UNISEL-FELS

Efective Date: 8th October 2018

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND LIFE SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE KCS 3101

COURSE NAME LABORATORY 3
LECTURER MDM NOORA SAMSINA JOHARI

EXPERIMENT TITLE REGIME FIXED BED FLOW (EXPERIMENT 2)

SUBMISSION DATE 25/7/2020

STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID. SIGNATURE

ERIN MARISSA BINTI RAMLAN 4191000741

Disclaimer:
By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this written report and confirm that all work you have
contributed to this report is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will
result in an investigation of Academic Misconduct and may result “0” on your work.

This assignments/experiments measures the student's ability for the following outcomes:
QUESTION COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME MARKS

CLO 1 Apply appropriate techniques in utilizing engineering tool.

CLO 2 Produce effective reports based on the experimental analysis
carried out.
CLO 3 Perform effectively as a member or leader of a group in a given task.
CLO 4 To be ethical in the execution of the given task.
CLO 5 To investigate and demonstrate the experimental techniques for
hydraulics.
TOTAL
 UNISEL-FELS
Efective Date: 8th October 2018
 Lab Report Evaluation
Open Ended Experiment
Civil Engineering Division
Faculty of Engineering

Name : ERIN MARISSA BINTI RAMLAN Matric No. : 4191000741

Course/ Course Code : Date / Time : 25/7/2020

KCS31010 LAB 3
Experiment : EXPERIMENT HYDRAULIC JUMP

Students able to conduct investigation into complex problems using research-based knowledge and
PLO 4 research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
information to provide valid conclusions.
PERFORMANCE Unsatisfactory Need Improvement Proficient Exemplary
Points
CRITERIA (0) (1) (2) (3)

Experimental  Procedure  Procedure is missing  Procedure contains  Procedure is complete

Procedure section is missing. steps and difficult to most steps and easy to and easy to follow. All steps
follow. follow. are present
(3)

Data  Data section is  Data is incomplete or  All data is present but  Data are clearly shown in
missing missing messy and difficult to table format and is neat and
(2) read easy to read. An excel table
may be attached

 Graph is missing  Graph is missing two  Graph is missing title  Graph has a relevant title
Graph:
or more of the or one Axis label, or and Axis are labeled with
Title and Axis
requirements. variables don’t include variables and unit. Unit is in
Label
units parenthesis behind
(2)
variables.

Graph:  Graph is missing  neither scale is  Graph has an  Graph has an appropriate
Independent appropriate, or one scale appropriate on either x or on both x and y axis. The
variables on x- is inappropriate, and the y axis or the independent independent variable is on
axis independent variables is variables is not on the x- the x- axis.
(1) not on the x- axis. axis.

 Analysis section  Analysis is mostly  Analysis is mostly  Analysis is complete and

Analysis
is missing complete but none complete, but missing or contains appropriate
statistically analysis is statistical analysis statistical analysis
(2)
shown. attempted but incorrect.

 Conclusion  The conclusion does  The conclusion does  The conclusion relates to
section is missing not relate to the not relate to the the hypothesis and contains
hypothesis and the hypothesis but contain a comprehensive discussion
discussion of error or the discussion of error or of error or confounding
Conclusion confounding variables is confounding variables, or variables.
(1) poor. the conclusions relates to
the hypothesis, but the
discussion of error or
confounding variables
need improvement.

  Recommendation did  Recommendation are  Good recommendations

Recommendation Recommendation not relate to the met the expectation and valid to the real
(1) section is missing experiment applications

Total marks
 Lab Report Evaluation
Open Ended Experiment
Civil Engineering Division
Faculty of Engineering

Students able to communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
PLO 9
community and with society at large.
PERFORMANCE Unsatisfactory Need Improvement Proficient Exemplary
Points
ELEMENT (0) (1) (2) (3)

 Not follow the format  Follow one or two  Generally, all sections  All section in order,
Format & at all, section out of formats only. in order and good. well formatted and very
appearance order, plagiarism readable

(1)

Spelling,  Frequent grammar  Only two or three  Acceptable grammar &  Minor or non-
grammar & and spelling errors, low spelling errors, low spelling errors, mature grammar/spelling errors,
sentence standard of writing standard of writing. and readable writing very well-written
structure standard
(1)

 Missing or no  Incorrect introduction  Sufficient information  Good information

introduction & theory. & theory, lack of on the introduction & includes the questions to
understanding the theory. Understand the be answered, State the
Introduction
subject matter subject matter relevant theory and its
&
relevant to the
Theory
experiment and States
the hypothesis that is
(2)
based on the research
and/or sound reasoning.

