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History of Science (HOS)

STYLE SHEET

Article Opening Material

Article title and subtitle

An initial capital with everything else lowercase, unless proper names. First letter in
subtitle should be an initial capital.

Darwin and deep time: Temporal scales and the

naturalist’s imagination
Headings

1. Headings should have an initial capital with everything else lowercase, unless
proper names.

2. Italics can be included in A heads (H1) if needed, e.g. mathematical symbol or

genus name.

3. Headings are unnumbered and formatted as below.

4. Where headings are referred to in the text use section names, as headings
are not numbered.

A head (H1) (bold with initial cap, all the rest lowercase)

Introduction

B head (H2) (italic with initial cap, all the rest lowercase)

Human samples

C head (H3) (same as B head, but set as first line of paragraph, full out; italic with initial
cap, all the rest lowercase, followed by a full stop. Following text runs on)

Lu Zhengxiang and his dearest wish. Lu Zhengxiang had a ‘dearest wish’ to modernize
China’s diplomatic institution in line with the Western states, and. …
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Headings for Abstract, Keywords, Funding, Acknowledgements, Conflict of interest (in
that order), References, Appendices are same as A head but smaller font size:

Acknowledgements
Earlier versions of this essay were presented at the 2010 annual meeting of the History
of Science Society and at the Manchester International Congress of the History of
Science, Technology, and Medicine (ICHSTM), 2013; a summary of the latter appeared
on the ICHSTM 2013 blog and on my own blog, anitaguerrini.com/anatomia-animalia; a
slightly different version entitled “Ghastly Kitchens” appeared on the British Library’s
Untold Lives blog. A longer version was presented to the seminar “Les frontières
mouvantes entre sciences et savoirs,” Écoles des hautes études en sciences sociales
(EHESS), Paris, December 2013 and as a Rare Books Initiative Lecture, University of
Oregon, January 2014; thanks to Kapil Raj and Vera Keller, respectively, for inviting me
to speak. I am grateful to Rachel Laudan, Elaine Leong, the editor of History of Science,
and two anonymous referees for their comments, and to Deborah Krohn and Tricia
Close-Koenig for references.

General

Unless otherwise specified, we will follow Webster's Third New International

Dictionary, Unabridged, for spelling, hyphenation, and punctuation, and The
Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. (University of Chicago Press) for editing
style.

1. avoid linguistic bias, particularly to avoid the generic use of male nouns
and pronouns when referring to both genders, where such editing can
be done in a clear and graceful way, and without contrivance or violation
of grammatical conventions.

2. “That” will be used with a restrictive clause; “which” will be used with a
nonrestrictive clause and set off by commas:

he stopped the first car that contained two people

he stopped the first car, which contained two people

or

he proposed the only amendment that concerned wage rates

he proposed the only amendment, which concerned wage rates

3. The use of the feminine pronoun will be avoided in reference to ships,

countries, etc.: France, its people.

SPELLING

1. American spellings will be used throughout (but we will not change

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spellings in quotations):

traveled, appendixes, toward rather than travelled, appendices,

towards

2. Words with the following prefixes will generally be spelled solid and not
hyphenated:

anti, co, counter, extra, inter, intra, macro, micro, multi, non, over,
post, pre, pro, pseudo, psycho, re, semi, socio, sub, trans

This will be done even when it juxtaposes two like vowels or consonants:

reeducate, interracial

but hyphens will be used where closing up the word might lead to
confusion in meaning or pronunciation or where the closed-up word
would be cumbersome:

re-create, post-test, pro-union, co-worker, un-ionized, sub-

branches, pre-loss, pseudo-objectivity

The hyphen after the prefix will be retained when the second element
begins with a capital letter or a number:

non-American, post-1950

Words with the prefix "self" will be hyphenated: self-centered

3. Short or simple words with the suffixes “like,” “wise,” “wide,” will be
closed up:

citywide but commonsense-like

4. Compound nouns in common use will be spelled solid:

headache, checkbook, landscape, boathouse

and compound nouns formed from a noun and a gerund, from two
nouns, or from a noun and an adjective will be spelled as two words:

decision making, master builder, attorney general

(but president-elect, poet-scholar)

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5. Compound adjectives will generally be hyphenated if they precede the

noun:

short-term effects, nineteenth-century art, decision-making

process, ten-year plan

Exceptions: Hyphens will not be used with unambiguous combinations

(e.g., “high school yearbook”) or with a compound adjective containing
an “-ly” adverb (e.g., “purely hypothetical case”).

6. The author is responsible for the spelling of proper names and for the
spelling and accents of foreign names and words, accuracy of
quotations, sources of citations, and statements of fact.

Capitalization

1. The following are examples of preferred capitalization:

God, the state, the church, the court (except the U.S. Supreme
Court); the war, the Civil War, the two world wars, World War II
(or Second World War); the Communist Party, the party,
communist ideology, the party system; southern city, the South
(region), to the south (direction), Western Europe (region); Native
American, African American (but Scotch-Irish), Caucasian,
blacks, whites; President Washington, the president; Department
of State, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, the secretary of
state, the U.S. Treasury, the treasury, the secretary of the
treasury; Oberlin College, the college; the Hudson River, the
Hudson and Ohio Rivers

Abbreviations

1. Generally the abbreviations i.e., e.g., etc., and vs. will be retained in
quoted materials, parentheses, tables, and notes, but will be written out
in text as “that is,” “for example,” “and so forth,” and “versus,” or another
suitable phrase.

