.8
snowfall cm
(4.4) (5.6) (4.7) (2.7) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.3) (4.1) (2.5) (24.3)
(inches)

Average
precipitation
12.6 11.2 11.6 11.4 12.1 12.3 11.0 8.5 8.7 8.1 10.1 12.6 130.2
days
(≥ 0.1 mm)

Average
relative
82 80 71 62 61 62 60 63 66 73 79 83 70
humidity
(%)

Mean
monthly
67 91 136 180 256 260 288 275 200 153 79 61 2,046
sunshine
hours

Source 1: World Meteorological Organization, [39] Ogimet (mean temperatures and sun 1981–2010)[40]

Source 2: Romanian National Statistic Institute (extremes 1901–2000), [41] NOAA (sunshine and snowfall 1961–1990), [42] Deutscher
Wetterdienst (extremes, 1896–2015 and humidity, 1896–1960)[43]

Iași has a humid, continental-type climate (Köppen climate classification "Dfb" — summer wetter than winter, European
subtype) with four distinct seasons. Summers are warm with temperatures sometimes exceeding 35 °C (95 °F) while winters are
cold and windy with moderate snowfall and temperatures at night sometimes dropping below −15 °C (5 °F). Average monthly
precipitation ranges from about 25 mm (1.0 in) in October to 100 mm (3.9 in)in June.

Cityscape

Architecture

Iași features historical monuments, 500-year-old churches and monasteries, contemporary architecture, many of them listed on
the National Register of Historic Monuments. Notable architecture includes the Trei Ierarhi Monastery, part of the tentative list of
UNESCO World Heritage Site, or the neo-Gothic Palace of Culture, built on the old ruins of the mediaeval Princely Court of
Moldavia.

During World War II and the Communist era many historical buildings in the old city centre (around Union Square area) were
destroyed or demolished, and replaced by International style buildings and also a new mainly Mid-Century modern style Civic
Centre was built around the Old Market Square (The Central Hall).[33]

The mid-1990s to early-2000s brought the first non-industrial glass curtain walled buildings (Romtelecom, Hotel Europa), while
in 2012, in close proximity to the Palace of Culture, the Palas shopping mall and office complex was inaugurated.

Other significant buildings include:

 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University main
building (1897), a mixture of the
Neoclassical and Baroque styles, houses
the famous Hall of the Lost Footsteps
where one can admire the works of the
painter Sabin Bălașa;
"Vasile Alecsandri" National Theatre, built
between 1894 and 1896 in Neoclassic
style with Baroque and Rococo inspired
The neo-Gothic Palace of Culture, painted and sculpted ornaments;
built on the old ruins of the Grand Hotel Traian (Union Square),
Dosoftei House, a building from the
mediaeval Princely Court and on the designed and built by Gustave Eiffel
second half of the 17th century in which in
foundations of the former 1679, the metropolitan bishop Dosoftei
neoclassical Princely Palace of settled the second typography in
Moldavia Moldavia. With three façades, arched and
right-angled windows, the edifice was
restored between 1966 and 1969. It
houses the department of old literature of
the Romanian Literature Museum;
Roznovanu Palace (The City Hall),
second half of the 18th century, rebuilt
between 1830 and 1833, it hosted the
Romanian government during World War I;
Union Museum, 1806, Empire style, the Communist era's Central Hall Square
palace served as the royal residence of
Cuza Palace, now the Union Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza between
Museum 1859 and 1862 and in 1917–1918, during
World War I, as the royal residence of king
Ferdinand;
Pogor House, 1850, a meeting place for the city intellectuals, the
headquarters of Literary Society Junimea (1863) and of the Convorbiri
Literare (Literary Interlocutions) magazine (1867), houses the Romanian
Literature Museum;
Luceafărul Theatre, 1987, a unique modern building in Romania;
Central University Library, 1934, incorporates Greek Revival elements;
Great Railway Station, 1870, inspired by Venetian Doge's Palace. Dosoftei House

Religious buildings

Iași is the seat of the Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan of Moldavia and Bukovina, and of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Iași.
The city and the surrounding area house more than 10 monasteries and 100 historical churches.[44] Among the oldest is Princely
Saint Nicholas (1491), dating from the reign of Stephen the Great, and the Metropolitan Cathedral is the largest of its kind in
Romania. The Trei Ierarhi Monastery, a unique monument, considered to be an architectural masterpiece,[45] was erected in
1635–1639 by Vasile Lupu, and adorned with gilded carvings on its outer walls and twin towers.