Total marks

Comments/ Remarks:
________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Examiner :
Signature :

Date :
 Lab Report Evaluation
Close Ended Experiment
Civil Engineering Division
Faculty of Engineering

Name : ERIN MARISSA BINTI RAMLAN Matric No. : 4191000741

Course/ Course Code : KCS3101 LAB 3 Date / Time : 25/7/2020

Experiment : EXPERIMENT HYDRAULIC JUMP

Students able to conduct investigation into complex problems using research-based knowledge and
PLO 4 research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
information to provide valid conclusions.
PERFORMANCE Unsatisfactory Need Improvement Proficient Exemplary
Points
CRITERIA (0) (1) (2) (3)

Experimental  Procedure  Procedure is missing  Procedure contains  Procedure is complete

Procedure section is missing. steps and difficult to most steps and easy to and easy to follow. All steps 3
follow. follow. are present
(1)

Data  Data section is  Data is incomplete or  All data is present but  Data are clearly shown in
missing missing messy and difficult to table format and is neat and 6
(2) read easy to read. An excel table
may be attached

 Graph is missing  Graph is missing two  Graph is missing title  Graph has a relevant title
Graph:
or more of the or one Axis label, or and Axis are labeled with
Title and Axis
requirements. variables don’t include variables and unit. Unit is in 6
Label
units parenthesis behind
(2)
variables.

Graph:  Graph is missing  Neither scale is  Graph has an  Graph has an appropriate
Independent appropriate, or one scale appropriate on either x or on both x and y axis. The
variables on x- is inappropriate, and the y axis or the independent independent variable is on 3
axis independent variables is variables is not on the x- the x- axis.
(1) not on the x- axis. axis.

 Analysis section  Analysis is mostly  Analysis is mostly  Analysis is complete and

Analysis
is missing complete, but none complete, but missing or contains appropriate
3
statistically analysis is statistical analysis statistical analysis
(1)
shown. attempted but incorrect.

 Conclusion  The conclusion does  The conclusion does  The conclusion relates to
section is missing not relate to the not relate to the the hypothesis and contains
hypothesis and the hypothesis but contain a comprehensive discussion
discussion of error or the discussion of error or of error or confounding
Conclusion confounding variables is confounding variables, or variables.
3
(1) poor. the conclusions relates to
the hypothesis, but the
discussion of error or
confounding variables
need improvement.

  Recommendation did  Recommendation are  Good recommendations

Recommendation Recommendation not relate to the met the expectation and valid to the real
3
(1) section is missing experiment applications

Total marks 42
 Lab Report Evaluation
Close Ended Experiment
Civil Engineering Division
Faculty of Engineering

Students able to communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
PLO 9
community and with society at large.
PERFORMANCE Unsatisfactory Need Improvement Proficient Exemplary
Points
ELEMENT (0) (1) (2) (3)

 Not follow the format  Follow one or two  Generally, all sections  All section in order,
Format & at all, section out of formats only. in order and good. well formatted and very
appearance order, plagiarism readable 3
(1)

Spelling,  Frequent grammar  Only two or three  Acceptable grammar &  Minor or non-
grammar & and spelling errors, low spelling errors, low spelling errors, mature grammar/spelling errors,
sentence standard of writing standard of writing. and readable writing very well-written 3
structure standard
(1)

 Missing or no  Incorrect introduction  Sufficient information  Good information

introduction & theory. & theory, lack of on the introduction & includes the questions to
understanding the theory. Understand the be answered, State the
Introduction
subject matter subject matter relevant theory and its
&
relevant to the
Theory 6
experiment and States
the hypothesis that is
(2)
based on the research
and/or sound reasoning.

Total marks 12

Comments/ Remarks:
________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Examiner :
Signature :

Date :
 Observation Evaluation
Civil Engineering Division
Faculty of Engineering

Name : ERIN MARISSA BINTI RAMLAN Matric No. : 4191000741

Course/ Course Code : KCS3101 LAB 3 Date / Time : 25/7/2020

Experiment : EXPERIMENT HYDRAULIC JUMP

Students able to function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in
PLO 8
multi-disciplinary settings
PERFORMANCE Marginal Acceptable Exceptional
(1) (2) (3) Points
CRITERIA

□ Did not contribute to the team □ Contribute to the team by □ Proactively contributed to the
Teamwork by offering ideas and participating offering ideas and participating team by offering ideas and
(2) during experiments. only when instructed during participation during
experiments. experiments.

