Real Numbers:: A+ib, I I - 1
Real Numbers:: A+ib, I I - 1
All positive, negative number and zero except imaginary numbers are called real
numbers. It is denoted by ℝ. [ℝ = (−∞, ∞)]
Complex numbers:
A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form a+ib, where a
and b are real numbers, and i is called and imaginary number which is satisfies
i2=-1.
Complex variable:
There is no real number x which satisfies the polynomial equation x2+1=0.Then
we can consider a complex number as having the form a+ib where a and b are
real numbers and i which is called the imaginary unit, has the property that
i2=-1. If z= a+ib, then a is called real part of z and b is called imaginary part of z
and are denoted by Re{z} and Im{z}respectively. The symbol z, which can stand
for any of a set of complex numbers, is called complex variable.
Complex conjugate:
Complex conjugation means reflecting the complex plane in the real line.
The notation for the complex conjugate of z is either 𝒛̅ or 𝒛∗ . The complex
conjugate has the same real part as z and the same imaginary part but with the
opposite sign. That is, if z=a+ib, then 𝒛∗ =a−ib
In polar complex form, the complex conjugate of 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽 is 𝒓𝒆−𝒊𝜽
Complex plane or Argand diagram:
We know that a complex number z=a+ib can be as an ordered pair(x,y) .where
(𝐚, 𝐛) ∈ 𝐑[𝐑 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬] and it can be represented by point
P(a,b) with regard to two rectangular axes XOX/ and YOY/(here O is the
origin)which are properly called real line and imaginary line respectively. We can
represent such numbers in a plane called the complex plane or Argand diagram.
Z1 = -3, Z2 = 2
These numbers have only a real part. Their imaginary parts are zero. When
plotting a complex number having only a real part, the point lies on the
horizontal axis.
Plotting real numbers
Z3 = -2i, Z4 = i
These numbers have only an imaginary part. Their real parts are zero. When
plotting a complex number having only an imaginary part, the point lies on the
vertical axis.
Z5 = 1 + 2i, Z6 = 1 - 2i
Let z = x + iy where x and y are real and i = √-1. Then the non negative square
root of (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) is called the modulus or absolute value of z (or x + iy).
For example:
Fig-3
The horizontal axis is the real axis and the vertical axis is the imaginary axis. We
find the real and complex components in terms of r and 𝜽 where r is the length
of the vector and 𝜽 is the angle made with the real axis.
In the case of a complex number, r represents the absolute value or modulus and
the angle 𝜽 is called the argument of the complex number.
This can be summarized as follows:
The polar form of a complex number z=a+ib is z=r(cos𝜽+isin𝜽) , where
𝐛
r=|𝒛|=√𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 , a=rcos𝜽 and b=rsin𝜽 , and 𝜽=𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) for a>0 and
𝐚
𝐛 𝐛
𝜽=𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )+π or 𝜽=𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) +180° for a<0
𝐚 𝐚
1.Find the modulus and argument argument of the following complex numbers:
𝟐−𝐢 𝟏+𝐢 𝟐 √𝟑+𝐢
(i) 2+i (ii) ±𝐢 (iii) ±𝟏 (iv) (v) 5-5i (vi)( ) (vii)
𝟐+𝐢 𝟏−𝐢 √𝟑−𝐢
∴ Modulus of z= 2+i is √𝟓
𝟏
Argument of z= 2+i is 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟐
∴ Modulus of z= ±𝐢 is 1
±𝟏 𝛑
And argument of z = ±𝐢 is 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = ±𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ∞ = ±
𝟎 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(v) |𝐳 − 𝟐| ≤ |𝐳 + 𝟐| (vi) Re( ) ≤ (vii) Im( ̅ ) ≥
𝐳 𝟐 𝐳 𝟐
Solution:
(i)Given that Re (z) ≥ 𝟎 Y
⟹ 𝐑𝐞 (𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲) ≥ 𝟎
⟹𝒙≥𝟎 X
Which represents the right hand sides
of y-axis including the y-axis Fig:1
(ii) Given that Im (z) > 1 Y
⟹ 𝐈𝐦(𝐱 + 𝐢𝐲) > 𝟏
⟹𝒚>𝟏 1
Which represents the region of the X
upper part of the line y=1
Fig:2