Metropolitan Cathedral (1839/1886), the largest Orthodox church in Romania, a late Renaissance style, with
Baroque elements and Gheorghe Tattarescu paintings, it contains the relics of Saint Paracheva (sometimes
known colloquially in English as Saint Friday);[44]
Golia Monastery, 1564, rebuilt in 1650 in late-Renaissance style with Byzantine frescoes and intricately carved
doorways, is a monumental construction, a monastery in the middle of the city, surrounded by tall walls, with
corner turrets, and a 30 m (98.43 ft) height bell tower;
Old Catholic Cathedral, 1782, in Baroque style, and New Catholic Cathedral, 2005;
Armenian Church, built in 1395, testifies the existence of an important Armenian community in these parts of
Romania;
Great Synagogue, in late Baroque style, built in 1657–1671, is the oldest surviving synagogue in Romania and
one of the oldest in Europe.[44]

Other examples of historic churches and monasteries (some of them surrounded by defence walls and towers) include: Socola
(1562), Galata (1582), Saint Sava (1583), Hlincea (1587), Aroneanu (1594), Bârnova (1603), Barnovschi (1627), Golia (1650),
Cetățuia (1668), Frumoasa (1726), Saint Spiridon (1747), Old Metropolitan Cathedral (1761), Bărboi (1843 with 18th-century
bell tower), Bucium (1853).[46]

Armenian Church Barnovschi Church Golia Church Moldavian princely Frumoasa

architectural palace at Cetățuia Monastery
elements Monastery

St. George Church

(Old Metropolitan
Cathedral)

Pilgrimage

The city has become a major Christian pilgrimage site since the early modern period. In 1641, the relics of Saint Parascheva
were brought to Iași. Each year, around 14 October, hundreds of thousands of pilgrims gather to commemorate Saint
Parascheva, while the city itself established its Celebration Days at the same time.[47] The October pilgrimage is one of the
largest in Europe, drawing people all over Romania as well as from neighboring Orthodox countries.[17]

During the entire year, pilgrimages to Iași can also involve visits to a large number of religious sites, both within and around the
city.

Gardens, parks and natural landmarks

Iași has a diverse array of public spaces, from city squares to public parks.

Begun in 1833, at the time when Iași was the capital of Moldavia, by Prince Mihail
Sturdza and under the plans of Gheorghe Asachi and Mihail Singurov, Copou Park was
integrated into the city and marks one of the first Romanian coordinated public parks.
The oldest monument in Romania stands in the middle of the park, the Obelisk of Lions
(1834), a 13.5 m (44.29 ft) tall obelisk, dedicated to the Regulamentul Organic, the first
law on political, administrative and juridical organisation in Romanian Principalities.[48]
Ciric Park Founded in 1856, the Botanical Garden of Iași, the first botanical garden in Romania,
has an area of over 100 hectares, and more than 10,000 species of plants.

Iași Exhibition Park was opened in 1923 and built under the co-ordination of the architect N. Ghica Budești.

The Ciric Park, located in the north-eastern part of Iași, consists of parkland and four lakes.
Eminescu's Linden Tree (Romanian: Teiul lui Eminescu) is a 500-year-old silver lime
(Tilia tomentosa Moench) situated in Copou Park. Mihai Eminescu reportedly wrote
some of his best works underneath this lime, rendering the tree one of Romania's most
important natural monuments and a notable Iași landmark.[49] The Odd Poplers Alley,
in Bucium neighbourhood, is another spot where Mihai Eminescu sought inspiration
(the poem "Down Where the Lonely Poplars Grow"). In 1973, the 15 white poplars still
left (with the age ranges between 233 and 371 years) were declared natural monuments.

