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Manchester Encoding: Theory and Use

Manchester Encoding is a clock encoding technique used in the physical layer of the OSI model. It encodes both the clock and data from a synchronous bit stream by representing 1s and 0s as transitions either from low to high (1) or high to low (0) in the center of each bit. This allows receivers to easily extract the clock signal and correctly decode each bit. While it has poorer bit density than other encodings, Manchester Encoding improves reliability through its self-clocking nature. It is commonly used to transmit data across systems and store data on magnetic media.

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Vinod Shanker Shringi
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169 views19 pages

Manchester Encoding: Theory and Use

Manchester Encoding is a clock encoding technique used in the physical layer of the OSI model. It encodes both the clock and data from a synchronous bit stream by representing 1s and 0s as transitions either from low to high (1) or high to low (0) in the center of each bit. This allows receivers to easily extract the clock signal and correctly decode each bit. While it has poorer bit density than other encodings, Manchester Encoding improves reliability through its self-clocking nature. It is commonly used to transmit data across systems and store data on magnetic media.

Uploaded by

Vinod Shanker Shringi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Manchester Encoding

Theory and Use


By Professor Tom Mavroidis
January 31,2001
What is Manchester Encoding?

• It is a process by which a Synchronous


clock encoding technique is used by the
OSI physical Layer to encode the clock
and data of a synchronous bit stream.
What is the difference?

• In this technique the binary data to be


transmitted over the cable are not sent
as a sequence of logical 1 & 0’s known
as non return to zero (NRZ), instead the
bit are translated into a different format
that has a number of advantages over
using straight binary.
Where is it used?

• A popular technique used for encoding


data on magnetic disks.
• Also known as phase encoding
• Problems include poor bit storage
density
Resides in the Physical Layer

• Physical Layer serializes the frame


(converts it to a series of bits) and send
it across a circuit to the destination.
Three types of encoding
discussed
• NRZ - Non Return to Zero
• RZ - Return to zero
• Manchester encoding
NRZ , Non Return to Zero
transmission
• Each data bit is represented by a level.
High = logic 1 low = logic 0
Problem with NRZ

• Long runs of consecutive bits with the


same value make it impossible to
detect bit boundaries by the inability of
the receiver to detect the clocking
speed.
RZ - Return to zero

• Pulses used to represent bits


• logic 1 = pulse logic 0 absence of
pulse
RZ - Advantages

• Clock signals can be extracted from the


logic 1 signals.
• Halves the width of the pulse
• Polar RZ sends pulses for both logic 0
and logic 1
• Requires an extra voltage level
Manchester Encoding

• Logic 1 is represented by a transition in


a particular direction in the center of
each bit.
• Opposite direction used to represent
logic 0
Representation

• Logic 0 1 to 0 (downward transition at


bit center)
• Logic 1 0 to 1 (upward transition at bit
center)
Manchester Encoding

• Was named after its birthplace in


Manchester, England
• Bit transitions do not always occur at
the ‘bit boundaries.
• There is always a transition at the
center of the bit
Improved clocking

• Allows the receiver to extract the clock


signal
• Correctly decodes the value and timing
of each bit
Receiver

• Reassembles the series of bits to form a


frame and forwards the frame for
processing by the link layer
• Frame is then CRC checked and a
retransmission is requested if the
checksum is invalid.
Representation of phase shift
Uses

• Manchester encoding is used to :


• Transmit data across systems
• Store data on magnetic media, disks etc.
• Communicate with Satellites
Conclusion

• Based on application different types of


encoding can be used
• Manchester encoding exhibits poor bit
storage density but improved reliability.
Links

• http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/phy-pages/man.html
• http://home.europa.com/~celiac/manch_enc.html
• http://csshaun.cs.ru/ac/za/netnotes/netnotes003.html
• http://www.pdp8.net/tu56/tu56.shtml

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