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Binomial Distribution

The document discusses the binomial distribution in R. The binomial distribution models the probability of success in a fixed number of binary trials. There are four main functions in R for working with binomial distributions - dbinom(), pbinom(), qbinom(), and rbinom(). These functions allow you to calculate probabilities, generate random binomial variables, and more. Examples are provided showing how to use the binomial distribution functions to solve probability problems involving coin flips, customer purchases, patient recovery rates and more.

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Manohar Datt
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87 views6 pages

Binomial Distribution

The document discusses the binomial distribution in R. The binomial distribution models the probability of success in a fixed number of binary trials. There are four main functions in R for working with binomial distributions - dbinom(), pbinom(), qbinom(), and rbinom(). These functions allow you to calculate probabilities, generate random binomial variables, and more. Examples are provided showing how to use the binomial distribution functions to solve probability problems involving coin flips, customer purchases, patient recovery rates and more.

Uploaded by

Manohar Datt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Binomial Distribution

Binomial Distribution in R is a probability model analysis method to check the


probability distribution result which has only two possible outcomes.it validates
the likelihood of success for the number of occurrences of an event. It categorized
as a discrete probability distribution function. There are inbuilt functions available
in R language to evaluate the binomial distribution of the data set. The binomial
distribution in R is good fit probability model where the outcome is dichotomous
scenarios such as tossing a coin ten times and calculating the probability of success
of getting head for seven times or the scenario for out of ten customers, the
likelihood of six customers will buy a particular product while shopping.
There are four functions associated with Binomial distributions. They are dbinom,
pbinom, qbinom, rbinom. The formatted syntax is given below:
 
Syntax
 dbinom(x, size,prob)
 pbinom(x, size,prob)
 qbinom(x, size,prob) or qbinom(x, size,prob , lower_tail,log_p)
 rbinom(x, size,prob)
The function has three arguments: the value x is a vector of quantiles (from 0 to n),
size is the number of trails attempts, prob denotes probability for each attempt.
Let’s see one by one with an example.
1)dbinom()
It is a density or distribution function. The vector values must be a whole number
shouldn’t be a negative number. This function attempts to find a number of success
in a no. of trials which are fixed.
A binomial distribution takes size and x values. for example, size=6, the possible x
values are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 which implies P(X=x).
n <- 6; p<- 0.6; x <- 0:n
dbinom(x,n,p)
Output:

Making probability to one


n <- 6; p<- 0.6; x <- 0:n
sum(dbinom(x,n,p))
Output:
Example 1 – Hospital database displays that the patients suffering from cancer,
65% die of it. What will be the probability that of 5 randomly chosen patients out
of which 3 will recover?
Here we apply the dbinom function. The probability that 3 will recover using
density distribution at all points.
n=5, p=0.65, x=3
dbinom(3, size=5, prob=0.65)
Output:

For x value 0 to 3 :
dbinom(0, size=5, prob=0.65) +
+ dbinom(1, size=5, prob=0.65) +
+ dbinom(2, size=5, prob=0.65) +
+ dbinom(3, size=5, prob=0.65)
Output:

Next, create a sample of 40 papers and incrementing by 2 also creating binomial


using dbinom.
a <- seq(0,40,by = 2)
b <- dbinom(a,40,0.4)
plot(a,b)
It produces the following output after executing the above code, The binomial
distribution is plotted using plot() function.
Example 2 – Consider a scenario, let’s assume a probability of a student lending a
book from a library is 0.7. There are 6 students in the library, what is the
probability of 3 of them lending a book?
here P (X=3)
Code:
n=3; p=.7; x=0:n; prob=dbinom(x,n,p);
barplot(prob,names.arg = x,main="Binomial Barplot\n(n=3,
p=0.7)",col="lightgreen")
Below Plot shows when p > 0.5, therefore binomial distribution is positively
skewed as displayed.
Output:

2)Pbinom()
calculates Cumulative probabilities of binomial or CDF (P(X<=x)).
Example 1:
x <- c(0,2,5,7,8,12,13)
pbinom(x,size=20,prob=.2)
Output:
Example 2: Dravid scores a wicket on 20% of his attempts when he bowls. If he
bowls 5 times, what would be the probability that he scores 4 or lesser wicket?
The probability of success is 0.2 here and during 5 attempts we get
pbinom(4, size=5, prob=.2)
Output:

Example 3: 4% of Americans are Black. Find the probability of 2 black students
when randomly selecting 6 students from a class of 100 without replacement.
When R: x = 4 R: n = 6 R: p = 0. 0 4
pbinom(4,6,0.04)
Output:-

3)qbinom()
It’s a Quantile Function and does the inverse of the cumulative probability
function. The cumulative value matches with a probability value.
Example: How many tails will have a probability of 0.2 when a coin is tossed 61
times.
a <- qbinom(0.2,61,1/2)
print(a)
Output:-

4)rbinom()
It generates random numbers. Different outcomes produce different random output,
used in the simulation process.
Example:-
rbinom(30,5,0.5)
rbinom(30,5,0.5)
Output:-

Each time when we execute it gives random results.


rbinom(200,4,0.4)
Output:-
Here we do this by assuming the outcome of 30 coin flips in a single attempt.
rbinom(30,1,0.5)
Output:-

Using barplot:
a<-rbinom(30,1,0.5)
print(a)
barplot(table(a), border=FALSE)
Output:-

To find the mean of success


output <-rbinom(10,size=60,0.3)
mean(output)
Output:-

Link: https://www.educba.com/binomial-distribution-in-r/

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