Iași County has 387 centuries-old trees, of which 224 were declared monument trees
and 160 got the Romanian Academy's approval and are proposed for such a
classification. Most of them are oak or linden trees. The oldest tree in the county is the
675-year-old hybrid lime tree located in the courtyard of Bârnova Monastery, in the
vicinity of Iași. When the lime was about 57 years old and about 14 cm (5.5 in) in
diameter, Iași was mentioned as an urban settlement, during the reign of Prince
Alexander the Good (1408).[50]

Demographics Mihai Eminescu's statue and his

Linden Tree in Copou Park

As of 1 January 2016, Iași is the country's second most populous city after Bucharest
with 378,954 residents registered within the
city limits,[6] and with a population of 500,668 Historical population
residents, the Iași urban area is also the second Year Pop. ±%
largest in Romania.[6] 18th
30,000 —
century
At the 2011 census, Iași was the fourth most 1831 59,880 +99.6%
populous Romanian city with a population of 1851 70,000 +16.9%
290,422.[7] The metropolitan area association 1859 65,745 −6.1%
(which includes Iași and 13 other nearby 1900 78,067 +18.7%
communities) had a population of 382,484,
Roznovanu Palace, today Iași City 1912 75,229 −3.6%
while Iași County, with its 772,348 inhabitants,
Hall 1930 102,872 +36.7%
was the most populous county in Romania (after
1941 111,669 +8.6%
the Municipality of Bucharest). Additionally
there were 60,000 more residents (mostly students) and thousands of daily commuters. 1948 94,075 −15.8%
1956 112,977 +20.1%
According to the 2002 census, in Iași there were 109,357 housing units and 320,888 1966 161,023 +42.5%
people living within the city proper. Of this population, 98.5% were ethnic Romanians, 1977 265,002 +64.6%
while 0.59% were ethnic Romani, 0.13% Jews, 0.13% Greeks, 0.13% Lipovans, 0.08% 1992 344,425 +30.0%
Hungarians, 0.05% Germans and 0.39% others.[56] In terms of religion, 92.5% of the 2002 320,888 −6.8%
population were Christian Orthodox, 4.9% Roman Catholic, other religious groups 2.6%. 2011 290,422 −9.5%
There are currently almost 10,000 Roman Catholics living in Iași.[57] There is a debate Sources: 18th century, 1831,
between historians as to whether the Catholics are originally of Romanian or Hungarian 1859,[51] 1851,[52] 1900,[53] 1912
descent.[58] Census,[54] 1930, 1956–2011:
Censuses, 1941, 1948.[55]

Economy
Iași is an important economic centre in
Romania. The local and regional economy
relies on industry and service sector institutions
and establishments. The most important service
sectors are related to education, health care,
banking, research, culture, government and
tourism.

The city is an important information technology

Chamber of Commerce and Industry sector centre, with the presence of several large Palas shopping mall and business
multinational companies (Amazon, Oracle, centre
Continental, Xerox, Accenture, Capgemini)
and many other local and foreign companies such as Bentley Systems, Bitdefender,
Comodo, Endava, Ness, Pentalog, SCC or TiVo (to name a few),[59] as well as two universities which offer specific degree
programs. Industry forecasts expect the Iași ITC workforce to grow from the current 16,000 (end of 2016) employees to more
than 33,000, by 2030.[60]

