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Structural Elements and Materials: Ce & em

This document discusses structural elements and materials. It classifies structural members based on how they experience forces such as tension, compression, bending, and torsion. It then describes the behavior and failure modes of common structural materials like steel, concrete, wood, and aluminum under various types of forces. In particular, it explains how tension and compression members experience uniform stress and strain throughout and can fail through yielding, buckling, crushing or brittle fracture depending on the material.

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Shajit Kumar
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54 views28 pages

Structural Elements and Materials: Ce & em

This document discusses structural elements and materials. It classifies structural members based on how they experience forces such as tension, compression, bending, and torsion. It then describes the behavior and failure modes of common structural materials like steel, concrete, wood, and aluminum under various types of forces. In particular, it explains how tension and compression members experience uniform stress and strain throughout and can fail through yielding, buckling, crushing or brittle fracture depending on the material.

Uploaded by

Shajit Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structural Elements

and
Materials

CE & EM
Classification – by action
? Tension - bar
? Compression - column
? Bending (1-D)- beam
? (2-D) - plate
? (3-D) - shell
? Torsion - shaft

CE & EM
Terminology
? Tension - bar, strut, cable
? Compression – column, strut, pier
? Bending – beam, stringer, girder,
spar, joist, ....
? Torsion – drive shaft,

CE & EM
Purpose of classification

? Analysis models – simplified


calculation of load effects.
? Failure modes – characteristic
modes for types of members (as
well as type of material.)

CE & EM
Tension Members

P/A = stress = ? psi or ksi


= force per unit area
Same stress at all points
and at all cross sections.
(Any shape section.)
CE & EM
Tension
Length L
P

stress = ?
P
Deformed Length L + ? L

Unit deformation = ? L/L = strain ?

CE & EM
Tension

? Axial force
? Stress – force per unit area (psi)
- same at all points
- all material used equally
? Strain – elongation/unit length (in/in)
- all material deforms equally

CE & EM
Tension

? Material used efficiently


? Drawbacks – connections, fracture
? Good for testing how material
behaves because all material has
the same stress and deformation.

CE & EM
Tension Test

P ? Measure A in test section


? Gage length L
? At each P, record ? L
L ? Calculate P/A & ? L/L
? Plot ? vs ?
? Determine strength,
ductility, E, yield stress

CE & EM
Stress – Strain Curve
? Linear Elastic
psi
Slope = E psi
= Young’s Modulus

? in/in
CE & EM
Stress – Strain Curve (steel)
? Tensile Strength - psi
psi
Yield stress - psi fracture

Ductility – in/in or %

? in/in
CE & EM
Stress – Strain Curve (steel)
? Tensile Strength
psi Higher strength steel
Yield stress

Ductility

? in/in
CE & EM
Stress – Strain Curve (Steel)
? Elastic Inelastic
(slope E)
psi

? in/in
CE & EM
Linear Elastic Materials

Stress – Strain relation

? =E?

CE & EM
Failure Modes - Tension

Ductile or Brittle

Yield or Fracture

CE & EM
Failure Modes - Tension

Steel –
? Ductile, but higher
strength steels have less
ductility.
? At fracture, failure is abrupt

CE & EM
Failure Modes - Tension

? Cast iron – brittle


? Wood – brittle
? Aluminum – pure vs alloys
- ductile to brittle
? Concrete – very weak/brittle

CE & EM
Compression Members

P/A = stress = ? psi or ksi


= force per unit area
Same stress at all points
and at all cross sections.
(Any shape section.)
CE & EM
Compression
Length L
P
stress = ?
P
Deformed Length L- ?L

Unit deformation = ? L/L = strain ?

CE & EM
Compression - Notes

? Axial force
? Stress – force per unit area (psi)
- same at all points
- all material used equally
? Strain – shortening/unit length (in/in)
- all material deforms equally

CE & EM
Compression

? Material used efficiently.


? Connection easier than in
tension.
? Drawback - new mode of failure
- BUCKLING

CE & EM
Compression Test

? Same measurements as for


A P tension test.
? Same presentation of data as
(? vs ?) curve for
L compression.
? Avoid buckling failure.
P ? Strength and properties may
differ from tension values.

CE & EM
Linear Elastic Materials

? =E?

Generally, E is the same in T or C

CE & EM
Failure Modes - Compression

Crushing (yield)
Buckling

(Ductile or Brittle)

CE & EM
Steel in Compression

Properties are the same as in


tension
if buckling is prevented.
(But buckling usually controls.)

CE & EM
Concrete
? Compressive Strength = fc’ psi
psi crushing
E = modulus = slope of secant

Ductility

? in/in
CE & EM
Concrete
? /fc’ cracks join up and grow
1
0.9
0.75 cracks spreading into mortar
bond cracking
0.3
little cracking

? in/in
CE & EM
Concrete
? Compression
fc’
Tension

less than 0.1fc’


ft’

? in/in
CE & EM

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