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3+formulas Add Elex Circuits

This document provides an overview of key concepts in electrical circuits including: 1) Definitions of current, voltage, electron drift velocity, and circuit components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and active elements. 2) Descriptions of resistance including its relationship to material properties, temperature, frequency, and skin effect. 3) Explanations of concepts such as Ohm's law, power, efficiency, work, energy, and their relationships. 4) Discussions of series, parallel, short, and open circuits and practical voltage sources. 5) Descriptions of voltage dividers, maximum power transfer theorem, and mesh analysis.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
107 views7 pages

3+formulas Add Elex Circuits

This document provides an overview of key concepts in electrical circuits including: 1) Definitions of current, voltage, electron drift velocity, and circuit components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and active elements. 2) Descriptions of resistance including its relationship to material properties, temperature, frequency, and skin effect. 3) Explanations of concepts such as Ohm's law, power, efficiency, work, energy, and their relationships. 4) Discussions of series, parallel, short, and open circuits and practical voltage sources. 5) Descriptions of voltage dividers, maximum power transfer theorem, and mesh analysis.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADDITIONAL LECTURE: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Electric Current (I):


Δw dw Voltage or Potential Difference (V):
i = lim = Δw dw
Δt →0 Δt dt i = lim =
Δq →0 Δq dq
dq = idt
dw = vdq
q = ∫ idt
w = ∫ vdq
Electron Drift Velocity (or Velocity of Charge):
i J Prefix Symbol Value
v= = Tera T 1012
nAe ne Giga G 109
Mega M 106
Where: i = current in inductor Kilo K 103
n = number of free electrons per m3 Milli m 10-3
(Electron density) Micro µ 10-6
Nano n 10-9
e =electron charge = 1.6 x 10-19c Pico p 10-12
A = area of the conductor
J = current density = i/A
β = current gain
r = transresistance
g = transconductance
Circuit Components: VX and iy = control variables
 Active Elements
o Independent Voltage Source  Passive Elements
o Independent Current Source o Resistors
o Dependent or Controlled Source o Capacitors (or condensers)
 Voltage – controlled or current – o Inductors (or coils)
controlled voltage source (VCVS
or CCVS) Nature of Resistance:
 Voltage – controlled or current –  Dimensions – area and length
controlled current source (VCCS  Type of material
or CCCS)  Temperature
 Frequency
+ +
Uniform cross – sectional area:
μVx - r iy - - -
g Vx β iy

VCVS CCVS VCCS CCCS

Where: µ = voltage gain


For the standard conductor (annealed or soft – drawn copper,
l Where:
R∝ Rt = resistance at temperature t (Ω) 99.99% conductivity):
A l = length (m)
A = area (m2)
ρ20°C = 1.724 x 10-8 Ω-m = 0.15328 Ω/meter.gram
2 ρt = Resistivity or specific
l I V resistance at temperature t (Ω.m) To = -234.5°C
Rt = ρt = ρt = ρt 2 V = volume (m3)
A V A Rac = kRdc

Where: Rac = effective or RMS value of the resistance


Rdc = ohmic or DC value of the resistance
k = skin effect ratio
Resistance vs. Temperature Curve:

Where: Conductance (G):


R1 = resistance at temp t1 1 1A A
( ) (
R2 = R1 xx++ tt21 = R1 tt22 -- To
To
) R2 = resistance at temp t2
To = inferred absolute zero
G= =
R ρl

l
x = To temperature Where: σ = conductivity or specific conductance (S/m)
α1 = temperature coefficient of
R2 = R1[1+ α1( t2 - t1) ] resistance
1 1 % conductivity of a wire:
= =
x + t1 t1- To σwire ρCu
%cond = × 100% = × 100%
σCu ρwire
Ohm’s Law:
V 1 Joule (J) = 1 Newton meter (Nm)
V=IR or I = = 1 Kg m2 per sec2
R
= 1 coulomb volt (CV)
Resistors:
 Fixed resistors
Power:
o Molded carbon composition resistors
o Vitreous – enameled wire – wound Δw dw
resistor
p(t) = lim =
Δt →0 Δt dt
o Metal – film precision resistors
o Surface mount power resistor w(t)= ∫ p(t)dt
o Precision power wire – wound resistors
o Thick – film chip resistor Power is time – variant or constant:
 Variable resistors: W = Pt
o Rheostats
W QV V2
o Potentiometer P= = = VI= I2 R=
Work, Energy and Power t t R

Work = Energy joules (J) Efficiency:


W out W out Pout Pout
eff = = = =
Work (or Energy) = force x distance W in W out + W loss Pin Pout + Ploss
= weight x height
= charge x voltage Overall efficiency = product of all individual efficiencies
Series Circuits: For a short – circuit branch:
IT = I1 = I2 = I3 = … R = zero
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + … Isc = any value
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + … Vsc = zero
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + …
Practical Voltage Source:
Parallel Circuits:
+
VT = V1 = V2 = V3 = … IL
IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + … Rint
RL
VT
1 1 1 1 E
= + + + ... -
RT R1 R2 R3
GT = G1 + G2 + G3 + … Where:
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + … E = open circuit terminal voltage
Rint = internal resistance
ISC =E/Rint = short circuit current

VT = E – internal drop = E - ILRint


For an open – circuit branch:
R = infinitely large Source Parameters:
Ioc = zero
Voc = any value
RL
VT = E
Rint + RL Voltage Dividers:
E
IL =
Rint + RL RSD

( )
Source RB Load
E 2
PL = IL2 RL = Rint+ RL RL
PL RL
eff = = Where:
PL+ PLOSS Rint + RL RSD = series – dropping resistance
RB = bleeder resistance
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem:
E2 VNL- VFL
PLmax = %VR= × 100%
4Rint VFL

Mesh Analysis:
 Identify the meshes and assign mesh currents
 Formulate the mesh (or voltage) equations
 Solve the unknown mesh currents as required to obtain other
desired values
 Norton’s Theorem

Nodal Analysis:
 Identify the major nodes, select one as reference and  Delta – Wye (or Wye – Delta) Transformation
assign node voltages.
 Formulate the node (or current) equations. Delta to wye conversion:
 Solve the unknown node voltages as required to obtain
other desired values. product of adjacent resistances in delta
Rwye =
sumof resistance in delta
Network Theorems:
Delta to wye conversion:
 Superposition Theorem
 Principle of Linearity sumof products of adjacent resistances in wy
Rdelta =
opposite resistance in wye
Linear
VS Passive IS
System For Balanced Delta or Wye:
Rdelta = 3Rwye
+ Vo -
 Millman’s Theorem
 Reciprocity Theorem
 Thevenin’s Theorem  Substitution (Compensation) Theorem

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