An estimated workforce of more than 35,000 employees is active in Iași's industrial manufacturing sector,[61] particularly in
automotive (Delphi, Lear, Tess Conex), pharmaceutical industry (Antibiotice Iași, Fiterman Pharma, Ircon SRL), metallurgical
production (ArcelorMittal, Technosteel LBR), aerospace (BMT Aerospace), industrial equipment (Agmus, ASAM, Fortus),
energy (E.ON Moldova Distribuție, Veolia Energie), textiles and clothing (Benetton, Iași Conf, Iașitex), home appliances
(Tehnoton), building materials (Brikston, Build Corp), food (Compan, Panifcom, Zeelandia).[37][62]

Located in an area recognised for its vineyards and wines, Iași is part of a traditional wine region with viticultural centres
surrounding the city: Copou, Bucium, Uricani, Comarna, Plugari, and Probota. Iași County is also home to renowned Cotnari
and Bohotin vineyards.[63][64]

With large shopping malls and commercial centres located in the area, Iași also has a well-developed retail business.

Largest employers
Top 10 Employers
Company Industry Employees
Sf. Spiridon University Hospital Health care 2,944
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University High education 2,021
Conduent IT services 1,876
Delphi Diesel Systems Automotive industry 1,724
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University High education 1,710
Continental Automotive Romania Automotive Engineering 1,600
Antibiotice Iași Pharmaceutical industry 1,458
RATP Public transport 1,349
St. Maria Clinic Children's Hospital Health care 1,256
University of Medicine and Pharmacy High Education 1,230

Sources:[60][65][66]

Politics and administration

The city's current local council has the following multi-party political composition, based on the results of the ballots cast at the
2016 Romanian local elections:

Party Seats Current Council

Social Democratic Party (PSD) 14
National Liberal Party (PNL) 8
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (ALDE) 2
People's Movement Party (PMP) 2
Independent 1

Culture
Major events in the political and cultural history of Moldavia are connected with the name of the city of Iași. The great scholars
of the 17th century, Grigore Ureche, Miron Costin and later Ion Neculce, wrote most of their works in the city or not far from it
and the famous scholar Dimitrie Cantemir known throughout all Europe also linked his name to the capital of Moldavia.
 The first newspaper in Romanian language was
published in 1829 in Iași and it is in Iași where,
in 1867, appeared under literary society
Junimea, the Convorbiri Literare review in
which Ion Creangă’s Childhood Memories and
the best poems by Mihai Eminescu were
published. The reviews Contemporanul and
Viața Românească appeared in 1871,
respectively in 1906 with great contributions to
promoting Romanian national cultural values.
Pogor House, the Romanian Alecu Balș House, where Franz Liszt
Literature Museum performed in 1847, nowadays
Many great personalities of Romanian culture
Moldova State Philharmonic
are connected to Iași: the chronicler Nicolae
Milescu, the historians and politicians Mihail
Kogălniceanu and Simion Bărnuțiu, the poets Vasile Alecsandri and George
Topârceanu, the writers Mihail Sadoveanu, Alecu Russo, and Ionel Teodoreanu, the literary critic Titu Maiorescu, the historian
A.D. Xenopol, the philosophers Vasile Conta and Petre Andrei, the sociologist Dimitrie Gusti, the geographer Emil Racoviță
and the painter Octav Băncilă, only to name a few.

Theatres and orchestras

The Vasile Alecsandri National Theatre,

opened in 1840, is the first National Theatre in
Romania. The building, designed according to
the plans of the Viennese architects Hermann
Helmer and Ferdinand Fellner, was raised
between 1894 and 1896, and also hosts,
starting 1956, the Iași Romanian National
Opera.
Vasile Alecsandri National Theatre
and Iași Romanian National Opera Luceafărul Theatre
Iași is also home to:

Moldova State Philharmonic Orchestra

Luceafărul Theatre
Iași Athenaeum (also known as Tătărași Athenaeum)
Ludic Student Theatre
Teatru Fix [1] (http://teatrufix.ro/)