Fulfill Team □ Does not perform any duties of □ Perform very little duties □ Performs all duties of
Role’s Duties assigned team role. assigned team role
(3)

Total

Students able to create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT
PLO 10 tools, including prediction and modelling, to complex engineering activities, with an understanding of the
limitations
PERFORMANCE Marginal Acceptable Exceptional
(1) (2) (3) Points
ELEMENT

Use engineering □ No use of engineering apparatus □ Minimal or incorrect use of □ Uses engineering apparatus
tools and Engineering resources engineering apparatus and and engineering resources
(1) engineering resources effectively

Total

Students able to apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
PLO 11
of engineering practice
PERFORMANCE Marginal Acceptable Exceptional
(1) (2) (3) Points
CRITERIA

Punctuality □ Arrived late, first half an hour of □ Arrived on time

the lab session □ Arrived early
(1)

Safety related to □ Poorly attired, wore slipper, □ Clean and attractive attire □ Wear proper and safe attire.
Attire messy hair, untidy clothes. but not suitable
(1)

Submission  Submission not later than 3  Submission within 2 weeks  Submission after 1 week
(5) weeks

Total

Examiner :
Signature & Date:
 KCS 3101 : Laboratory 3
Water Engineering Laboratory

Table Content

No. Title Page

1.0 Abstract I
2.0 Introduction 1
3.0 Objective 2
4.0 Theory 3
5.0 Material and Apparatus 4
6.0 Methadology 6
7.0 Data and Result 7
8.0 Calculations 9
9.0 Discussion 11
10.0 Conclusion 12
11.0 Recommendation 12
12.0 Reference 13
13.0 Appendix -

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Experiment 2 : Hydraulic Jump

1.0 Abstract
Hydraulic jump is a phenomenon caused by change in stream regime from
supercritical to sub – critical flow with considerable energy dissipation and rise in
depth of flow. Hydraulic jump primarily serves as an energy dissipater to dissipate
excess energy of flowing water downstream of hydraulic structures, such as spillway,
sluice gates etc. This excess energy, if left unchecked, will have adverse effect on the
banks and the bed. A review of literature has shown that earlier researcher
concentrated more on horizontal channel while very little information is available on
sloping channels. Further, they have studied the hydraulic jump characteristics in
terms of approach Froude number only. In the present study hydraulic jump in sloping
prismatic channel has been studied and analyzed. The results obtained were compared
with the result of horizontal channel to determine the effect of slope on hydraulic
jump characteristics. The empirical computational model for different hydraulic jump
characteristics such as sequent depth ratio, relative height of the jump, relative length
of the jump and relative energy loss are developed considering the effect of approach
Froude number, incoming Reynolds number and slope of the channel.

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2.0 Introduction
Hydraulic jump in open channels can be attributed to rapidly varied flow where a
significant change in velocity occurs from super-critical flow to sub-critical flow. This
fact may owe to the presence of some structures obstructing the movement of flow in
open channels. Under-shot weir or gate is the most impressive example for hydraulic
jump formation in canals where the flow undergoes high velocity under gates with
upstream small depth and returns back to a higher downstream conjugate depth away
from the gate with lower velocity. Froude number represents the clear impact of
nonuniform flow velocity in open channels. The main advantage of hydraulic jump
occurrence in canals is energy dissipation downstream spillways where accumulation
of water behind the gate is associated to the high flow velocity which abruptly
declines downstream gate and thus avoiding bed erosion and scour. Consecutively,
researches have managed to introduce analytical and empirical computations for the
length of hydraulic jump, energy loss and influence of different gate openings on
hydraulic jump formation. Further studies have been discussed to show the
relationship between conjugate depth ratio, Froude number and energy dissipated in
the hydraulic jump. Mathematical models based on experimental studies have
currently revealed an attractive way to demonstrate the influence of various
parameters on canal performance.

3.0 Objective
To analyze the occurrence and characteristics of hydraulic jumps.

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Water Engineering Laboratory

4.0 Theory
A hydraulic jump is a fluid shock wave created at the transition between laminar and
turbulent flow. One common example of a hydraulic jump can be seen in the water
radiating outward when the stream of tap water strikes the horizontal surface of a sink.
The water initially flows in a smooth sheet with consistent current patterns. In this
experiment, we used a obstacles with three different conditions inside a rectangular
channels. The water initially flows in a smooth sheet with consistent current patterns.

Based on the theory, there are generally two types of hydraulic jump which is
classical and radial hydraulic jump. In this experiment, we tend to observe a classical
hydraulic jump. Figure below shown the classical hydraulic jump.