2. The symbol % may be used in tabular material, notes, and displays, but
will be spelled out as “percent” in text, except in statistical discussion.

3. Abbreviations spelled with capital letters will be set with no period or

space between letters:
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NATO, JFK, UAW, USSR, but U.S. (used as adjective only;
otherwise spell out)

Possessive abbreviations will be set with an apostrophe and lowercase

s; plurals with a closed-up s:

the UN's mandate; many APCs

4. Units of measure will generally be spelled out in the text, but may be
abbreviated in notes and tables. Such abbreviations will be identical in
the singular and plural.

5. Personal initials will be spaced:

P. H. Smith (but FDR)

Numbers

1. In general cardinal numbers under 100 will be spelled out in the text;
numbers of 100 or more will be given in numerals:

fifty-nine cents, six-month period, 265 years ago, 4,066 feet

but numerals will be used for numbers less than 100 when being
compared with numbers greater than 100:

of 119 colleges, fewer than 25 were . . .

and very large approximate figures given in even hundreds, thousands,

or millions will be spelled out or given in words and figures. Use of U.S.
or U.K. notation will be specified for values greater than one billion:

forty thousand listeners, fifteen-hundred-word essay, 4.5 million

years, $3 billion (U.S. billion)

2. Ordinal numbers and fractions will be spelled out unless use of

numerals makes the information easier to grasp:

one-third of the students, but 8 1/2- by 11-inch paper

the twentieth century, nineteenth-century morality

3. Numerals will be used for dates, time of day, percentages, decimals

(including money), ratios, and measurements in which the unit of
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measure is abbreviated:

1960–s0 June 8, 1960/8 June 1960 June 1970 the 1850s (not
1850's) but the fifties 7:50 A.M. (small caps) but eight o'clock,
half past nine 7.98 inches $7.98 but spell out money not given
in decimals: a two-dollar bet a 5:1 ratio a score of 5 to 3 7
lb. 3 mm

Note: To avoid confusion between U.S. and U.K. conventions, dates will
have the month spelled out or abbreviated. (Under the U.S. system,
1/12/76 would read January 12, 1976, and under the U.K. system, 1
December 1976.)

4. Commas will be used in numbers of four digits or more (except page

numbers and years): 1,500 rather than 1500.

5. When page numbers or years are given as a range of numbers, figures

will be elided to one digit where possible:

1960–70, 1960–6 rather than 1960–1970, 1960–66

pp. 143–4 rather than 143–44, 143–144

but to help pronunciation, the tens digit will not be elided in numbers in
the teens:

314–15 rather than 314–315 or 314–5

Note: Dates in book titles, chapter titles, and other headings will
not be elided: e.g., 1890–1895.

6. Do not use “over” or “under” with numbers; use “more than” or “fewer
than”:

more than 1,500 books rather than over 1,500 books; fewer than 110
manuscripts rather than under 110 manuscripts

Punctuation

1. A comma will be used to separate items in a series of three or more:

red, white, and blue rather than red, white and blue

2. In running text, use a 1-en dash with a word space on either side, rather
than a closed-up 1-em dash:
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like this – rather than this—which is more generally used in the
United States.

3. Interpolations by author or editor within quoted material will be enclosed

in brackets rather than parentheses.

4. Commas and periods will normally appear inside quotation marks:

like "this," or “this.” rather than like "this", or "this".

5. Quotation marks (except for actual quotations) will be used sparingly, as

with overuse they lose their emphasis. They will be used

- to set off a quotation run into the text, or around words or

phrases taken from another source

- single quotation marks should be used around words used in an

ironic sense, if that sense might elude the reader: Five villages
were subjected to ‘pacification’. Note that in this case, the period
is placed outside the quotation mark.

More on the above context: When to use single marks – often

called scare quotes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scare_quotes)
rather than double: if a word or very short phrase is used in a way
that is not meant to be taken literally, e.g. The account told the
‘truth’. (the point is that the author here is not making an actual
judgment of truth or falsehood, but indicating that the account in
question offered a manufactured version of a story that was
projected as being true.)

- around words used as words and terms used as terms on their

first occurrence in the manuscript (unless italics are being used
for this purpose): "Tribe" is used here to describe . . .

- around titles of short works, such as short stories, short poems,

chapters, etc.

Quotation marks will not be used

- around a quotation that will be set off in block form from the text
(quotations longer than about 60 words will be set off)

6. Ellipses: Three (spaced) points of ellipsis will be used to indicate

omissions within quoted material. Terminal punctuation will be retained
before points of ellipses. Ellipses should not be used at the beginning or
end of a quotation if the first or final sentence is syntactically complete.
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7. Except in certain technical contexts, square brackets will be used for
parentheses within parentheses.