Museums

Iași is home to many museums, memorial

houses, art galleries.
First memorial museum from Romania opened
in Iași in 1918, as the Ion Creangă Memorial
House, and today the Iași Romanian Literature
Museum (https://web.archive.org/web/2016021
2034024/http://www.muzeulliteraturiiiasi.ro/mu
zee/) owns fourteen memorial houses. The
Ion Creangă Memorial House
Mihai Eminescu Museum, situated in Copou
Mihai Codreanu Memorial House
Park, is dedicated to the great poet's life and
creation; other museums are dedicated to:
Dosoftei, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Vasile Pogor, Nicolae Gane, Petru Poni, Mihai
Codreanu, Mihail Sadoveanu, George Topîrceanu, Otilia Cazimir, Radu Cernătescu, Cezar Petrescu, Dimitrie Anghel.

The Theatre Museum, opened in 1976, at the celebration of 160 years since the first theatrical performance in Romanian,
illustrates the development of the theatrical phenomenon since the beginning, important moments of the history of Iași National
Theatre, the foundation, in 1840, of the Philharmonic-dramatic Conservatoire, prestigious figures that have contributed to the
development of the Romanian theatre.
The Union Museum, includes original pieces and documents which belonged to prince Al. I. Cuza and his family.

The Natural History Museum, founded on 4 February 1834, is the first museum of this kind in Romania with over 300,000
items, the most valuable being the collections of insects, mollusc, amphibians, reptiles, birds, plants and minerals.

Four other museums are located in the Palace of Culture: with its roots dating back to 1860, the Iași Art Museum is the oldest of
its kind in Romania,[67] and, with more than 8,700 works (many of them belonging to the universal patrimony), has the largest
art collection in the country; the Moldavia's History Museum, offers more than 48,000 objects from various fields, archaeology,
numismatics, decorative art, ancient books, documents; the Ethnographic Museum of Moldavia owns more than 13,000 objects
depicting the Romanian advance through the ages; the Science and Technology Museum's collection has more than 11,200
objects in five distinct sections and one memorial house.[68]

Foreign culture centres

Iași hosts six cultural centres: French, German, British, Latin American & Caribbean,
Hellenic, and Arab.

Cultural events and festivals

FILIT (http://www.filit-iasi.ro/?lang=en) (International Festival of Literature
and Translation) is a yearly literature and translation festival organised
through the Iași Museum of Romanian Literature, begun in 2013;
FIE (http://www.fieiasi.eu) (International Education Festival), launched in French Institute in Iași
2013, is a mix of cultural and educative events;
International Theatre Festival for Young Audience was launched in 2008
and it is hosted each October by Luceafărul Theatre;
Since 2010 at SFR (https://festivalsfr.ro/)(Romanian Film Nights) are presented films from different periods of
Romanian cinema, as well as new films, debut films or short films, with the invitation of actors, directors,
scriptwriters and film critics in the projection;
Started in 2017, Afterhills (https://afterhills.com/) is the biggest music festival in Moldavia. Other music festivals:
Rock'n'Iași (https://web.archive.org/web/20151124120901/http://www.rockniasi.ro/) since 2007 and
Rocanotherworld (http://www.rocanotherworld.com/) since 2016.
Hangariada (http://hangariada.ro/) is an aeronautics and art festival organised each year in May;

Live music and different other artistic events (poetry nights, readings) are a habitual occurrence in the various bars and coffee
shops the city has to offer.

Education
The first institute of higher learning that functioned on the territory of Romania was
Academia Vasiliană (1640) founded by Prince Vasile Lupu as a "higher school for Latin
and Slavonic languages", followed by the Princely Academy in 1707.

The first high education structure in Romanian language was established in the autumn
of 1813, when engineer Gheorghe Asachi laid the foundations of a class of engineers,
its activities taking place within the Greek Princely Academy.

After 1813, other moments marked the development of higher education in Romanian
Al. I. Cuza University language, regarding both humanities and the technical science. In 1835, Academia
Mihăileană founded by Prince Mihail Sturdza is considered first Romanian superior
institute in the country.