Figure 1 : Classical hydraulic jump

Let region 1 represent section of fast laminar flow preceding the hydraulic jump and
region 2 denote the section of slow turbulent flow after the transition. In the present
analysis, assume a uniform hydrostatic pressure distribution and a uniform velocity
distribution. Consider vertical slices of fluid representing unit areas of the flow.
Continuity of fluid flow implies that that the discharge, q=hv , must be equal before
and after the hydraulic jump. h denotes the water depth and v is the water velocity.

The types of hydraulic jump can be defined by knowing the Froude number. The
Froude number, Fr, is a dimensionless value that describes different flow regimes
of open channel flow. The Froude number is a ratio of inertial and gravitational forces.
The equation of Froude number as followed ;

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Water Engineering Laboratory

V
Fr 
gD

The characteristics of hydraulic jumps can be determined from Table 1 and Table 2;

Froude number Types of flow

Fr < 1.0 Sub-critical
Fr = 1.0 Critical
Fr > 1.0 Super - critical

Table 1

Froude number Types of jump

1.0 < Fr < 1.7 Undullar jump
1.7 < Fr < 2.5 Weak jump
2.8 < Fr < 4.8 Oscillating jump
4.5 < Fr < 9.0 Steady jump
Fr < 9.0 Strong jump

Table 2

5.0 Material and Apparatus

1) Glass walled flume with sluice gates & a spillway arrangement

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Water Engineering Laboratory

2) Point gauges

3) Obstacles

4) pump
5) Measuring ruler

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Water Engineering Laboratory

6.0 Methadology
1) The pump were started and the flow control valve were open to supply the water to
the tank.
2) Next, the tail gate were closed to allow the water to accumulate and develop a
hydraulic jump.
3) The position of the hydraulic jump were adjusted by adjusting the amount of
closure of the gate.
4) The depth of the bed of flume were measured by using a point gauge.
5) The water surface level were leveled before it crossed the spillway.
6) After that, the height of the spillway and the depth of water over the spillway were
measured.
7) The surface levels downstream were then measured using the point gauges to find
the height jump.
8) y1 and y2 were measured.
The measurement steps were repeat again for different condition and obstacles.

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Water Engineering Laboratory

7.0 Data and Results

Obstacles 1: triangular b = 10mm, y = 5mm

CRITICAL
WATER LENGTH OF
SPEED DEPTH, TYPE OF
LEVEL, y (m) JUMP, L (m) MAGNITUDE TYPE OF FLOW TYPE OF JUMP MAGNITUDE TYPE OF JUMP
(m) FLOW
0.0066
1 0.1365 0.450 4.5180 Super-critical Oscillating 0.3145 Sub-critical -
0.0390
0.0102
2 0.2065 0.600 3.9078 Super-critical Oscillating 0.3444 Sub-critical -
0.0515
`0.0143
3 0.2355 0.471 3.3712 Super-critical Oscillating 0.3989 Sub-critical -
0.0614

Flow rate, SPECIFIC SPECIFIC ENERGY HEIGHT OF

VELOCITY, VELOCITY, MOMENTUM, MOMENTUM,
Q ENERGY, ENERGY, LOSSES, JUMP,
(m/s) (m/s)
(m) (m) (m) (m)

1.1450 0.1945 0.0016 0.0734 0.0409 0.0325 0.3730 0.3954 0.0677

1.2361
0.2248 0.0029 0.0881 0.0541 0.0340 0.4130 0.8405 0.1678

0.0036
1.2630 0.3100 0.0956 0.0663 0.0293 0.4710 0.9239 0.2170

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Water Engineering Laboratory

Obstacles 2 : rectangular b = 18mm, y = 2mm

CRITICAL
WATER LENGTH OF
SPEED DEPTH, TYPE OF
LEVEL, y (m) JUMP, L (m) MAGNITUDE TYPE OF FLOW TYPE OF JUMP MAGNITUDE TYPE OF JUMP
(m) FLOW
0.0071
1 0.1390 0.5400 3.7929 Super-critical Oscillating 0.3511 Sub-critical -
0.0347
0.0111
2 0.1815 0.6430 3.3545 Super-critical Oscillating 0.3801 Sub-critical -
0.0474
0.0145
3 0.2185 0.4370 3.1721 Super-critical Oscillating 0.4184 Sub-critical -
0.0582

Flow rate, SPECIFIC SPECIFIC ENERGY HEIGHT OF

VELOCITY, VELOCITY, MOMENTUM, MOMENTUM,
Q ENERGY, ENERGY, LOSSES, JUMP,
(m/s) (m/s)
(m) (m) (m) (m)

1.0010 0.2048 0.0029 0.0581 0.0368 0.0213 0.2760 0.3727 0.0769

1.1070 0.2592 0.0044 0.0736 0.0508 0.0228 0.3630 0.5488 0.1300

1.1964 0.3161 0.0058 0.0875 0.0633 0.0242 0.4370 0.7300 0.1835

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Water Engineering Laboratory