Italics

1. Italics will also be used sparingly, as with overuse they too lose their
emphasis. They will be used

- on the first introduction of a key term or statement, to which the

author wishes to draw the reader's attention. Italics will not be
used thereafter when that term or statement is repeated.

- for foreign words that are unfamiliar to the reader.

2. Italics will not be used for foreign words now in common use:

ibid., et al., passim, fait accompli, de facto

3. Italics will not be used for proper names of foreign organizations,

buildings, or places:

the Cour des aides, Reichstag, Bois des Boulogne

4. Italics will used for names of ships, films, television programs, and
books:

Saturn V, Sorrow and the Pity, Masterpiece Theater,

Quadripartite Structure

Cross-references

Addressing the references to "above" and "below": When referring to

something that has been described elsewhere, please do not use the terms
“above” or “below.” Instead, rephrase it. For example, "as noted in Chapter 4"
rather than "see above in Chapter 4," or "will be discussed in the section...“
rather than "will be discussed below."

Reference/Notes Style
Heading of the references is “Notes.” The cross-citations of notes in the text should be
presented in a sequential order. Please use superscript numerals after the punctuation
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and check that it corresponds to the correct number in the reference (Notes) section.
Notes section will be set at the end of the text. For example:
Latour was the first to comment on this.1

Cite publications in the form of the following examples:

1. Basic Format for a Book
David Davies, An International Police Force (London: Benn, 1932), p.34.
David Davies, Life and Death of Richard Mather (Cambridge: Massachusetts, 1969),
pp.10–11.
2. Two or Three Authors
David Davies and Sydney Herbert, The League of Nations in Theory and Practice
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1933).
3. Edited Volume – One Editor
Brian Porter (ed.), The Aberystwyth Papers: International Politics, 1919–69 (London:
Oxford University Press, 1972).
4. Edited Volume – Multiple Editors
Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler (eds.), Human Rights in Global Politics
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp.58–61.
5. Individual Chapter or Article in an Edited Volume
Tim E. Dunne, Moorhead Wright and John Garnett, “International Politics at
Aberystwyth, 1919–69,” in Brian Porter (ed.) The Aberystwyth Papers: International
Politics 1919–69 (London: Oxford University Press, 1972), pp.86–102.
5a. How to include the specific page number(s) that are cited within the chapter
Tim E. Dunne, Moorhead Wright and John Garnett, “International Politics at
Aberystwyth, 1919–69,” in Brian Porter (ed.) The Aberystwyth Papers: International
Politics 1919–69 (London: Oxford University Press, 1972), pp. 86–102, 93–4.

6. Translated Work
Tim E. Dunne, Cydberthynas y Gwledydd Wed'r Cyfamodau Heddwch, trans. into
Welsh by Stephen J. Williams (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1938).
7. Edition Other Than the First
Andrew Linklater, Men and Citizens in the Theory of International Relations, 2nd ed.
(London: Macmillan Press, 1990), pp.195–202.
8. Volume in a Multivolume Work
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Sir Robert Jennings and Sir Arthur Watts (eds.), Peace, Vol. I of Oppenheim's
International Law, 9th ed. (Harlow: Longman, 1992), p.345.

9. Work in a Series
Andrew Linklater (with Harsh Temperley), The Congress of Vienna 1814–15 and the
Conference of Paris 1919, Leaflet No. 56 (London: Historical Association, 1923).

10. Article in a Journal

Andrew Linklater, “Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace,” International Affairs 15
(1936): 846–62.
10a. How to include the specific page number(s) that are cited within the article
Andrew Linklater, “Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace,” International Affairs 15
(1936): 846–62, 850–1.
11. Article in a Newspaper or Magazine with Author
“Mr. Eden's Odyssey,” The Times, 7 May 1941.

12. Article in a Newspaper or Magazine without a Specified Author

“Russia, Britain, and Europe” (editorial), The Times, 6 November 1944.

13. Internet Site

President William J. Clinton, “Remarks - Tougaloo College Commencement” 18 May
2001 (21 July 2003).
United Nations Security Council, “Resolution 1441 (2002)” 8 November 2002,
<http:/ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/682/26/PDF/
N0268226.pdf?OpenElement> (25 May 2003).
Michael Isikoff, Daniel Klaidman and Evan Thomas, “Al Qaeda's Summer Plans”
Newsweek, 2 June 2003, < http:/www.msnbc.com/ news/917895.asp> (25 May 2003).
14. Government Document
United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Iraq's Weapons of Mass
Destruction: The Assessment of the British Government (Norwich: The Stationary
Office, 2002), pp.9–11.
15. Pamphlet
Alfred E. Zimmern, My Impressions of Wales (London: Mills & Boon, 1921).

16. Unpublished Source

Jerome D. Greene, “Idealism and Realism in Efforts Towards Peace” (Inaugural
Lecture delivered at Aberystwyth, 1 February 1933).
Henry Shue, “Conditional Sovereignty” (unpublished paper), p.5.
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All references after the first mention should contain the author's surname and an
abbreviated title (not op. cit.).
For example:
· Carr, “Public Opinion,” pp.850–2 (note x).
· Davies, International Police Force, p.48.