In 1860, three faculties part of the Academia Mihăileană formed the nucleus for the newly established University of Iași, the first
Romanian university.

The Physicians and Naturalists Society, founded in Iași, has existed since the early part of the 19th century, and a number of
periodicals are published. One of the oldest medical universities in Romania, founded in 1879, is located in Iași. It is now known
as the Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy.
 In 1937, the two applied science sections of the
University of Iași became departments of the
newly created Gheorghe Asachi Polytechnic
School. In the period before and after World
War II, the later (renamed Polytechnic Institute
in 1948) extended its domain of activity,
especially in the field of engineering, and
became known as Gheorghe Asachi Technical
University in 1993.
Central University Library Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Public universities include:
Gheorghe Asachi Technical
University
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University- situated
in Copou, is the oldest higher education institution in Romania;
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University – the school with the oldest
engineering tradition in Romania;
Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy – one of the oldest
medicine schools in Romania;
George Enescu National University of Arts – the oldest tradition in music
and arts education in Romania;
Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary
Medicine – one of the oldest schools of its kind.
University of Medicine and
There are also some private higher education institutions including Petre Andrei Pharmacy
University, the largest private university in the historical region of Moldavia.[69]

The Central University Library of Iași, where the chief records of Romanian history are preserved, is the oldest and the second
largest in Romania.

As of 2016, Iași has 74 public schools, coordinated by the Iași County School Inspectorate. The city is also home to 19 private
schools.[70]

Notable high schools:

Iași National College (1828)

Costache Negruzzi National College (1895)
Mihai Eminescu National College (1865)
Vasile Lupu Pedagogical High School (1855)
Emil Racoviță National College (1964)

Iași Science Festival (http://www.sciencefestival.ro) is a week long festival organised every year in April (starting 2013) for high
school and grade school students to get be able to observe and take part in scientific experiments and be given detailed tours of
the scientific and technical universities and research labs in Iași. Over 200 experiments were performed and over 10,000 students
took part in the 2014 edition, from throughout the Moldavia region.[71]

Media

Sports
In 2012, Iași was selected as one of the European Cities of Sport.[72]

Current teams
 Sport League Club Founded Venue
Men's Sala
Basketball Politehnica Iași
Divizia A Polivalentă
Women's Sala
Basketball Politehnica Național Iași Panorama of Emil Alexandrescu
Divizia A Polivalentă
Stadium, home to the FC Politehnica
FC Politehnica Iași (2010) (as the 16 Emil
Football Liga I informal successor to Politehnica August Alexandrescu
Iași) 2010 Stadium
Women's
Sala
Handball Liga Terom Iași
Polivalentă
Națională
Agronomia
Rugby SuperLiga Poli Agro Unirea Iași 1964
Stadium
Women's Sala
Volleyball ACS Penicilina Iași
Divizia A2 Polivalentă

Former teams
FC Politehnica Iași of the Romanian Football League from 1945–2010.

Transport

Public transport

Iași's public transportation system is served by the CTP Iași which operates an extensive network using 126 trams (electric trams
began operating in Iași in 1900) and 150 buses.[73] In 2014, the CTP (former RATP) carried 50,358,000 passengers, an average
of 140,000 passengers per day.[74]

Air

Iași is served by the Iași International Airport (IAS) located 8 km (5.0 mi) east of the
city centre. The airport is the 4th busiest in Romania and offers direct domestic,
European, and Middle Eastern scheduled or charter connections. After extensive
modernisation works, the number of connections and traffic volumes have seen a
significant increase, in 2015.[75]

Rail
Iași Airport Iași-Pașcani railway was opened on 1
June [O.S. 20 May] 1870, Iași-Ungheni on 1
August 1874 and Iași-Chișinău railway was
opened on 1 June 1875 by the Russian Empire in preparation for the Russo-Turkish
War (1877–1878).