SAMPLE CALCULATION

1. Froude Number, or Magnitude

0.0339 1
[( )( )  1]2  1
Fr  0.0066 0.5
8

= 3.9700

2. Velocity, v

= 4.5180 x 9.81x0.066

= 3.635 m/s

3. Flow Rate, Q
Q 2  yc 3b 2 g

= 0.13653 x0.010 2 x.981

= 2.4950 x10 6

= 0.0016 m3/s

4. Specific Energy, E

1.1450 2
= 0.0066 
2 x9.81

= 0.0734 m

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5. Energy Losses,

= 0.0734 - 0.0409

=0.0325m

6. Momentum, m

0.0016 2 0.0066 2
= 
0.010 2 x9.81x0.0066 2

= 0.3954 m/s

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Water Engineering Laboratory

7.0 Discussion
In this experiment. we conduct hydraulic jumps with two type of obstacles, three
speeds for each. From the data that we got from the experiment, it is generally showed
that when we shorten the length of obstacles, the height after the hydraulics jump, Y2
had an increment. The increment is only a small increment. For the length before the
hydraulics jump, Y1 is shorten as the length of the obstacles is reduced. Based on the
calculation that been calculated, the type of jump are define. The hydraulics jump can
be defined using Froude number. And the A Froude number can also determine the
type of the flow. The hydraulics jump of the conditions that had an obstacles is all
oscillating jump. But different for the one that does not had an obstacles, the type of
jump for the first speed is oscillating jump but for second and third speed is already a
weak jump. And for all the conditions, the type of flow are same. Before the
hydraulics jump, it was a super-critical and after the hydraulics jump it is a
sub-critical. This according to the theory that to become a hydraulics jump, it must be
a super-critical jump to sub-critical jump. The energy loses, ΔE showed that when the
higher of the speed is speed up the energy losses of the flow will be higher. These are
calculated by determined the energy of E1 and E2 that required first to calculate the
velocity of both.

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Water Engineering Laboratory

8.0 Conclusion
A hydraulic jump experiment was accomplished in a rectangular open channel flume
under the influence of various flow structures. Several experimental runs were
accomplished to obtain Y2 by measuring Y1 and Q using different flow structures and
various gate openings. The measured values of Y2 disagree with the simulated results
of former equations. Also, the measured Y2 varies by varying the flow structure for
the same Y1 and Q that reveals that the former equations of hydraulic jump should be
modified to show the impact of shear force due to friction between hydraulic jump
and bed of water canals. The change in downstream depth is relevant to the existence
of shear force resistance obtained by the flow structure in water canals that can lead to
bed scouring. Regarding open channel flume, the impact of shear force may owe to
the friction between hydraulic jump flow and wall sides. Also, the experimental runs
revealed that upstream Froude number increases from 1.4 to 2.6 by increasing
downstream depth from 5 cm to 6 cm at constant discharge and gate opening where
the jump returns back to the gate owing to the decline in specific force contraction.

9.0 Recommendation
1. In order to increase the accuracy of each laboratory test, every single error should
be avoided. For example, the general error, which is caused by lack of experience
while conducting the laboratory test like wrong way of reading data or recording data
and errors in calculation. These can be avoided by practices and reading data more
than one time.
2. Apart of the above, the laboratory tests maybe influenced by conformance error;
which is caused by the wrong way of equipment setting-up. Thus, a thorough
understanding every of equipment is needed before running the relevant tests.
3. The data which conducted should be more and sufficient to find the best flow
profile especially to get curve shape as required
4. Choose a point where the flow start stable for Y1 and Y2.

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10.0 References
1. Sofi alidis D, Prinos P. Turbulent fl ow in open channels with smooth and rough fl
ood plains. J Hydraulic Res. 1999; 37: 615-640. Ref.: https://goo.gl/sJuWW5
2. Chanson H. Minimum Specifi c Energy and Critical Flow Conditions in Open
Channels. J Irrigation Drainage Eng. 2006; 132: 498-502.
3. Kim Y, Gyewoon Choi G, Park H, Byeon S. Hydraulic Jump and Energy
Dissipation with Sluice Gate. Water. 2015; 7: 5115-5135. Ref.:
https://goo.gl/QeMC6o
4. Blanckaert K, Duarte A, Schleiss AJ. Infl uence of shallowness, bank inclination
and bank roughness on the variability of fl ow patterns and boundary shear stress due
to secondary currents in straight open-channels. Advances in Water Resources. 2010;
33: 1062-1074. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Lt9Vae

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