Nowadays, three railway stations, Great Railway Station, Nicolina International Rail
Station and Socola Rail Station serve the city and are operated by Romanian Railways
(CFR). Moldovan railway also serves these stations for travel into Moldova.
Great Railway Station
The Great Railway Station, located about 1 km (0.6 mi) from the city centre, provides
direct rail connections to all the major Romanian cities and to Chișinău. The rail stations
are very well connected to all the parts of the city by the trams and buses of the local public transport companies.

Road
Iași is connected by European routes E583/E85 with Bucharest through a four lane road, by European route E58 with Central
Europe and Chișinău in Moldova, and by DN National Roads with all major cities of Romania. A planned East–West freeway
would connect the city to the A3 Transylvania Motorway.

The Iași Coach Station is used by several private transport companies to provide coach connections from Iași to a large number
of locations from all over the country.

Health care
Iași is home to 14 public hospitals, including the St. Spiridon Hospital, the second largest and one of the oldest in Romania
(1755),[76] St. Maria Clinic Children's Hospital (one of the largest children's hospitals in the country), Institute of Cardiovascular
Diseases, Regional Oncology Institute, and Socola Psychiatric Institute (1905 – first psychiatric hospital in Romania). The public
system is complemented by numerous private clinics.

Air pollution concerns

Iași has the second-worse air quality in Romania, after Bucharest.[77] In 2014, the European Commission started environmental
law infringement procedures against Romania, citing Bucharest, Iași, and Brașov cases as examples.[78] In 2015, atmospheric
particulate matter has repeatedly reached and exceeded legal thresholds for PM10 . Pollution from vehicular traffic, construction
works, and a lack of green spaces (the city only has about 11 m2 (118 sq ft) of public green spaces per capita) make up some of
the reasons behind these problems.[77]

Monuments and history

Stephen the Great Dosoftei Miron Costin Grigore III Ghica Gheorghe Asachi
Monument

The Obelisk of Lions Vasile Alecsandri Alexandru Ioan Mihai Eminescu Mihail Kogălniceanu
Cuza
 Independence Union Monument Victims of Iași Victims of
Monument Pogrom Monument Communism
Memorial

Twin towns/sister cities

Iași is twinned with:

Assiut, Egypt (1995) Irbid, Jordan (2000) Padua, Italy (1995)

Athens, Georgia, United States (2001) Isfahan, Iran (1999) Peristeri, Greece (2002)
Chernivtsi, Ukraine (2012) Jericho, Palestine (2003) Poitiers, France (1969)
Chișinău, Moldova (2008)[79] Kozani, Greece (1928) Sant'Oreste, Italy (1999)
Eindhoven, Netherlands (2011) Monterrey, Mexico (2002) Torrita Tiberina, Italy (1999)
Filacciano, Italy (1999) Morlupo, Italy (1999) Veliko Turnovo, Bulgaria (1998)
Forano, Italy (1999) Nazzano, Italy (1999) Villeneuve d'Ascq, France (2003)
Ilioupolis, Greece (2007) Netanya, Israel[80] Xi'an, China (1993)

Consulates in Iași
Moldova – Consulate-General

Honorary Consulates:

France
Hungary
Italy
Pakistan
Turkey

People

References and sources

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Sources

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
"Jassy". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 279.
National Institute of Statistics: http://www.insse.ro

Bibliography

External links
Iași City Hall website (http://www.primaria-iasi.ro/)
Iași (http://www.romaniatourism.com/iasi.html) at romaniatourism.com
Iași (https://web.archive.org/web/20181116181819/https://www.123iasi.ro/)
Street Map of Iași, as commissioned by the City Hall (https://web.archive.org/web/20090218000458/http://www.
map2web.cc/map4/index.php?fpnr=273&lang=en)
Cultural events in Iași (http://www.altiasi.ro)
Iași city Tourism (http://www.turism-iasi.ro/index.php?id=101)
Iași City Portal (https://web.archive.org/web/20110209003259/http://www.iasi-city.ro/)

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